mutation Mutations Actual Mutations in fruit flies What is a mutation A mutation is any change in a cells DNA A mutation can occur in an individual gene results in a single changed protein ID: 1046831
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1. Mutations
2. MutationsHollywood’s images of mutation
3. MutationsActual Mutations in fruit flies
4. What is a mutation?A mutation is any change in a cell’s DNAA mutation can occur in an individual gene - results in a single changed protein - cystic fibrosis a mutation in the protein that makes a type of ion channels in cell membrane - bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an example of a beneficial gene mutation
5. What is a mutation continuedA mutation can occur in a chromosome - a chromosome contains many genes - chromosomal mutations affect many proteins Examples: Down Syndrome Edward’s Syndrome Cri-du-Chat
6. What Causes Mutations?Can be caused by mutagens- a physical or chemical cause of mutation. Examples: UV light, radiation, drugs, and benzene.Mutagens are often also carcinogens – anything that causes cancerCan be natural, random events. - mutations occur in 1/100,000 DNA replicationsMutations do not have to be bad (evolution)
7. Critical ThinkingWill all mutations have a dramatic impact on an individual? How do you know? Which types of mutations do you think will have the greatest impact on an organism?
8. Gene Mutations
9. Kinds of MutationsSubstitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid.Also known as point mutations
10. Kinds of MutationsThe effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic.The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons. Changes like these are called frameshift mutations.
11. Kinds of MutationsIn an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.
12. Kinds of MutationsIn a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted.
13. Knowledge CheckWhat is a point mutation? Example?What is a frameshift mutation? Example?
14. Chromosomal MutationsChromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
15. Chromosomal MutationsDeletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome.
16. Chromosomal MutationsDuplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.
17. Chromosomal MutationsInversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.
18. Chromosomal MutationsTranslocations occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
19. Critical ThinkingIf Down Syndrome is characterized by having 3 copies of the 21st chromosomes, would it be explained by a gene or chromosomal mutation? Which specific type of gene or chromosomal mutation? Why?
20. Significance of MutationsMany mutations have little or no effect on gene expression.Some mutations are the cause of genetic disorders.CancerDown Syndrome