Integumentary System Three main layers of tissue make up the skin - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Integumentary SystemSlide2

Three main layers of tissue make up the skin

Epidermis

Dermis

HypodermisSlide3

Epidermis

The Outermost layer of skin

Avascular

Complete regeneration approximately 35 daysSlide4

Dermis

Also called corium or “true skin”.

Contains blood vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, sweat and oil glands and hair follicles.Slide5

Hypodermis

(Subcutaneous Fascia)

Innermost layer of

skin

Made

of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and adipose

tissue

Connects skin to underlying

musclesSlide6

Two main types of glands

Sudoriferous Glands

Sebaceous GlandsSlide7

Sudoriferous Glands

(Sweat Glands)

Coiled tubes.

Extend through dermis and open on surface of skin at pores.

Sweat eliminated by these glands.Slide8

Sebaceous Glands

Oil glands.

Usually open to hair follicles.

Produces sebum which is an oil that keeps skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle.Slide9

Hair & Nails

Hair

Each hair consists of root which grows in hollow tube (follicle) and a hair shaft.

Helps protect body.Slide10

Hair & Nails

Nails

Consist of dead epithelial cells packed closely together to form thick, dense surface.

Formed in

nailbed

.Slide11

Function of Integumentary System

Protection

Serves as barrier to sun’s ultraviolet rays and invasion of pathogens (germs).

Hold moisture in .

Prevents deeper tissues from drying out.Slide12

Sensory Perception

Nerves in skin help body to respond to pain, pressure, temperature, and touch sensations.Slide13

Body Temperature Regulation

Blood vessels dilate- excess heat from blood escapes through skin.

Blood vessels constrict – heat is retained in body.Slide14

Waste Disposal

Excretion of oil, water, sodium and carbon dioxide.

 Slide15

Vitamin D production.Slide16

Pigmentation

Melanin

Only pigment made in skin.

Yellow to reddish-brown to black

Absorbs ultraviolet light to tan skin.

G

ives color to hair, skin, and the irisSlide17

K

arotene

Yellowish-red pigment

Can help

determine skin color.Slide18

Abnormal Skin Colors

Jaundice

Yellow discoloration of skin.

Can indicate bile in blood due to liver or gallbladder diseaseSlide19

Erythema

Reddish color of skin.

Due to burns or congestion of blood vesselsSlide20

Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of skin.

Caused by insufficient oxygen.

Associated with heart, lung, and circulatory diseases or disorders.Slide21

Acne – overactive secretion of sebaceous glands.

Pimples and blackheads.

Teens to early twenties.

Rx: Thorough washing, steroid creams, UV light, avoidance of certain foods, chemical face peel.

Skin Diseases and Disorders Slide22

Eczema

Vesicles

or reddened skin which burst and weep a crust ( dried pus and blood)

Most

common inflammatory disorder of the skin

Rx: Tranquilizers, antihistamines, wet dressings, starch baths.Slide23

Psoriasis

Psoriasis – Red thick areas covered with white or silver scales

Chronic, noncontagious, inherited skin disease

Rx: No Cure

Cortisone Ointments

Ultraviolet Light

Removal of ScalesSlide24

Contact Dermatitis

Redness, itching, blisters, edema

Caused by poison ivy, poison oak, cleansing agents, cosmetics, etc.

Rx: Wash with soap and water then apply alcohol and antipruritic (relieves itching) lotions.Slide25

Impetigo

Erythema, vesicles with sticky yellow crusts

Very contagious.

Infection with staph or strep

Rx: Remove crusts and apply

antibiotic

ointmentSlide26

Warts

Caused by virus.

Painless except for plantar warts.

Rx: Nitric or sulfuric acid deep into root of wart or freezing with liquid nitrogen.Slide27

Scleroderma

systemic autoimmune disease of skin, muscles, bones, heart, lungs

. Skin

becomes hard and tight.

Progressive disease. Mainly affects women in child bearing years. Considered an auto immune disease

Rx: Ointment, heat, massage, steroids.Slide28

Skin Cancer

Definition: neoplasms or abnormal growth of cells that originate in the epidermis.

More than 800,000 new cases each year in the USA

One in five people in the US will develop skin cancer in his/her lifetime. This number jumps to one in three in the Sunbelt states

.

