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Slide1

PLED

https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Slide2

Philips Lumileds Lighting Company - SnapLEDs

Due to the increased heat dissipation, SnapLEDs are available in a higher current form called the SnapLED 150 (max

https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Slide3

Multiprocessing - Tightly-coupled multiprocessor system

Tightly-coupled multiprocessor systems contain multiple CPUs that are connected at the bus level

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Slide4

Multiprocessing - Tightly-coupled multiprocessor system

Chip multiprocessors, also known as multi-core computing, involves more than one processor placed on a single chip and can be thought of the most extreme form of tightly-coupled multiprocessing. Mainframe systems with multiple processors are often tightly-coupled.

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Slide5

Multiprocessing - Loosely-coupled multiprocessor system

Loosely-coupled multiprocessor systems (often referred to as clusters) are based on multiple standalone single or dual processor commodity computers interconnected via a high speed communication system (Gigabit Ethernet is common). A Linux Beowulf cluster is an example of a loosely-coupled system.

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Slide6

Multiprocessing - Loosely-coupled multiprocessor system

Tightly-coupled systems perform better and are physically smaller than loosely-coupled systems, but have historically required greater initial investments and may depreciate rapidly; nodes in a loosely-coupled system are usually inexpensive commodity computers and can be recycled as independent machines upon retirement from the cluster.

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Slide7

Multiprocessing - Loosely-coupled multiprocessor system

Power consumption is also a consideration. Tightly-coupled systems tend to be much more energy efficient than clusters. This is because considerable economy can be realized by designing components to work together from the beginning in tightly-coupled systems, whereas loosely-coupled systems use components that were not necessarily intended specifically for use in such systems.

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Slide8

Proton-coupled electron transfer

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a reaction mechanism that is thought to be common in redox reactions. It involves the concerted transfer of an electron and proton to or from a substrate.

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Slide9

Proton-coupled electron transfer

In PCET, the proton and the electron (i) start from different orbitals and (ii) are transferred to different orbitals. They transfer in a concerted elementary step. PCET contrast to step-wise mechanisms in which the electron and proton are transferred sequentially.

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Slide10

Proton-coupled electron transfer - Examples

Inorganic chemists often study simple reactions to test this mechanism, one example being the comproportionation of a Ru(II) aquo and a Ru(IV) oxo reactants: cis-[(bipy)2(py)RuIV(O)]2+ + cis-[(bipy)2(py)RuII(OH2)]2+ → 2cis-[(bipy)2(py)RuIII(OH)]2+ PCET is also often invoked in electrochemical reactions where reduction is coupled to protonation or where oxidation is coupled to deprotonation.

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Slide11

Proton-coupled electron transfer - Examples

Although it is relatively simple to demonstrate that the electron and proton begin and end in different orbitals, it is more difficult to prove that they do not move sequentially

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Slide12

Proton-coupled electron transfer - Examples

A typical method for establishing PCET pathway is to show that the individual ET and PT pathways operate at higher activation energy than the concerted pathway.

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Slide13

Proton-coupled electron transfer - Examples

In some literature, the definition of PCET has been extended to include the sequential mechanisms listed above. This confusion in the definition of PCET has led to the proposal of alternate names including electron transfer-proton transfer (ETPT), electron-proton transfer (EPT), and concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET).

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Slide14

Proton-coupled electron transfer - Examples

Also distinct is hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), in which the proton and electron start in the same orbitals and move together to the final orbital. HAT is recognized as a radical pathway, although the stoichiometry is similar to that for PCET.

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Slide15

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

Consider two equal bodies (not affected by gravity), each of mass, m, attached to three springs, each with spring constant, k. They are attached in the following manner:

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Slide16

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

where the edge points are fixed and cannot move. We'll use x1(t) to denote the horizontal displacement of the left mass, and x2(t) to denote the displacement of the right mass.

