Chapter 8 Simpson 2 nd Edition Asterids Asterids Three major characters united group presence of iridoid compounds sympetalous corolla most unitegmic tenunucellate ovules poorly developed ID: 303176
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Slide1
Asterids
Chapter 8Simpson, 2nd EditionSlide2
AsteridsSlide3
Asterids
Three major characters united group
presence of
iridoid
compounds
sympetalous
corolla (most)
unitegmic
tenunucellate
ovules (
poorly developed
nucellus
)Slide4
Asterids
Diversity of the Asterids14 orders110 families60,000+ speciesca. 23,600 in Asteraceae, the most diverse family of dicotspredominantly herbsusually 4-merous or 5-merous sympetalous corollas with epipetalous stamensstamen # equal to or fewer to petalsno hypanthiumno apocarpy
most advanced
group
of
dicotyledons
and probably the most recently evolved
they
exploit specialized pollinators
and specialized means of presenting the pollen
seems likely that the rise of the
Asterids
is closely correlated with the evolution of insects capable of recognizing complex floral patterns
Ipomopsis
– scarlet GiliaSlide5
Asterids
A. Order CornalesCornaceae - dogwood family2/85 widespread in north temperate regions
shrub/trees, rarely herbs
Cornus
inflorescence a head or cyme
showy,
petaloid
bracts
arcuate
, opposite
leaves
Cornus florida
Cornus stolonifera
- red osier
K4-5 C4
-5
A4
-5
G(2-4), inferiorSlide6
Asterids
A. Order CornalesCornaceae HydrangeaSlide7
Asterids
B. Order Ericales 25 familiesEricaceae - heather or blueberry family126/4000 widespread temperate & tropical mtns
herbs/shrubs/trees
corolla often urceolate (urn-shaped)
grow in nutrient poor soil
bogs – ericaceous shrubs
root with mycorrhizal fungi
floral formula variable
stamens more numerous that other asterids; distinct
K5 C(5) A10 G(5), superior, usuallySlide8
B. Order Ericales
Ericaceae – 6 subfamiles
Ericoideae
Erica
- heather
Rhodendroideae
Rhododendron
Azalea
Vaccinioideae
Vaccinium
- blueberry
Arbutoideae
Arbutus
Pyroloideae
Pyrola
- wintergreen
Monotropoideae
Monotropa
– Indian Pipe
AsteridsSlide9
B. Order Ericales
Polemoniaceae - phlox family23/385 temperate N. hemisphere; arid sw USK(5) C(5) A G(3), superior
herbs/shrubs
three stigmas
tubular corolla
fruit a capsule
Polemonium –
Jacob
’
s ladder
Phlox
Ipomopsis
– scarlet Gilia
AsteridsSlide10
Asterids
B. Order EricalesFouquieriaceae – ocotillo family1/11 southwestern North Americaocotilloboojum (cirio)Slide11
B. Order Ericales
insectivorous “carnivorous” grow in acid environmentsSarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plant
3/15 eastern, western NA; N South America
Sarracenia
- pitcher-plant
Wyeomyia smithii
is a mosquito that completes its entire life cycle in the immediate vicinity of
Sarracenia purpurea
eggs deposited on the water within the plant
larvae live in the liquid of the plant and feed on the carcasses of insects and spiders being digested by the plant enzymes
multiple generations take place from spring through fall
over-winters as a larva frozen in a block of ice within the plant
Sarracenia purpurea
AsteridsSlide12
Asterids
B. Order EricalesSarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plantSlide13
Asterids
B. Order EricalesSarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plantSlide14
A
5
Ca
5
Co
5
G
2
fruit of 4
nutlets
gynobasic
style - style inserted on the receptacle and to the base of the carpels
coiled cymes; regular Co
leaves simple, alternate, linear, entire, sessile
stem round
plant coarsely
hirsute
4 nutlets
gynobasic style
Boranginaceae
–
forget-me-not family
130/2400 cosmopolitan
Asterids
LAMIIDS
A.
Order
BoraginalesSlide15
Mertensia
- blue bellsfour nutlets
Boranginaceae
–
forget-me-not family
Asterids
LAMIIDS
A.
Order
BoraginalesSlide16
Boranginaceae
– forget-me-not familyAsteridsLAMIIDSA. Order BoraginalesSlide17
Asterids
simple opposite leaveshypogynous regular flowersflower lobes contorted in the budisomerous stamensbicarpellate gynoeciumEustoma grandiflorum - prairie gentian
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide18
K4 C4
-5 A(4-5) G(2), superior Asteridsparietal placentation
axile placentation
no septa
ovules on inner wall of ovary
ovule
ovary wall
“
invisible
”
septum
ovary divided by septa into locules
axis is the fused margins of carpels
Gentianaceae
-
gentian family
87/1675 cosmopolitan
B
.
Order
Gentianales
unilocular ovary with a glandular disc at its base
parietal placentation
fruit a septicidal capsuleSlide19
Asterids
Gentiana puberulenta - downy gentianGentianaceae - gentian family
Gentiana spp.