Three Major Types of Skin Cancer

Basal Cell, Squamous Cell, Malignant MelanomaSlide29

Skin Cancer

Basal

Cell Carcinoma

Most common type of skin cancer

Malignancy begins in cells at the base of the epidermis and most often appears on the nose and face

Incidence increases after age 40

Basal cell tumors rarely metastasize but may cause wide-spread destruction of normal tissue if left untreatedSlide30

Skin Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Slow-growing

Arises from the epidermis

Most frequently occurs in middle-aged and elderly individuals

Typically found on sun-exposed areas of skin

May metastasize but is not likely to spread to other body areas.Slide31

Skin Cancer

Malignant Melanoma

Most deadly of all skin cancers

Steady increase in incidence of 4% per year over last 20 years

Median age of diagnosis is 53 years

Sometimes develops from a pigmented Nevus (mole) to become a dark spreading lesion

Most likely to metastasizeSlide32

Skin Cancer

Malignant MelanomaSlide33

Skin Cancer

http://www.skincancer.org/

“ABCD” Rule of Self-Examination of Moles

Asymmetry: Lesion halves are not mirror images of each other giving a lopsided appearance

Border: Irregular or indistinct borders

Color: Unevenly colored, exhibiting a mixture of shades or colors

Diameter: By the time lesions exhibit characteristics A, B, and C, it is probably larger than 6mm or ¼ inchSlide34

BURNS

Burn is an injury that can be caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation and/or electricity

Classification of burns: Severity of burn is determined by depth of lesion and percent of body surface burned.Slide35

Burns

First-degree or superficial

Least severe type of burn

Involves only top layer of skin, the epidermis

Usually heals in 5 to 6 days without permanent scarring

Skin is reddened or discolored

May have some mild swelling

Victim feels pain

Three common causes

Overexposure to sun or mild sunburn

Brief contact with hot objects or steam

Exposure of skin to weak acid or alkaliSlide36

Burns

Second-degree or partial-thickness

Usually causes injury to top layers of skin and involves both epidermis and dermis

Blister or vesicle forms

Skin is red or has mottled appearance

Swelling occurs along with severe pain

Surface of skin appears to be wet

Painful burn that may take 3 to 4 weeks to heal

Three common causes

Excessive exposure to sunlamp or artificial radiation or severe sunburn

Contact with hot or boiling liquids

Burns from firesSlide37

Burns

Third-degree or full-thickness

Third-degree or full-thickness

Most severe type of burn

Involves injury to all layers of skin in addition to underlying tissue

Area has a white or charred appearance

Can be extremely painful or relatively painless if nerve endings are destroyed

Can be life-threatening because of fluid loss, infection, and

shock

Common causes

Exposure to fire or flames

Prolonged contact with hot objects

Contact with electricity

Immersion in hot or boiling liquids

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Burns

Methods to Determine Percent of Body Surface Burned

“

Rule of Palms”:

Based on the assumption that palm size of burn victim is about 1% of body surface. Estimating the number of “palms” burned will approximate the percentage of body surface involved

.Slide39

Burns

Methods to Determine Percent of Body Surface Burned

“Rule of Nines”:

9% of total skin area covers head and each upper extremity, including front and back

surfaces

18%of total skin area covers each of the following:

front of trunk

back of trunk

each lower extremity including front and back surfacesSlide40

Burns

Methods to Determine Percent of Body Surface Burned

Lund-Browder Charts

:

Permits more accurate estimates of burned surface area in children

Makes allowances for large percent of surface are in certain body regions in children such as the headSlide41

Burns

Medical help for burns

Usually not required for first-degree or superficial burns

Should be obtained if:

More than 15% of adult’s body is burned

More than 10% of child’s body is burned

Rule of nines is used to calculate the percentage of body surface burned

Burns affect face or respiratory tract

Victim is having difficulty breathing

Burns cover more than one body part

Victim has a partial-thickness burn and is under 5 or over 60 years of age

Burns result from chemicals, explosions, or electricitySlide42

Burns

All third-degree or full-thickness burns should receive medical care

First aid for superficial and mild partial-thickness burns with closed blisters

Cool area by flushing with large amounts of cool water

Do not use ice or ice water because it causes body to lose heat

Use dry, sterile gauze to blot area dry

Apply dry, sterile dressing (

nonadhesive

or nonstick is best) to prevent infection

Elevate affected part if possible to reduce swelling

Do not apply oils, grease, butter or other substances unless instructed to do so by physician

Do not break or open any blisters as this creates an open wound prone to infectionSlide43

Burns

First aid for severe second-degree and full-thickness or third-degree burns

Call for medical help immediately

Cover burned area with thick, sterile dressings

Elevate Hands or feet if they are burned

Do not allow victim to walk if feet or legs are burned

Do not attempt to remove particles of clothing from burn

Watch for respiratory distress or signs of

shockSlide44

Burns