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Slide17

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

If we denote acceleration (the second derivative of x(t) with respect to time) as , the equations of motion are:

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Slide18

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

Substituting these into the equations of motion gives us:

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Slide19

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

For this to be generically true for any amplitude, the matrix on the left must be singular i.e. must not be invertible, such that one cannot multiply both sides of the equation by the inverse, leaving the right matrix equal to zero. It follows that the determinant of the matrix must be equal to 0, so:

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Slide20

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

Solving for , we have two positive solutions:

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Slide21

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

If we substitute ω1 into the matrix and solve for (A1, A2), we get (1, 1). If we substitute ω2, we get (1, −1). (These vectors are eigenvectors, and the frequencies are eigenvalues.)

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Slide22

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

The general solution is a superposition of the normal modes where c1, c2, φ1, and φ2, are determined by the initial conditions of the problem.

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Slide23

Normal mode - Coupled oscillators

The process demonstrated here can be generalized and formulated using the formalism of Lagrangian mechanics or Hamiltonian mechanics.

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Slide24

Signal transduction - G protein-coupled

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of integral transmembrane proteins that possess seven transmembrane domains and are linked to a heterotrimeric G protein. Many receptors are in this family, including adrenergic receptors and chemokine receptors.

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Slide25

Signal transduction - G protein-coupled

Signal transduction by a GPCR begins with an inactive G protein coupled to the receptor; it exists as a heterotrimer consisting of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ

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Slide26

Signal transduction - G protein-coupled

A study was conducted where a point mutation was inserted into the gene encoding the chemokine receptor CXCR2; mutated cells underwent a malignant transformation due to the expression of CXCR2 in an active conformation despite the absence of chemokine-binding. This meant that chemokine receptors can contribute to cancer development.

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Slide27

Amazon SimpleDB

It was announced on December 13, 2007.[http://www.amazon.com/SimpleDB-AWS-Service-Pricing/b?node=342335011no=553872011me=A36L942TSJ2AJA Amazon SimpleDB- Limited Beta]

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Slide28

Amazon SimpleDB

As with EC2 and S3, Amazon charges fees for SimpleDB storage, transfer, and throughput over the Internet. On December 1, 2008, Amazon introduced new pricing with Free Tier[http://blog.sdbexplorer.com/2008/12/simpledb-2000000-free-requests-for-next-six-months/ SimpleDB - Free Tier - A shift in AWS pricing] for 1 GB of data 25 machine hours. Transfer to other Amazon Web Services is free of charge.[http://www.amazon.com/b?node=342335011 Amazon SimpleDB official home page]

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Slide29

Amazon SimpleDB - Limitations

SimpleDB provides eventual consistency, which is a weaker form of consistency, compared to other database management systems. This is often considered a limitation, because it is harder to reason about, which makes it harder to write correct programs that make use of SimpleDB. This limitation is the result of a fundamental design trade-off. By foregoing consistency, the system is able to achieve two other highly desirable properties:

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Slide30

Amazon SimpleDB - Limitations

# availability – components of the system may fail, but the service will continue to operate correctly.

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Slide31

Amazon SimpleDB - Limitations

# partition tolerance – components in the system are connected to one another by a computer network. If components are not able to contact one another using the network (a condition known as a network partition), operation of the system will continue.

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Slide32

Amazon SimpleDB - Limitations

Component failures are assumed to be inevitable; thus, both of these properties were deemed necessary in order to provide a reliable web service. The CAP theorem states that it is not possible for a system to exhibit these properties along with consistency; thus, the designers needed to settle for a weaker form of consistency.

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Slide33

Amazon SimpleDB - Limitations

Published limitations: (API latest version).

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Slide34

Amazon SimpleDB - Conditional Put and Delete

Conditional put and conditional delete are new operations, that were added in February, 2010. They address a problem that arises when accessing SimpleDB concurrently. Consider a simple program that uses SimpleDB to store a counter, i.e. a number that can be incremented. The program must do three things:

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Slide35

Amazon SimpleDB - Conditional Put and Delete

# Retrieve the current value of the counter from SimpleDB.

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Slide36

Amazon SimpleDB - Conditional Put and Delete

# Store the new value in the same place as the old value in SimpleDB.

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Slide37

Amazon SimpleDB - Conditional Put and Delete

If this program runs while no other programs access SimpleDB, it will work correctly; however, it is often desirable for software application (particularly web applications) to access the same data concurrently. When the same data is accessed concurrently, a race condition arises, which would result in undetectable data loss.