- closed gentian
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide20
Asterids
inferior ovaryherbaceous with whorled leaves
Galium
- bedstraw
Rubiaceae
–
coffee family
611/13,150 tropical
mostly herbs (tropical trees/shrubs)
great tropical diversity
entire, opposite or whorled lvs WITH stipules
epigynous
+/- regular flowers
K(4-5) C(4
-
5) A4
-
5 G(2), inferior
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide21
Asterids
Cinchona - yields antimalarial quinines (Africa)Rubiaceae –
coffee family
Bottle of tonic water, under regular and UV light (shows fluorescence of quinine).
contains < 20 mg quinine/6oz
recommended quinine dosage for treatment of malaria is 2-3, 200-350 mg tablets 3X/day
Tonic water – a malarial treatment?
Coffea
Gardenia
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide22
Asterids
milky latexcorona - five erect, often brightly colored elements sometimes mistaken for petalseach coronal component is called a hood
Apocynaceae
–
dogbane/milkweed family (
Asclepiadaceae
)
415/4700 tropical, subtropical, warm temperate
K(5) C(5) A(5) G(2), superior
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide23
Asterids
Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed Familypollinia - a body composed of the pollen grains of an anther sac (a coherent waxy mass of pollen) -> usually found behind the hoodtranslators - arms connecting pollinia to corpusculum corpusculum - gland or central body of the pollen unitgynostegium - joined A & G
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide24
Asterids
Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed Familyfruit a folliclecomose seeds
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide25
Asterids
Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed FamilyAsclepias - milkweed
LAMIIDS
B.
Order
GentianalesSlide26
Asterids
Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed FamilyStapelia - carrion flowerLAMIIDSB.
Order
GentianalesSlide27
Asterids
Apocynaceae – LAMIIDSB. Order GentianalesSlide28
K(5) C(5) A4or2 G(2), superior
Lamiaceae - Mint Family238/7170 cosmopolitan – Mediterranean especially
fruit of 4
nutlets
gynobasic
style
flowers axillary or terminal
bilabiate
corolla
leaves simple, opposite or whorled, serrate
stem square
aromatic foliage (volatile oils = minty odor)
Asterids
LAMIIDS
C.
Order
LamialesSlide29
Lamiaceae
- Mint Family
Salvia
- sage
Nepeta
- catnip
Mentha
- spearmint, peppermint
Marrumbium
- hoarhound
Monarda
- horse mint, bee balm
Rosmarinums
- rosemary
Lavendula
- lavender
Coleus
- coleus
Asterids
LAMIIDS
C.
Order
LamialesSlide30
Lamiaceae
- Mint Familydiagnostic featuresAsteridsLAMIIDSC. Order LamialesSlide31
Lamiaceae
- Mint FamilydiversityAsteridsLAMIIDSC. Order LamialesSlide32
Scrophulariaceae
– Snapdragon/Figwort Family65/1800 cosmopolitanK(2-5) C(5) A2-5 G (2), superiorherbs/shrubsbilabiate corollasuperior ovaryterete stemleaves alternate or oppositeno aroma to leavesfruit a capsule
5
th
stamen sterile =
staminode
(=beardtongue
) in some
capsule
Asterids
LAMIIDS
C.
Order
LamialesSlide33
Scrophulariaceae
Castilleja - Indian Paintbrushroot parasiteOrthocarpus – owl clover
root parasite
Penstemon haydenii -
blowout penstemon
a federal and state endangered species
-habitat is rare
Asterids
LAMIIDS
C.
Order
LamialesSlide34
Scrophulariaceae
Antirrhinum - snapdragonVerbascum - mullein
Digitalis
- foxglove, the source of glycosides
Asterids
LAMIIDS
C.
Order
LamialesSlide35
Verbenaceae
- Vervain Family35/1175 pantropical – a few temperateK(5) C(5) A4 G(2), superiorherbs/shrubs/woody vines/treesstem four-sidedleaves opposite or whorled, simplemostly zygomorphic flowers
single
terminal style
fruit a
schizocarp
of 1-seeded
mericarps
OR a
drupe
Lantana
Verbena
Asterids
LAMIIDS
C.
