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Nomen: ____________________ Bell: _________ XXXV: Crime Vocabulary Across Down 3. to take away (from) 1. heavy, serious 4. they overtook 2. to strike 6. easily 4. more quickly 7. carefree, unconcerned 5. Subura 8. hill 12. greatest 9. club 14. most/very bravely 10. god 15. to seize, grab 11. to trust, believe 13. affected, overcome 16. fear 17. wound 18. back, rear 19. face down 20. to bind up 21. Quirinal (referring to the Quirinal Hill) Building the Meaning – Comparisons Last chapter you learned about the degrees of adjecti ves. In Latin, when forming comparative sentences you need a word to make the comparison. To make the comparison in Latin you could use the word q uam . Sextus est molestior quam M ā rcus. Sextus is more annoying than Marcus. Or you could use the ablative form. This is called the ablative of degree . Sextus est molestior M ā rc ō . Sext us is more annoying than Marcus. Exercise 35a Translate the following sentences into La tin using q uam. 1. Titus is more drunk than Cornelius. 2. Sextus in more annoying than Marcus. 3. Cornelius is braver than Marcus. 4. Cornelia is happier than Flavia. 5. Marcus is faster than Sextus. Exercise 35b Translate the following sentences into Latin using the abl ative of degree . 1. Titus is more drunk than Cornelius. 2. Sextus in more annoying than Marcus. 3. Cornelius is braver than Marcus. 4. Cornelia is happier than Flavia. 5. Marcus is faster than Sextus. Forms – Adverbs Adverbs and adjectives expand the meaning of the sentence by modifying verbs, adverbs, or adjectives. Sometimes adverbs are formed from adjectives, but many are not. Exercise 35c Translate the following sentences from the story with adverbs (from Exercise 35e in the story) that are not formed by adjectives. 1. Postquam Aur ē lia cubitum iit, Corn ē lius adh Å« c in ā tri ō man ē bat sollicitus. 2. Iam media nox erat neque Eucleid ē s domum redierat. 3. Statim serv Ä« ad ā trium v o c ā t Ä« cele rrimē concurr ē runt. 4. “Hodi ē m ā ne, dum in urbem d ē scend ō , po ē tae cuidam occurr Ä« cui n ō men est M ā rcus Valerius M ā rti ā lis. 5. Nocte s ō lus per h ā s vi ā s ambul ā re n ō n d ē b ē s. ’ Forms – Adverbs: Positive 1. Adverbs may be formed from adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions by adding – ē to the base of the adjective: Adjective Adverb lént us , - a , - um lént ē , slowly In these type of adjectives, drop the - us , - a , or - um and add - e to the end to create the adverb. The adverb can usually be translated by adding - ly to the end of the English definition to create the adverb. Most adverbs are formed this way, but look in the book to see some irregular adverbs on page 75 and how they a re formed. 2. Adverbs may be formed from adjectives of the 3 rd declension by adding - (i)ter to the base of the adjective or - er to bases ending in - nt : ferōx, ferōc is , fierce ferōc iter , fiercely c é ler, c é ler is , c é ler e , swift celér iter , quickly dÄ«ligēns, dÄ«ligént is , diligent dÄ«ligént er , carefully In these type of adjectives, drop the - x , nothing for the second example, or - s to create these types of adverbs. For translating these, look above. Exercise 35d Give the adverbs (and their meanings) that may be formed from these adjectives: 1. fácilis, - is, - e , easy 2. pr Å« d ē ns, pr Å« d é ntis , wise, sensible 3. rē ctus, - a, - um , right, proper 4. trÄ«stis, - is, - e , sad 5. tímidus, - a, - um , afraid, fearful, timid 6. ā cer, ā cris, ā cre , keen 7. dÄ«ligēns, dÄ«ligé ntis , diligent Forms – Adverbs: Comparative and Superlatives Adverbs also have comparative and superlative forms. The neuter singular comparative adjective (endi n g in - ius ) is used as the comparative adverb. The superlative adjective ends in - us , - a , - um ; the superlative adverb ends in - ē . Study these examples: lént ē , slowly lént ius lént issimē ferōc iter , fiercely ferōc ius ferōc issim ē miser iter , unhappily miser ius miser rim ē dÄ«ligént er , carefully dÄ«lig é nt ius dÄ«lig é nt issimē To form