deceit Prof dr Liesbeth Sterck Animal Ecology UU Ethology Research BPRC Trust Nature in tooth and claw Monkey business Sly as a fox Cooperation in theory Evolution on level individual ID: 777230
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Slide1
The biology of cooperation and deceit
Prof dr Liesbeth SterckAnimal Ecology, UUEthology Research, BPRC
Slide2Trust
Slide3Nature in tooth and claw
Monkey business
Sly as a fox
Slide4Cooperation in theoryEvolution on level individual
Altruism: benefit for other, costs for individualProblem with cheaters
Slide5Cooperation in theory
Mutualism: simultaneous exchange of benefitsAltruism: donor incurs cost; recipient benefitsKin selectionReciprocal altruismIndirect reciprocity
Slide6Kin selection (Hamilton 1964)
Altruism when:C < r*BCosts < relatedness * Benefits
r
=1/2
r
=1/4
Slide7Kin selection (Hamilton 1964)
C < r*B
Slide8Animals can be nice to kin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2B1AJ3ZaUA
Cooperation with non-kin?
Slide9Reciprocal altruism (Trivers 1971)
‘If you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours’Non-kinNot simultaneous
Slide10Reciprocal altruism (Trivers 1971)
‘If you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours’Non-kinNot simultaneousRepeated encountersIndividual recognition,
e.g. in a group
Slide11Indirect reciprocity (Nowak & Sigmund 2005)
‘Wie goed doet, goed ontmoet
’
Non-kin
Not simultaneous
Provider of benefit
Receives benefit
reputation building
Slide12Humans
Humans are a group-living species
Family / kin
Friends / acquaintances / colleagues
Yet also
-- Warfare
Slide13Cooperation and competition
Why do primates live in groups?
Slide14Group living: advantages
Warning against predators
(
van
Schaik
1989)
Slide15Group living:
disadvantages
Competition
(
Wrangham
1980; Sterck
et al.
1997}
Males:
Matings
Females:
Food
Slide16Group living:
advantages
Infanticide avoidance
(Sugiyama 1965; 1966;
Hrdy
1977; Sterck et al.
1997)
Slide17Balance in costs and benefits
Protection against
predators and
infanticide
Competition
Primate peculiarity:
groups contain
b
oth females and males
Slide18Cooperation and cheating
How do primates live in groups?
Slide19Primate cooperation and cheating
Do they take benefit others into account?Other-regarding preferencesCheating in group membersInequity aversionYerkes 1930’s:
http://
www.youtube.com
/
watch?v
=zrv91Pa3jgs
Slide20Cooperation:
pro-social behaviour
Do primates bestow other a favor
?
(Massen, vd Berg, Spruijt en Sterck 2010: PlosOne
5(3): e9734)
20
Slide21To kin
To high-ranking animals
(Massen, vd Berg, Spruijt en Sterck 2010: PlosOne
5(3): e9734)
Bestow
Withhold
Neutral
High rank
Low rank
21
Cooperation
: pro-social
behaviour
Slide22Tactical deception
Manipulate knowledge others?
Slide23Tactical deception
Manipulate others?
Sexual
behaviour
: opposed interests
Alpha-male: monopolize
matings
Other males want to mate as well
Females: paternity illusion / - chance
Slide24Promiscuity macaques
(
Overduin
– de
Vries
, Sterck et al.
2012; 2013)
m
Females
Males
Slide25Less mating in presence dominant male
Sneaky
matings
(
Overduin
– de
Vries
, Sterck et al.
2012; 2013)
Matings
(number/ hour)
Slide26Slim: stiekem seks
achter muurtje?
Slide27Slim: stiekem seks
achter muurtje?
987
6
8
Slide28Inequity Aversion
"Inequity exists for a person whenever his perceived job inputs and/or outcomes stand psychologically in an obverse relation to what he perceives are the inputs and/or outcomes of another"
(
Festinger
1957)
28
Slide29Inequity Aversion
(
Brosnan
& de Waal 2003)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KSryJXDpZo
capuchin monkey refuses food
29
Slide30Nature in tooth and claw?
Monkey business
Sly as a fox
Slide31Care and friendshipC <
r*B
Slide32Conclusion
Deceit kept in limits: otherwise no cooperationBalance between own benefit and group benefitTrust and friendship crucial for cooperation
Slide33Thank you