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Slide38

Amazon SimpleDB - Conditional Put and Delete

Suppose SimpleDB services requests for data, as described in step 1, from both A and B

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Slide39

Amazon SimpleDB - Conditional Put and Delete

This introduces some additional complexity; if SimpleDB was not able to store the new value because the current value was not as expected, the program must repeat steps 1-3 until the conditional put operation actually changes the stored value.

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Slide40

Amazon SimpleDB - Consistent Read

Consistent read was a new feature that was released at the same time as conditional put and conditional delete. As the name suggests, consistent read addresses problems that arise due to SimpleDB's eventual consistency model (See the #Limitations|Limitations section). Consider the following sequence of operations:

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Slide41

Amazon SimpleDB - Consistent Read

# Immediately after, A requests the data it just stored.

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Slide42

Amazon SimpleDB - Consistent Read

SimpleDB's eventual consistency guarantee does not allow us to say that the data retrieved in step 2 reflects the updates that were made in step 1. Eventual consistency only guarantees that step 2 reflects the complete set of updates in step 1, or none of those updates. Consistent read can be used to ensure that the data retrieved in step 2 reflect changes in step 1.

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Slide43

Amazon SimpleDB - Consistent Read

The reason that inconsistent results can arise when the consistent read operation is not used is that SimpleDB stores data in multiple locations (for availability), and the new data in step 1 might not be written at all locations when SimpleDB receives the data request in step 2. In that case, it is possible that the data request in step 2 is serviced at one of the locations where the new data has not been written.

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Slide44

Amazon SimpleDB - Consistent Read

Amazon discourages the use of consistent read, unless it is required for correctness. The reason for this recommendation is that the rate at which consistent read operations are serviced is lower than for regular reads.

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Slide45

Gene networks - Coupled ODEs

It is common to model such a network with a set of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) or Stochastic differential equation|stochastic ODEs, describing the reaction kinetics of the constituent parts. Suppose that our regulatory network has N nodes, and let S_1(t),S_2(t), \ldots, S_N(t) represent the concentrations of the N corresponding substances at time t. Then the temporal evolution of the system can be described approximately by

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Slide46

Gene networks - Coupled ODEs

where the functions f_j express the dependence of S_j on the concentrations of other substances present in the cell

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Slide47

Gene networks - Coupled ODEs

for all j, one obtains (possibly several) concentration profiles of proteins and mRNAs that are theoretically sustainable (though not necessarily stability (mathematics)|stable)

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Slide48

Oscillator - Coupled oscillations

The harmonic oscillator and the systems it models have a single degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degree of freedom

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Slide49

Oscillator - Coupled oscillations

More special cases are the coupled oscillators where the energy alternates between two forms of oscillation. Well-known is the Wilberforce pendulum, where the oscillation alternates between an elongation of a vertical spring and the rotation of an object at the end of that spring.

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Slide50

Stand-alone photovoltaic power system - Direct-coupled system

The basic model of a direct coupled system consists of a solar panel connected directly to a dc load. As there are no battery banks in this setup, energy is not stored and hence it is capable of powering common appliances like fans, pumps etc. only during the day. MPPTs are generally used to efficiently utilize the Sun's energy especially for electrical loads like positive-displacement water pumps. Impedance matching is also considered as a design criteria in direct-coupled systems.

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Slide51

Noise (electronics) - Coupled noise

Energy external of the receiver can couple noise, also by energy conversion. Generally this is done by fundamental interaction, in electronics mainly by Inductive coupling and/or capacitive coupling.

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Slide52

Carbon-neutral - Pledges

Being carbon neutral is increasingly seen as good corporate or state social responsibility and a growing list of corporations, cities and states are announcing dates for when they intend to become fully neutral.