the comparative and superlative forms, drop the endings that have been added to the words. This will leave the root of the word, and add - ius for the comparative. For the superlative, the main ending is - issimē , but for adjectives that don’t have an ending for their nominative singular form (such as céler ), the ending will be - rimē . Note the following forms at the bottom of page 75 in the book to see irregular adverbs and how they are formed. The best way to know these is to memorize them. The translations of the comparative, for example, of laetius are more happily , rather happily , or too happily . The translations of the superlative, for example, of laetissim ē are most happily or very happily . Exercise 35e Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adverbs and translate them. f oédē ____________ ____________ Translation: ____________ ____________ mÄ«rē ____________ ____________ Translation: ____________ ____________ húmiliter ____________ ____________ Translation: ____________ ____________ audācter ____________ ____________ Translation: ____________ ____________ celériter ____________ ____________ Translation: ____________ ____________ fátuē ____________ ____________ Translation: ____________ ____________ History V – Cicero, Caesar, and the Collapse of the Republic Cicero reached the peak of his career in politics in 63 B.C. in office as one of the consuls. His main opponent was Catiline, who later conspired to assassinate Cicero as a plot to overthrow the government. Catiline eventually died in a battle against the Roman army. Cicero supported the join of social classes to support the republican construction. At this point Pompey had returned fro m his eastern campaign and disbanded his army. Pompey formed a three man political alliance with Caesar and Crassus, who also had problems with the same men. Their alliance was the First Triumvirate. Eventually all of these men received what they had st arted their alliance to achieve. During the first year of Caesar’s proconsulship he led his legions in a lightening campaign. While Caesar was away in Gaul, violence broke out in the streets of Rome, Cicero’s political career was completely, utterly, tot ally, and absolutely destroyed. Crassus was killed in a battle against the Parthian Empire, and then the Senate authorized Pompey to use his troops to quell the rioting making him the sole Consul. Caesar then started a civil war against Pompey. Pompey th en fled to Greece to raise a second army to attack Rome from both sides, leaving Caesar the master of Rome. Caesar then built a fleet and destroyed Pompey’s army in Spain. He returned to Rome and then went to Greece. Eventually, Pompey fled to Egypt and was assassinated by the agents of King Ptolemy. After this, Caesar left to wage war on Ptolemy. After defeating Ptolemy, Caesar headed to Pontus to defeat Pharnaces. Finally Caesar came back to Rome and celebrated his victories with the statement “I ca me, I saw, I conquered.” After this, he went to Spain to defeat the last of the resistance forces under the command of Pompey’s sons. Now Caesar was the unchallenged head of Rome and made it increasingly clear that he intended to rule Rome himself and no t allow the Senate to have power. Eventually several Roman Senators got fed up with him and his power and assassinated him under Pompey’s statue in the Theater of Pompey. Word Study IX In this exercise, you will be adding suffixes to words t o build a new meaning to the previous words. – ósus, - idus, and – bilis are all suffixes that you can add to the adjectives. – ósus would add the meaning “full of.” – idus would add the meaning “tending to or inclined to” to verbs present active infinitive. – b ilis would add the meaning “able to be” also to present active infinitives. In this exercise fill add the appropriate endings in the feminine nominative singular form of the ending. You will fill it in with – ósus, - idus, and - bilis, in their appropriate forms. Exercise 35f Word - ō sus form (if applicable) - idus form (if applicable) - bilis (if applicable) f