ANTH 221 Peoples and Cultures of Mexico Kimberly Martin PhD How We Reconstruct Geography and Climate Physical Anthropology Genetics Mitochondrial DNA Y Chromosome DNA Anatomy Archaeology ID: 486093
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Slide1
Peopling North America
ANTH 221: Peoples and Cultures of MexicoKimberly Martin, Ph.D.Slide2
How We Reconstruct
Geography and ClimatePhysical AnthropologyGenetics (Mitochondrial DNA, Y Chromosome DNA)AnatomyArchaeologyStratigraphy
Seriation
Chemical dating methods
Technology
Lifestyles
Cultural Anthropology
LinguisticsSlide3
Geography and Climate
Pathways to the New WorldCoastal/Boat MigrationDates in South America too early for land migrationAustralia populated 40,000 YA without a land routeBeringia Land Bridge
Ice ages pulled water out of oceans, sea levels dropped
Lots of archaeological evidence in areas consistent with
BeringiaSlide4
Coastal Migration Routes
Southeast Asian, Japanese, Polynesian and European boat building traditions going back at least as far as 20,000 years ago (Japan)Boat building materials do not surviveEvidence of coastal subsistence based on marine mammals, fishing, shell-fish, gathering rather than big game herding.Slide5
Coastal Migration RoutesFrom Southeast Asia routes north along coast and ice
From Northern Europe (Scandanavia, Britain) to Iceland to Greenland to North AmericaClovis-Solutrean HypothesisSlide6
CoastalMigration Routes
North Pacific
Before 23,000
After 15,000 YA
North AtlanticSlide7
Beringia Land BridgeConnects Siberia and AlaskaSlide8
McKenzie CorridorSlide9
Berengia Dates
Dates BCEBeringia
Pacific Coastal Route
Mackenzie Corridor
38,000-34,000
Accessible
(open)
Open
Closed
34,000-30,000
Submerged
(closed)
Open
Open
30,000-22,000
Accessible
(open)
Closed
Open
22,000-15,000
Accessible
(open)
Open
Closed
15,000-today
Submerged
(closed)
Open
OpenSlide10
DNAE Evidence
LGM = Last Glacial Maximum 20,000 Years Ago
A2, B2,
Clb
,
Clc
,
Cld
, C4c, Dl, D4h3, X2a = genetic markers that indicate a relationship with the first migrants.
A2a, D2, D2a,
Cla
= mutated genetic markers that evolved in North America and were carried back to Asia through back-migration.
One ancestral population between 42,000 and 21,000 YASlide11
Physical Anthropology
The
interocular
distance is broad,
The nasal angle is blunt rather
than sharp,
The nasal aperture is broad from
top to bottom;
The cheekbones are wide,
The palate has a somewhat
rounded shape,
The incisors in the upper jaw are
prominently shovel-shaped,
No edge-on-edge
incisal
bite.
The nasal root is prominent
The nasal angle is acute.
The nasal spine is short
Sharp lower nasal sill with a
very vague impression of
bilateral gutters.
The upper dental arcade is
somewhat V-shaped.
The incisors in the upper jaw
are blade-like.
Nasal root is depressed and the nasal angle is obtuse.
Nasal aperture is broad from top to bottom.
Lower part of the nostrils has a bilateral gutter and there is no sill. Upper dental arcade has a somewhat rectangular shape. Incisors in the upper jaw are blade-like
The face projects forward to a mild to moderate degree.
African Male Skull
European Male Skull
Asian Male SkullSlide12
Physical Anthropology
Blade-shaped (left) incisors Vs. shovel-shaped incisors (right)Slide13
Dental Arch VariationSlide14
Some Archaeological Dates
Clovis Culture (tools) 11,000 YA16,500 – 13,000 YA Pre Clovis sites in Pennsylvania and Chili TWO THEORIESShort Chronology - 15,000-17,000 YA
Long Chronology - two waves of migration
40,000-21,000 YA w/ ancestors in South America
multiple waves more recently w/ ancestors in North AmericaSlide15
Language Affinities
Only One Linguistic Relationship Established at this point: RECENT FINDING THAT THESE ARE RELATED:Ket, from western Siberia (almost extinctNa-Dene languages --
Athabascan
tribes in Alaska, Tlingit and
Eyak
people, as well as Indian populations in western Canada and the American Southwest, including the Navajo and the Apache. Slide16
Problems with Reconstruction
Lack of archaeological sitesWide range of datesConflicting datesDisagreement about the validity of datesNew technology in genetics