Objectives To identify the advantages and disadvantages of employing multiple research methods To consider those factors that influence the choice of research method and sequence of the multiple methods ID: 723520
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Slide1
Mixed Methods Research
Anneke FitzgeraldSlide2
Objectives
To
identify the advantages and disadvantages of employing multiple research methods;
To consider those factors that influence the choice of research method and sequence of the multiple methods;
To understand triangulation and its variations;
To
examine the management and analysis of data in the context of multi method research;
To consider the need for clear planning and managing a mixed methods approachSlide3
Methods, Data
Analyses, Data Displays
& Stories
GOAL
:
Achieve Desired
Balance to tell Different Types of StoriesTheme/category-basedTime-basedEvent-basedPerception-basedMental model-basedRole-basedCognition-basedCohort-basedGroup-basedIntervention-basedHypothesis-basedPattern-basedImpact-basedChange-basedRelationship-basedCross-caseGeneralisingData integrationHybrids of aboveEmergent stories . . .
Interaction-based strategies
Structured, Semi-structured, Unstructured interviews; Focus groups
Participant-centred strategies
Mapping & drawing; Storytelling; Self-recording
Observation-based strategies
Participant observation; Systematic observation; Unobtrusive observation
Document-based strategies
Textual evidence gathering; Multimedia evidence gathering; Meta-analysis; Secondary database methodsExperience-structuring strategiesExperiments/Quasi-experiments; Organising frameworks; Projective techniques; Process-tracing methods; Simulations & gamesMeasurement strategiesObjective tests & assessments; Self-report instruments; Physical measurements
STRATEGIC
CHOICESSlide4
In a group of 3-4 discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using multi-methodsSlide5
Advantages
Each
method can enhance the unique qualities of the other and result in vast opportunities for reciprocal advantages
Multi-method research overcomes the weaknesses of individual approaches, whereby one method’s strength may compensate for the other method’s weakness
It appreciates the complexity of a research
problem
Multi-method research reduces biasIt might increase response rateIt elicits more detailed informationIt enhances theory buildingIt enhances hypothesis testingIt enhances generalisationsIt enhances validityIt enhances accuracy of perceptionsIt might bridge macro and micro levels of social realityMulti-method research exposes the researcher to different ways of thinking (and behaving)Slide6
Disadvantages
Multi-method research requires more time in planning and analysing the data
It requires more effort in planning and analysing the data
It requires more sensitivity because researchers have to synthesise the techniques to achieve synergy among themSlide7
Merging
approaches
C
oncurrent
– convergent parallel design – triangulation models
A
two-phase design (qual and quant)A dominant / less-dominant design (embedded)Sequential – exploratory designEmphasis on reflective learning and contextualised understandingEmphasis on early learning providing feedforwardSequential – transformativeQuant – qual – action for changeSequential – multiphase –discrete yet linked studiesStudy 1 informs Study 2 informs Study 3 (mixed methods)Slide8
Mixed Methods Approaches - Prototypes
[Adapted from: Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L, (2011).
Designing and conducting mixed methods research
(2
nd
Ed.
). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 69-70.]Quantitative Data Collection and AnalysisQualitative Data Collection and AnalysisInterpretationCompare or relate(a) Concurrent - Convergent parallel design ~ triangulation models
Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
Interpretation
Follow up with
(c) Sequential – Explanatory design – emphasis on reflective learning &contextualised understanding
(d) Sequential – Exploratory design ~ emphasis on early learning providing
feedfoward
Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
Interpretation
Builds to
Quantitative (or Qualitative Design
Quantitative (or Qualitative)
Data Collection and Analysis
Qualitative (or Quantitative)
Data Collection and Analysis
(before, during, or after)
Interpretation
(b) Concurrent - Embedded design w/ differential emphasis on data types
(f) Sequential - Multiphase design ~ discrete, self-contained yet linked studies
Study 1:
Qualitative
Informs
Overall
Program
Objective
Study 2:
Quantitative
Study 3:
Mixed Methods
Informs
(e) Sequential - Transformative design ~ guided by an over-arching framework for achieving change/improvement; may have implied or explicit feedback loops or learning cycles, as in action research
Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
Interpretation
Follow up with
Transformative framework
Actions for changeSlide9
Thinking of your own study, which merging approach are you taking and why?Slide10
Sequence selection?
The
research topic
What does your discipline suggest about the order of data collection methods?
The research question
Is there a validated research tool that will answer your question?
TimingIs there a holiday period that will impact your ability to recruit participants?Should you interview or utilise your survey first? You should probably administer the survey first and follow up with interviews to avoid biasing the responses of research participants to the survey.The context within which the research will take placeWhere will you be conducting the research?What else will be going on in your life at that time?The resources availableDo you need money to conduct the research?Do you need access to particular computer software packages?Slide11
Triangulation
Triangulation is the use of several different research techniques in the same study to confirm and verify data gathered in different ways.
Triangulation
adds
rigour, richness and depth to the design and to the data.Slide12
Types of triangulation
Source
triangulation
Investigator
triangulation
Theory triangulationMethodological
triangulationRecruitment triangulationData collection and analysis triangulationResearch team triangulationInterdisciplinary triangulationSlide13
Developing a
Mixed Methods
Mindmap
[Adapted from: Cooksey, R.W. & McDonald, G. (2011).
Surviving and thriving in postgraduate research.
Prahran, Vic: Tilde University Press, p. 346.].Slide14
Research quality
Is the research story, as a whole, convincing with respect to the arguments being made?
Context
Juxtapositioning
with other research
Contextual knowledge
Researcher positioningRealizationInternal coherenceAnalytical integrityExtensional reasoning – implications to other contextsExplicationHandling of unexpected outcomesValue for learningFertilization of new ideasAcknowledgement of limitationsPresentation to audienceSlide15
[
adapted from
Cooksey, R.W. (2008). Paradigm-independent meta-criteria for social & behavioural research.
Proceedings of the 2
nd
Annual Postgraduate Research Conference
, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, pp. 4-17.]Slide16
MANAGING MIXED METHODS RESEARCHSlide17
Some
Useful
Mixed Methods
References
Bergmann, M.M. (ed.) (2008).
Advances in mixed methods research: Theories and applications
. London: Sage Publications.Brocklesby, J. (1997). Becoming multimethodology literate: An assessment of the cognitive difficulties of working across paradigm. In J. Mingers & A. Gill (Eds.), Multimethodology: The theory and practice of combining management science methodologies. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 189-216. Cooksey, RW & McDonald, G. (2011). Surviving and thriving in postgraduate research. Prahran, VIC: Tilde University Press.Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches,(2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2011) Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.International Journal of Mixed Methods in Applied Business & Policy Research, online journal, SageInternational Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, e-Content Management.Journal of Mixed Methods Research, Sage.Morse, J.M. & Niehaus, L. (2009). Mixed method design: Principles and procedures. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Plano Clark, V.L. & Creswell, J.W. (2008). The mixed methods reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Tashakkori, A. &
Teddlie,
C. (Eds). (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social &
behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Teddlie, C. & Tashakkori
, A. (2009).
Foundations of mixed methods research: integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Slide18
MIXED METHODS
Special Interest group at ANZAM
Launch of the
Mixed Methods
SIG is on
Wednesday 7 December
1400, Amora 4(with thanks to Ray Cooksey)