Order
LamialesSlide36
Asterids
LAMIIDSD. Order SolanalesConvolvulaceae - Morning Glory Family57/1650 cosmopolitanK(5) C(5) A5 G(2), superiorherbs often twining, shrub/treesactinomorphic flowers
milky
sap
tubular,
plicate
(longitudinal folds)
corollaSlide37
LAMIIDS
D. Order SolanalesConvolvulaceae - Morning Glory FamilyConvolvulus - bindweed; wild morning glory
Ipomoea
batatus
- sweet potato
AsteridsSlide38
LAMIIDS
E. Order SolanalesSolanaceae - Nightshade or Potato Family102/2460 cosmopolitan, concentrated in S. Americaactinomorphiccorolla shape variablefunnelform – rotate – tubular - many alkaloidsfruit a berry or capsule or drupe
K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), superior
AsteridsSlide39
Asterids
LAMIIDSE. Order SolanalesSolanaceae - Nightshade or Potato Familygreat economic importancetomato (Lycopersicon)potato (Solanum tuberosum)eggplant (S. melongena)peppers (Capsicum)
tomatillo (
Physalis
)
tobacco (
Nicotiana
)Slide40
Asterids
LAMIIDSE. Order SolanalesSolanaceaeSlide41
CAMPANULIDS
A. Order ApialesApiaceae = Umbelliferae – carrot family434/3780 cosmopolitan, north-temperate diversityleaves large, compoundumbel (flat topped) [simple or compound]small flowerssheathing petiole (celery)schizocarp, aromatic "seeds" or
mericarps
oil tubes in pericarp wall
epigynous
K
5or0 C5 A5
G(2), inferior
AsteridsSlide42
Asterids
F. Order ApialesApiaceae = Umbelliferae – carrot familyB. Dried fruits - referred to as spicesFoeniculum vulgare (Fennel)Cuminum cyminum (Cumin)Pimpinella anisum (Anise)Apium sativum (Celery seed)Carum carvi (Caraway seed)Corandrum sativum (Coriander)Anethum graveolens
(Dill)
Poisons
Conium maculatum
(Poison Hemlock) used to kill Socrates
Cicuta maculata
(Water Hemlock) - possibly more poisonous than
Conium
Food
Daucus carota
(Carrots) - tap root
Pastinaca sativa
(Parsnips) - tap root
Apium graveolens
(Celery) - expanded leaf petiole
Flavoring
Herbage - referred to as herbs
Petroselinum crispum
(Parsley)
Anthriscus cerefolium
(Chervil)
Anethum graveolens
(Dill)
Coriandrum sativum
(Cilantro)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCESlide43
Asterids
F. Order ApialesApiaceaepoison-hemlockcarrotwild fennelSlide44
Asterids
F. Order ApialesApiaceaefennelSlide45
CAMPANULIDS
B. Order Dipsacales – 7 families of Caprifoliaceae s.l.Caprifoliaceae s.s. – honeysuckle family5/220 cosmopolitanshrubs, trees, lianas, herbsleaves opposite, simplecymose inflorescenceepigynous
fruit a berry or capsule
K(
5) C(5) A5
G(2-5), inferior
Asterids
Lonicera
–
honeysuckle
Symphoricarpos
–
coral berrySlide46
CAMPANULIDS
B. Order DipsacalesCaprifoliaceae (Adoxaceae)AsteridsViburnum – a common ornamentalhttp://blog.willowlandscapedesign.net/2007/05/the-great-viburnum-list/Sambucus – elderberry – fruit and wine plantsSlide47
CAMPANULIDS
B. Order DipsacalesCaprifoliaceae (Linnaeaceae – twinberry family)AsteridsCarl Linnaeus in traditional garb of Lapland, holding twinflowerLinnaea borealis – twin flowerSlide48
Asterids
C. Order AsteralesAsteraceae (=Compositae)- Sunflower Family1620/23,600 cosmopolitanlargest, most advanced dicot family (second only to Orchidaceae)98% herbaceousspecialized floral featurescapitulum inflorescence
ray
and
disk
flowers (florets)
involucre
of
phyllaries
calyx =
pappus
receptacle scales (
chaff
or palea)
epigynous
zygomorphic ray corollafruit an acheneanthers (connate) into a tube
K0-
∞
(
pappus
)
C(
5
)
A(5
) G(2), inferiorSlide49
Asterids
C. Order AsteralesAsteraceaeheadradiate (disk/ray florets)discoid (disk only)ligulate (ligulate only)
ray floret
have ligule of 3 calyx lobes
generally no stamens
disk floret
radially symmetrical
tubular corolla
can be bilabiate
ligulate floret
5-lobed ligule
perfect flowerSlide50
Asterids
C. Order AsteralesAsteraceaeSlide51
C.
Order AsteralesAsteraceaeSlide52
Asterids
D. Order AsteralesCampanulaceae - Harebell Family84/2380 cosmopolitanherbs mainlyzygomorphic or actinomorphic flowerscorolla campanulate - bell shaped or bilabiate5-merousepigynousnumerous ovulesalternate leaves
anthers connate
campanulate
corolla
bilabiate
corolla
connate anthers
K(
5) C(5) A(5)
G(2-5), inferiorSlide53
Asterids
Campanula - harebellLobelia – great blue lobelia D. Order AsteralesCampanulaceae - Harebell Family
Lobelia
– cardinal lobelia
Chris
Helzer
http
://
prairieecologist.com
/2012/09/20/photo-of-the-week-september-20-2012/Slide54
Asterids
D. Order AsteralesCampanulaceae - Harebell Family