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Slide53

Sumpah Pemuda - The pledge

In Indonesian language|Indonesian, with the original spelling, the pledge reads:

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Slide54

Sumpah Pemuda - The pledge

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one motherland, Indonesia.

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Slide55

Sumpah Pemuda - The pledge

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, uphold the language of unity, Indonesian language|Indonesian.

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Slide56

Genetic engineering in fiction - Olaf Stapledon

Genetic engineering (or something very like it) features prominently in Last and First Men, a 1930 novel by Olaf Stapledon.

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Slide57

Coupled human–environment system

In 2007 a formal standing program in Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems was created by the U.S

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Slide58

Coupled human–environment system

Research into CHANS builds on the disciplines of human ecology, ecological anthropology, environmental geography, ecological economics|economics, and other eco-bio-geo-physical fields

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Slide59

Coupled human–environment system - Outline

In 2007 the National Science Foundation prioritized to fund research on “coupled natural and human systems,” within its program called [http://www.nsf.gov/geo/ere/ereweb/fund-biocomplex.cfm Biocomplexity in the Environment]. This was later broken up into more specific subgroups, such as

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Slide60

Coupled human–environment system - Outline

* Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems[http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=115757org=EREfrom=news NSF Awards Grants for Studies of Coupled Natural and Human Systems], from Oct. 2009. Sustainable water use, climate change impacts on international markets, restoration of Chicago ecosystems among research projects.

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Slide61

Coupled human–environment system - Outline

* Materials Use: Science, Engineering, and Society (Deadline Date: February 7, 2007)

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Slide62

Coupled human–environment system - Bibliography

* W.C. Clark, Billie Lee Turner II|B. L. Turner, R. W. Kates, J. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. Meyer, eds. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

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Slide63

Coupled human–environment system - Bibliography

* Illustrating the coupled human–environment system for vulnerability analysis: three case studies

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Slide64

Coupled human–environment system - Bibliography

* Eric Sheppard and Robert B. McMaster, eds. Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society, and Method (see especially Crossing the Divide: Linking Global and Local Scales in Human–Environment Systems by William E. Easterling and Colin Polsky) (Blackwell Publishing, January 1, 2004)

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Slide65

Transaction Processing Facility - Tightly coupled

TPF is capable of running on a Multiprocessing|multiprocessor, that is, on mainframe systems in which there is more than one CPU. Within the community, the CPUs are referred to as 'Instruction Streams' or simply 'I-streams'. On a mainframe or in a logical partition (LPAR) of a mainframe with more than one I-stream, TPF is said to be running 'tightly-coupled'.

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Slide66

Transaction Processing Facility - Tightly coupled

Due to the reentrant (subroutine)|reentrant nature of TPF programs and the control program, this is made possible as no active piece of work modifies any program

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Slide67

Transaction Processing Facility - Tightly coupled

In the TPF architecture, each I-stream shares common core, except for a 4Kb in size prefix area for each I-stream

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Slide68

Transaction Processing Facility - Loosely coupled

The simplest loose coupling|loosely coupled system would be two IBM mainframes sharing one 'DASD' (Direct Access Storage Device)

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Slide69

Transaction Processing Facility - Loosely coupled

To run clustered (loosely-coupled) zTPF requires either MPLF in all disk control units or an alternative locking device called a Coupling Facility

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Slide70

Wind wave model - Coupled models

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) coupled atmosphere-wave forecast system described below facilitates this through exchange of the Charnock parameter which controls the surface roughness|sea surface roughness

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Slide71

FlexRay - Sampled bits

The value of the bit is sampled in the middle of the 8-bit region.

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Slide72

FlexRay - Sampled bits

The errors are moved to the extreme cycles, and the clock is synchronized frequently enough for the drift to be small. (Drift is smaller than 1 cycle per 300 cycles, and during transmission the clock is synchronized more than once every 300 cycles).

