Entomological and Epidemiological Time Markers for Urban Malaria in Niamey Niger Earle Williams Session H36 The Hydroclimatic Basis for Tropical Ecosystem Services American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting ID: 158994
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Hydrometeorological, Entomological and Epidemiological Time Markers for Urban Malaria in Niamey, Niger
Earle Williams
Session H36: The
Hydroclimatic
Basis for Tropical Ecosystem Services
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
December 13-17, 2010Slide2
CERMES (Niamey, Niger)Thierry
Fandeur
and Rabiou LabboInstitut Pasteur (Paris, France) Jean-Bernard DucheminUniversité des Antilles et de la Guyane (Guadeloupe, France)Nathalie NathouAGRYMET (Niamey, Niger)Abdou Ali and Adamou MahamadouDMN (Niamey, Niger)Ousmane Allahi Daoura and Gaptia Lawan KatiellouPNLP (Niamey, Niger)Salissou Adamou and Abami MaazouSPIS (Niamey, Niger)Moussa BarkéGreat Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District (Bishop, CA)Brian Russell
CollaboratorsSlide3
Working Hypothesis:Hydrometeorological aspect: The onset of sustained standing water is abrupt and synchronous
Entomological aspect: The onset of the mosquito population is abrupt and synchronous
Epidemiological aspect: The onset of malaria cases is abrupt and synchronousThe Nature of Malaria Development in Niamey, NigerSlide4
Time Line for Malaria DevelopmentSlide5
Map of Niamey, Niger Showing Locations of Public ClinicsSlide6
Abrupt and Synchronous Increase in Malaria Cases
t
MalariaSlide7
Evolution of Standing Water in One Niamey Street
t
WaterSlide8
Standing Water in Niamey, Niger(Rue Dallols
)Slide9
Climatology of Surface Relative Humidity Over Oceans
from
Peixoto and Oort (1996)80% is a common valueAt night, a land surface with standing water behaves like the oceanSlide10
Daily Maximum Relative Humidity For 2004-2009 (
Agrhymet
Station, Niamey)Slide11
Daily Max and Min Relative Humidity For 2005 (
Agrhymet
Station, Niamey)tWaterSlide12
Time Markers (
t
Water, tMalaria) for Seven SeasonsYear 80% RH 80% RH District I District II District III Difference (days) (DMN) (AGRHYMET) tMalaria - tWater
2004 July 7 June 30 Aug
8 Aug 8 Aug 8
32
, 39
2005
June 30 June25 Jul
24
Jul 24 Jul 24 25
, 29
2006
July 15 July 9 Aug
6 Aug 6 Aug 6
21
, 28
2007
July 22 July 22 Aug
21 Aug 21 Aug 21
28
, 28
2008
June 25 June 25 Jul
27 Jul 27 Jul 20
25
, 32
2009
July 27 July 27 Aug
15 Aug 15 Aug 15
20
, 34
2010
July 28 July 30
Boukoki
clinic
max cases
on
Sept 2 36, 34Slide13
Abrupt and Synchronous Increases in Mosquito Counts
Light Trap MeasurementsSlide14
Evolution of Hydrometeorology and Mosquitoes 2010 Wet Season
t
WatertMosquitotMalariaSlide15
Value of Time Markers
Time Marker
ValuetWaterFocused deployment of larvacidestMosquitoFocused deployment of insecticidestMalariaFocused deployment of clinic personnel and supply of medicationSlide16
Consistent time markers have been identified in the development of urban malaria in Niamey, NigerGreater integration of expertise in hydrometeorology, entomology and epidemiology are needed to combat this disease
ConclusionSlide17
Annual Deaths Due to Malaria Versus Annual Rainfall Total in Niamey, NigerSlide18
Standing Water in Niamey, NigerSlide19
Standing Water in Niamey, NigerSlide20
Abrupt and Synchronous Increase in Malaria Cases Slide21
Evidence for Abrupt Increases in Mosquito PopulationsSlide22
Flooding in
Taladje
Quartier Due to a Blocked DrainSlide23
Aircraft Surveillance of
Boukoki
Gouro