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Unpaid vs. Paid Work-Integrated-Learning: A Research Unpaid vs. Paid Work-Integrated-Learning: A Research

Unpaid vs. Paid Work-Integrated-Learning: A Research - PowerPoint Presentation

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Unpaid vs. Paid Work-Integrated-Learning: A Research - PPT Presentation

A pproach Presented by members of the CAFCE Research Committee Ms Judene Pretti University of Waterloo Ms Christine Arsenault University of Toronto Scarborough Dr Rocco Fondacaro University of Waterloo ID: 433557

paid unpaid research work unpaid paid work research amp internship students wil interns 2012 employers 2011 internships gardner quality

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Slide1

Unpaid vs. Paid Work-Integrated-Learning: A Research Approach

Presented by members of the CAFCE Research Committee:

Ms. Judene Pretti, University of Waterloo

Ms

. Christine Arsenault, University of Toronto Scarborough

Dr. Rocco Fondacaro, University of WaterlooSlide2

AgendaCanadian Context

Why look at paid vs. unpaid WIL?

Factors affecting WIL compensation

Current Research

Gaps in Research

Moving ForwardSlide3

Canadian Context

CAFCE Research Committee Mandate

Co-op is dominate form of WIL

Co-op defined

AccreditationSlide4

Why look at paid vs unpaid WIL?

In the news…

Attention of policy makers

Employment access:

“[an unpaid internship] cuts out people who can’t afford to do unpaid internships; it can [

favour

] people based on their socioeconomic class. It erodes any notion of meritocracy.

– Andrew

Langille

, Employment Lawyer

Other reasons??Slide5

Factors Affecting WIL Compensation

Cultural NormsSlide6

What Literature Exists

Ve

ry

little on

compensation

as issue

in

WIL

Many

examine

legal

aspect

s Gardner

, P. (

2012).

Other compensation related themes include:

Q

uality

of the work

experience

L

earning impacts

Access to WIL and Employment Prospects

Areas are not mutually exclusive Slide7

A Word on Methodology:

Paid vs. unpaid normally not primary issue of research

When compensation is

primary topic,

types of WIL studied often excludes “

co-op” modelCo-op requires pay, may skew results

Findings primarily from survey data

Majority of research from U.S.Slide8

What the Research Says:

Paid internship/co-op employment affects:

Realism and authenticity

Employer/employee relationship

Substantive work

Accountability and evaluation

Sanctions for Performance (Termination)

Corporate competitive advantageSlide9

What the Research Says:

Overall…

Evidence on Paid vs. unpaid and the perceived quality of experiences is minimal and equivocal

Gardner, P. (2011)

Chatzsky

, J., & McGrath, M., -- Summary NACE 2011 (2011)

Paid

or unpaid – both provide balance during student life, sense of community, connectedness

Billett

, S. & Ovens, C. (2007).

Bounous

, R. M. (1986

).Slide10

What the Research Says:

Overall…

Employers who intend to hire students later provide higher quality experiences

Paid

interns/co-ops more likely to be hired post work terms

Bailey

, Hughes and Barr,

(2000)

More meaningful work for paid

co-ops/interns

Paid do more professional work, unpaid do more clerical work

Chatzsky

, J., & McGrath, M. (2011, November

28

)Slide11

What the Research Says:

Overall…

63.1 % of paid interns received at least one job offer, while only 37 % of unpaid interns received a job offer. 

35.2 % with no internship received at least

one job offer

.

 

$

51,930 is median

starting salary

new

grads with paid internship

$35,721 is median salary for those with unpaid internship

$37,087 is median salary for new grads with

no internship

 

NACE 2013 Student Survey (2013)

38000 responses from college students, 9215 earning bachelor degreesSlide12

What the Research Says:

Overall…

51.3% of

students

not paid for their internship

experience

up 3.6% from previous year

64.1

% of students need

second

jobs when

doing

unpaid internship continued decline in paid

opportunities

working against

companies’

long-term recruitment efforts and branding

efforts

Legal

challenges

to continue

to increase, creating potential liabilities for companies who employ unpaid interns.