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Slide73

Coupled oscillation

'Oscillation' is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Mechanical equilibrium|equilibrium) or between two or more different states

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Slide74

Coupled oscillation - Simple harmonic oscillator

The simplest mechanical oscillating system is a mass attached to a linear spring (device)|spring subject to only weight and Tension (physics)|tension

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Slide75

Coupled oscillation - Simple harmonic oscillator

Systems where the restoring force on a body is directly proportional to its displacement, such as the dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics of the spring-mass system, are described mathematically by the Harmonic oscillator#Simple harmonic oscillator|simple harmonic oscillator and the regular period (physics)|periodic motion is known as simple harmonic motion

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Slide76

Coupled oscillation - Damped and driven oscillations

All real-world oscillator systems are Thermodynamic reversibility|thermodynamically irreversible

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Slide77

Coupled oscillation - Damped and driven oscillations

In addition, an oscillating system may be subject to some external force, as when an AC Electronic circuit|circuit is connected to an outside power source. In this case the oscillation is said to be driven oscillations|driven.

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Slide78

Coupled oscillation - Damped and driven oscillations

Some systems can be excited by energy transfer from the environment

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Slide79

Coupled oscillation - Mechanical

*Oscillations in the Sun (helioseismology), stars (asteroseismology) and Neutron-star oscillations.

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Slide80

Coupled oscillation - Mechanical

*swing (seat)|Playground swing

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Slide81

Coupled oscillation - Electrical

*Astable|Astable multivibrator

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Slide82

Coupled oscillation - Electrical

*Butler oscillator

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Slide83

Coupled oscillation - Optical

*Laser (oscillation of electromagnetic field with frequency of order 1015Hz)

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Slide84

Coupled oscillation - Optical

*Oscillator Toda or self-pulsation (pulsation of output power of laser at frequencies 104Hz ndash; 106Hz in the transient regime)

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Slide85

Coupled oscillation - Optical

*Quantum oscillator may refer to an optical local oscillator, as well as to a usual model in quantum optics.

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Slide86

Coupled oscillation - Biological

*Lotka–Volterra equation

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Slide87

Coupled oscillation - Biological

*Neural oscillation

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Slide88

Coupled oscillation - Human

*Insulin release oscillations

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Slide89

Coupled oscillation - Human

*Puberty#Endocrine_perspective|gonadotropin releasing hormone pulsations

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Slide90

Coupled oscillation - Human

*Pilot-induced oscillation

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Slide91

Coupled oscillation - Climate and geophysics

*Atlantic multidecadal oscillation

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Slide92

Coupled oscillation - Climate and geophysics

*El Niño-Southern Oscillation

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Slide93

Coupled oscillation - Climate and geophysics

*Quasi-biennial oscillation

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Slide94

Coupled oscillation - Astrophysics

*Neutron-star oscillations|Neutron stars

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Slide95

Coupled oscillation - Quantum mechanical

*Neutrino oscillations

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Slide96

Coupled oscillation - Chemical

*Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

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Slide97

Coupled oscillation - Chemical

* Briggs–Rauscher reaction

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Slide98

Traveling-wave tube - Coupled-cavity TWT

Helix TWTs are limited in peak RF power by the current handling (and therefore thickness) of the helix wire. As power level increases, the wire can overheat and cause the helix geometry to warp. Wire thickness can be increased to improve matters, but if the wire is too thick it becomes impossible to obtain the required helix|helix pitch for proper operation. Typically helix TWTs achieve less than 2.5kW output power.

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Slide99

Traveling-wave tube - Coupled-cavity TWT

The 'coupled-cavity TWT' overcomes this limit by replacing the helix with a series of coupled cavities arranged axially along the beam. This structure provides a helical waveguide, and hence amplification can occur via velocity modulation. Helical waveguides have very nonlinear dispersion and thus are only narrowband (but wider than klystron). A coupled-cavity TWT can achieve 60kW output power.

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Slide100

Traveling-wave tube - Coupled-cavity TWT

Operation is similar to that of a klystron, except that coupled-cavity TWTs are designed with attenuation between the slow-wave structure instead of a drift tube. The slow-wave structure gives the TWT its wide bandwidth. A free electron laser allows higher frequencies.

