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The New Zealand Wars The New Zealand Wars have also been known as the ‘Land Wars’. The New Zealand Wars The New Zealand Wars have also been known as the ‘Land Wars’.

The New Zealand Wars The New Zealand Wars have also been known as the ‘Land Wars’. - PowerPoint Presentation

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Uploaded On 2018-10-21

The New Zealand Wars The New Zealand Wars have also been known as the ‘Land Wars’. - PPT Presentation

They were a series of conflicts which occurred during the 1860s and 1870s between Maori and British settlersgovernment These conflicts primarily centred on the issue of land and sovereignty Overview ID: 691515

land maori british government maori land government british war conflict movement waikato taranaki pakeha wars kingitanga colonial sovereignty east

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Slide1

The New Zealand WarsSlide2

The New Zealand Wars have also been known as the ‘Land Wars’.

They were a series of conflicts which occurred during the 1860s and 1870s between Maori and British settlers/government.

These conflicts primarily centred on the issue of land and sovereignty.

OverviewSlide3

The First

Taranaki

WarThe Second Taranaki War

The East Cape/East Coast War

The Invasion of Waikato Titokowaru’s WarTe Kooti’s War

Important WarsSlide4

CausesSlide5

Maori and British settlers/government had very different understandings of the ways the Treaty of Waitangi would alter everyday life in NZ.

Land ownership-

who would be entitled to land

Sovereignty-

each side thought that they would have sovereignty over NZLaw- Maori did not think they would be under the control of the laws of the colonial government.

Different Understandings of the TreatySlide6

Conflicts between Maori and British had occurred in the

1840s in Wairau and the North.

These conflicts were centred on disagreements over entitlement to land.

The War in the North ended in a

stalemate as a result of terrain, Maori tactics and the engineering of Maori pa sites.The outcome of this conflict paved the way for ongoing conflict between Maori and Pakeha. The British Government was quick to dismiss Maori skills in battle, but Maori had discovered

key strategic advantages

they could exploit against the British.

Earlier Land ConflictsSlide7

The movement was established in the

Central North Island in the 1850s

and aimed to appoint a Maori King.This contributed to the outbreak of wars- particularly those in the Central North Island as the

Kingitanga

Movement was perceived as a threat to authority by the colonial government.Wars in these areas were an attempt to assert colonial authority as well as to obtain land in these regions.

Kingitanga

MovementSlide8

In the 1840s George Grey had been appointed as Governor of NZ.

However, he was replaced by

Thomas Gore Browne (Governor Browne) in 1855

.

Although Browne had initially hoped to protect Maori welfare, this was quickly subverted by his belief in British sovereignty. This led directly to the outbreak of war in Taranaki in 1860.In

1861, Browne was replaced by George Grey

(in his second term). In this term Grey was faced with the atmosphere of conflict which had emerged under Browne’s leadership and thus pursued an agenda of both ‘peace’ and ‘war’ policies simultaneously.

Change in GovernorsSlide9

This meeting was called by Governor Browne and occurred in

July-August of 1860.

It was the first and only real attempt to re-examine the Treaty of Waitangi.

The Government perspective was that the conference was another opportunity to deal with

problems centring on land and the Kingitanga Movement.Maori were seeking a way past the difficulties of land issues and war in Taranaki

, as well as to

reassert their understanding of the Treaty.

Maori were represented by around 200 chiefs but those that opposed the government were excluded.

Conference at

Kohimarama

1860Slide10

The outcome of the conference was that government did not really listen to concerns expressed by Maori, and they

failed to address the key issue of sovereignty.

At the conference Maori felt that they had better understood what was protected under article two of the Treaty.

Because the conference failed to adequately address real issues (sovereignty) and did not include all Maori, it

failed to provide solutions to the problems in understanding across all parties. Thus conflict continued.Conference at

Kohimarama

1860Slide11

Pai

Marire was a peaceful religious movement which emerged in

1862

under the leadership of prophet Te Ua Haumere.The aim of the religion was to

redress Maori social and economic deprivation.

However this was lost as Maori faced continuing threats of military action from the colonial government and

the movement became more militant- this militant group became known as the

HauHau

.

To a certain extent this arose out of conflicts which were occurring over land prior to 1862- however the opposition this established between Maori and

Pakeha

, as well as their militant attitude were central to a range of wars.

Emergence of

Pai

MarireSlide12

Events and PeopleSlide13

War occurred between

March 1860-March 1861.

Conflict occurred mostly around the Waitara

River.

Wiremu Kingi and

Taranaki

supporters fought to retain land which was the source of their

mana

and independence.

Settlers were

seeking land for farming

in New Plymouth and British Government sought to

assert substantive sovereignty.

The

Waitara

Block had been offered for sale by a minor chief

but he

was overruled by

Wiremu

Kingi

.

Maori were relatively successful with

purpose-built Pa tactics and raiding

of Pakeha settlements, the British had difficulty achieving any sort of victory.Pakeha propaganda was used to conceal their lack of success.A ceasefire was agreed to in 1861 and an investigation undertaken into the sale of the Waitara Block.