ā bula, - ae n umerus, - Ä« p retium, - Ä« g lō ria, - ae c Å« ra, - ae l abor, labō ris t umultus, - Å« s i ocus, - Ä« p er Ä« culum, - Ä« v erbum, - Ä« tim ē re s ord ē re stup ē re plac ē re v Ä« vere val ē re XXXV: Crime – Answer Key Vocabulary Across Down 3. to take away (from) 1. heavy, serious adimere gravis 4. they overtook 2. to strike cōnsecÅ«tÄ« sunt percutere 6. easily 4. more quickly facile celerius 7. carefree, unconcerned 5. Subura sēcÅ«rus SubÅ«ra 8. hill 12. greatest collis summus 9. club 14. most/very bravely fÅ«stis fortissimē 10. god 15. to seize, grab deus corripere 11. to trust, believe crēdere 13. affected, overcome affectus 16. fear timor 17. wound vulnus 18. back, rear tergum 19. face down prōnus 20. to bind up ligāre 21. Quirinal (referring to the Quirinal Hill) QuirÄ«nālis Building the Meaning – Comparisons Exercise 35a Translate the following sentences into Latin using q uam. 1. Titus is more drunk than Cornelius. Titus ebrior quam Corn ē lius. 2. Sextus in more annoying than Marcus. Sextus molestior quam M ā rcus. 3. Cornelius is braver than Marcus. Cornelius fortior quam M ā rcus. 4. Cornelia is happier than Flavia. Cornelia laetior quam Flavia. 5. Marcus is faster than Sextus. Marcus celerior quam Sextus. Exercise 35b Tran slate the following sentences into Latin using the ablative of degree . 1. Titus is more drunk than Cornelius. Titus ebrior Corneli ō . 2. Sextus in more annoying than Marcus. Sextus molestior M ā rc ō . 3. Cornelius is braver than M a rcus. Corn ē lius fortior M ā rc ō . 4. Cornelia is happier than Flavia. Corn ē lia laetior Flavia. 5. Marcus is faster than Sextus. Marcus celerior Sextō. Forms – Adverbs Exercise 35c 1. Postquam Aurēlia cubitum iit, Cornēlius adhÅ«c in ātriō manēbat sollicitus. After Aurelia went to bed, Cornelius was still remaining worried in the atrium. 2. Iam media nox erat neque Eucleidēs domum redierat. Now it was midnight and Eucleides had not returned home . 3. Statim servÄ« ad ātrium vocātÄ« celerrimē concurrērunt. The slaves immediately called to the atrium rushed up v ery quickly. 4. “Hodiē māne, dum in urbem dēscendō, poētae cuidam occurrÄ« cui nōmen est Mārcus Valerius Mārtiālis. “In the morning today, while I was going down into the city, I met a certain poet whose name is Marcus Valerius Martialis. 5. Nocte sōlus per hās v iās ambulāre nōn dēbēs.’ You ought to not walk through these roads alone at night. Forms – Adverbs: Positive Exercise 35d 1. fácile , easily 2. prÅ«dénter , wisely, sensibly 3. rēctē , rightly, properly 4. trÄ«ste , sadly 5. tímide , fearfully, timidly 6. ācriter , fiercely 7. dÄ«ligénter , carefully Forms – Adverbs: Comparative and Superlatives Exercise 35e Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adverbs and translate them. f oédē foédius , more filthily, rather filthily, too filthily fo é dissimē , most filthily, very filthily mÄ«rē mÄ«rius , more wonderfully, rather wonderfully, too wonderfully m Ä« rissimē , most wonderfully, very wonderfully húmiliter húmilius , more humbly, rather humbly, too humbly h ú milissimē , most humbly, very humbly audācter audactius , more boldly, rather boldly, too boldly aud ā ctiss i mē , most boldly, very boldly celériter celérius , more slowly, rather slowly, too slowly cel é rrimē , most quickly, very quickly fátuē fá t ius , more stupidly, rather stupidly, too stupidly f á t iss i mē , most stupidly, very stupidly Word Study IX Exercise 35f Word - ō sus form (if applicable) - idus form (if applicable) - bilis (if applicable) fā bula, - ae f ā bul ō sa NA NA n umerus, - Ä« n umer ō sa NA NA p retium, - Ä« p reci ō sa NA NA glō ria, - ae g l ō ri ō sa NA NA cÅ« ra, - ae c Å« ri ō sa NA NA l abor, labō ris l ab ō ri ō sa NA NA t umultus, - Å« s t umultu ō sa NA NA i ocus, - Ä« iocōsa NA NA p er Ä« culum, - Ä« p er Ä« l ō sa NA NA v erbum, - Ä« v erb ō sa NA NA tim ē re NA t imida t im ē bilis s ord ē re NA s ordida s ord ē bilis stup ē re NA s tupida s tup ē bilis plac ē re NA p lacida p lac ē bilis v Ä« vere NA v Ä« vida v Ä« vebilis val ē re NA valida v al ē bilis