 

Intern Bridge, National Internship Salary Survey (2012)

11000 students at 150 universitiesSlide13

What the Research Says:

Overall

Nearly

half (49%) of unpaid in private sector

Couture &

Attfield

(2014

)

More in Unpaid

Women; students with family incomes < $80K; Education

, social sciences, health sciences, arts & humanities,

communications major

More in Paid

Engineering

, computer & science

majors

Highest income students (>$120k) more likely in both paid and unpaid internships

Gardner, P. (2011)Slide14

What the Research Says:

Employer views… paid work

Attracts better students, and can expect more of them

Hurst

, J. L. & Good, L. K. (2010

)

Exposure to

demands, capacities and commitments required for working life beyond school

punctuality

, working with others, time

and personal management

w

orking with others, imposition of sanctions (termination)

Claimed to be the most

valued

capacities

for the

workplace

Billett

, S. & Ovens, C. (2007

)

Employers

have more

positive views about

paid interns

better attendance, reliability, attitudes

Why

? …pay incents better

performance, or more selective in hiring

Bailey

, Hughes and Barr,

(2000

)Slide15

What the Research Says:

Student view… paid work

Interns more satisfied with work experience

But unpaid interns are “not unsatisfied”

Beebe, A., Blaylock, A. &

Sweetser

, K. D. (2009

).

“I felt more like an ‘engineer’ when I was getting paid to do engineering

work”

Bounous

, R. M. (1986).

Qualifications needed to get better job and pay

What I don’t want to do… for a living

What I do want to do.. but not is this industry or job

Billett

, S. & Ovens, C. (2007

)

Priorities… “work

for pay comes first, internship or career enhancement comes second, and school work comes

last”

Gardner

, P. (2011

)Slide16

Research Gaps:

Replication of existing research

Paid vs. unpaid…

On quality of work experience

On type of work given students

On how seriously employers view the experience

On how seriously students view the experience

On attainment of learning outcomes

Gardner

,

P. (

2012)

In

the Canadian contextSlide17

Moving Forward

More definition among WIL models

Understanding and engagement by stakeholders

Legal, ethical, and policy evolution

New and Emerging forms of WIL

Changing face of work force… e.g., entrepreneurial

Alternative forms of remunerationSlide18

Moving Forward

Sattler, P. & Peters, J (2012). Work-Integrated Learning and Postsecondary Graduates: The Perspective of Ontario Employers. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.Slide19

Moving Forward …unpaid at

uW

Minimizing absolute number of unpaid opportunities

Active management of unpaid; Discussions with employers; Alternative remuneration Slide20

Questions?Slide21

Unpaid/Paid Reference List

“In the News”:

http://www.internbridge.com/company/unpaid-internship-resource-

center

Literature/Research Articles:

Bailey, T., Hughes, K. & Barr, T. (2000). Achieving scale and quality in school-to-work internships: Findings from two employer surveys.

Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis

,

22

(1), 41–64. SAGE Publications

.

Beebe, A., Blaylock, A. &

Sweetser

, K. D. (2009). Job satisfaction in public relations internships.

Public Relations Review

,

35

(2), 156–158. Elsevier.

Billett

, S. & Ovens, C. (2007). Learning about work, working life and post-school options: guiding students’ reflections on paid part-time work.

Journal of Education and Work

,

20

(2), 75–90. Taylor & Francis.

Bounous

, R. M. (1986). Experiential learning programs: An organizational schema.

Journal of Career Development

,

13

(1), 61–67. Springer.

Chatzsky

, J., & McGrath, M. (2011, November 28). The great American internship swindle. Newsweek, p. 22. Retrieved from:

http://www.newsweek.com/why-students-shouldnt-take-unpaid-internships-

66241

Gardner

, P. (2011).

The debate over unpaid college internships

. Intern Bridge.

Gardner, P. (2012).

Reaction on Campus to the Unpaid Internship Controversy

. Intern Bridge.

Hurst, J. L. & Good, L. K. (2010). A 20-year evolution of internships: Implications for retail interns, employers and educators.

The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research

,

20

(1), 175–186. Taylor & Francis

.

InternBridge

(2012).

2012 Internship Salary

Report.

National

Association of Colleges and

Employers (2013)

, The Class of 2013 Student Survey Report.

Sattler

, P. & Peters, J (2012). Work-Integrated Learning and Postsecondary Graduates: The Perspective of Ontario Employers. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.