War in

TaranakiSlide14

The Invasion of Waikato was

initiated by Governor Grey

. He constructed an excuse for this war by blaming conflict in

Taranaki

on the Kingitanga Movement, and suggesting that they were planning an attack on Auckland.He prepared for this by; building the Great South Road

to allow easy access of troops and artillery to Waikato,

establishing military posts

near the river and exaggerating the threat of Maori to the colonial office.

On July 9

th

1863, Grey ordered all Maori north of

Mangatawhiri

to

swear an oath of allegiance to the Queen

, but ordered invasion before this message could reach them.

Invasion of Waikato 1863Slide15

Maori support for the

Kingites

was broad- between 15-26 tribes sent contingents.

The British had the

highest number of troops here, of any conflict. 7% of the total population. They were supported by Te Arawa tribe (reinforcing an existing tribal conflict with Waikato).

British troops moved to Waikato in July. Their aim was to destroy the

Kingitanga

Movement.

Battles began around

Pukekawa

/

Meremere

and spread north to South Auckland, before moving to Waikato in areas such as

Rangiriri

and

Orakau

.

Outcomes here were

uncertain

- Maori fought with some success but ultimately surrendered several sites.

British were unwilling to advance further south than

Orakau

due to rugged terrain and thus turned their attention to the Bay of Plenty/East Coast.Invasion of Waikato

ctd

.Slide16

After conflict settled in Waikato,

Rawiri

Puhirake (chief of Ngai

te

Rangi) provoked British troops sent to control Tauranga Harbour.There was a lack of response initially which caused them to increase provocation.The attack began in April, and the

British expected easy victory

(due to numbers of troops). However they suffered significant losses and

had to retreat

as a result of pa warfare tactics.

They blamed ill-discipline of troops and poor leadership. Troops were withdrawn 2 weeks later.

As a result of this

Governor Grey

began to consider the idea of

making peace with the

Kingitanga

Movement.

War in

BoP

/East Coast 1864Slide17

Titokowaru

was from South

Taranaki.In the 1840s he made a commitment to

Methodist Christianity

, but rejected this in the 1850s to oppose land sales.He was influenced by Pai

Marire

to create his own religion directed towards peace.

He used tactics of compromise, peace meetings and passive resistance.

In

1868

Titokowaru

and his followers became involved in conflict in response to land confiscation.

Although they were

significantly outnumbered

, they had a number of success in battle and began to pose a threat to the Colonial Government.

In 1869

Titokowaru

lost much

mana

and support

after committing adultery. He withdraws, and settles back in

Taranaki

.TitokowaruSlide18
Slide19

Te

Kooti had fought with

the Colonial Government

against the Hauhau on the East Coast in 1865. Consequently he was arrested and sent to the Chatham Islands.Revelations during this time made him a prophet and led directly to his development of the

Ringatu

Faith

, the oldest surviving Maori religion.

In

July 1868

,

Te

Kooti

led an escape from the

Chathams

to Poverty Bay.

His armed conflict with

Pakeha

began a couple of weeks later. It was caused primarily by his

seeking retribution

for wrongful arrest and the

stimulation of resistance

to British laws caused by his return to the East Coast.

Te KootiSlide20
Slide21

Te

Kooti

Te

Kooti established himself near Lake Waikaremoana but his presence was opposed by both the Kingitanga

Movement and

Tuhoe

.

He attacked

both Maori and

Pakeha

in Poverty Bay because of his desire for

utu

,

religious inspiration

and in response to what he perceived to be

illegal land sales

especially in

Matawhero

.

He often gained support through fear and made many enemies both Maori and

Pakeha

.

In 1869 he withdrew to the Urewera- making raids from here. Between 1869 and 1872 he was

pursued

by the government throughout the country.

In

1872

he arrived in the King Country but was not granted sanctuary until

he renounced war

.

From this point onwards he focused on the development of the

Ringatu

Religion.Slide22

Outcomes of the WarsSlide23

Maori wo

n

the majority of the actual fighting in the wars.

In spite of this,

Pakeha propaganda made it possible for the government to conceal this.

This allowed them to prioritise law-making and law enforcement, and to assert their dominance in this way.

Battle SuccessSlide24

In 1863 the government accepted responsibility for

“Native Affairs”

and began to pass legislation which was being pushed for.This led to policies such as;

Land confiscation

More Pakeha settlementPakeha political dominance.Ultimately this allowed the government to effectively marginalise Maori socially, economically and politically

in spite of their policy of amalgamation.

Increased Government DominanceSlide25

Suppression of Rebellion Act 1863:

This authorised the trial and punishment of those suspected of rebellion by summary court-martial proceedings

without right of appeal

to the Supreme Court

.New Zealand Settlements Act 1863: Enabled confiscation of land from Maori “rebels”. This was known as Raupatu

4.73

million acres

were confiscated in Waikato,

Taranaki

, Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay and the East Coast.

Significant ActsSlide26

Land confiscated by the government under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863Slide27

Native Lands Act 1865/The Native Land CourtsSlide28

Native Schools Act 1867:

Maori Representation Act 1867:

Significant ActsSlide29

Impact on Race RelationsSlide30

SignificanceSlide31

In the 19

th

CenturySlide32

Ongoing