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Slide101

Charge-coupled device

A 'charge-coupled device' ('CCD') is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by shifting the signals between stages within the device one at a time. CCDs move charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins.

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Slide102

Charge-coupled device

The CCD is a major piece of technology in digital imaging

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Slide103

Charge-coupled device - History

The charge-coupled device was invented in 1969 at American Telephone Telegraph|ATT Bell Labs by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith.See US3792322 [http://www.google.com./patents/US3792322] and US3796927 [http://www.google.com/patents/US3796927]

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Slide104

Charge-coupled device - History

The lab was working on semiconductor bubble memory when Boyle and Smith conceived of the design of what they termed, in their notebook, Charge 'Bubble' Devices.

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Slide105

Charge-coupled device - History

A description of how the device could be used as a shift register. The essence of the design was the ability to transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor from one storage capacitor to the next. The concept was similar in principle to the bucket-brigade device (BBD), which was developed at Philips Research Labs during the late 1960s. The first patent (4,085,456) on the application of CCDs to imaging was assigned to Michael F. Tompsett|Michael Tompsett.

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Slide106

Charge-coupled device - History

listed possible uses as a memory, a delay line, and an imaging device. The first experimental device

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Slide107

Charge-coupled device - History

demonstrating the principle was a row of closely spaced metal squares on an oxidized silicon surface electrically accessed by wire bonds.

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Slide108

Charge-coupled device - History

The first working CCD made with integrated circuit technology was a simple 8-bit shift register.

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Slide109

Charge-coupled device - History

This device had input and output circuits and was used to demonstrate its use as a shift register and as a crude eight pixel linear imaging device.

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Slide110

Charge-coupled device - History

Development of the device progressed at a rapid rate. By 1971, Bell researchers lead by Michael Tompsett were able to capture images with simple linear devices.

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Slide111

Charge-coupled device - History

The first KH-11 KENNAN reconnaissance satellite equipped with charge-coupled device array ( pixels)[http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/kh-11.htm globalsecurity.org - KH-11 KENNAN], 2007-04-24 technology for imaging was launched in December 1976

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Slide112

Charge-coupled device - History

In January 2006, Boyle and Smith were awarded the National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize, and in 2009 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics, for their invention of the CCD concept.

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Slide113

Charge-coupled device - History

Michael Tompsett was awarded the 2010 National Medal of Technology and Innovation for pioneering work and electronic technologies including the design and development of the first charge coupled device (CCD) imagers. He was also awarded the 2012 IEEE Edison Medal For pioneering contributions to imaging devices including CCD Imagers, cameras and thermal imagers.

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Slide114

Charge-coupled device - Basics of operation

In a CCD for capturing images, there is a photoactive region (an epitaxy|epitaxial layer of silicon), and a transmission region made out of a shift register (the CCD, properly speaking).

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Slide115

Charge-coupled device - Basics of operation

In a digital device, these voltages are then sampled, digitized, and usually stored in memory; in an analog device (such as an analog video camera), they are processed into a continuous analog signal (e.g

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Slide116

Charge-coupled device - Charge generation

Before the MOS capacitors are exposed to light, they are biasing|biased into the depletion region; in n-channel CCDs, the silicon under the bias gate is slightly p-doped or intrinsic

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Slide117

Charge-coupled device - Charge generation

Then, when electron–hole pairs are generated in the depletion region, they are separated by the electric field, the electrons move toward the surface, and the holes move toward the substrate. Four pair-generation processes can be identified:

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Slide118

Charge-coupled device - Charge generation

* photo-generation (up to 95% of quantum efficiency),

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Slide119

Charge-coupled device - Charge generation

* generation at the surface, and

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Slide120

Charge-coupled device - Charge generation

* generation in the neutral bulk.

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Slide121

Charge-coupled device - Charge generation

The last three processes are known as dark-current generation, and add noise to the image; they can limit the total usable integration time. The accumulation of electrons at or near the surface can proceed either until image integration is over and charge begins to be transferred, or thermal equilibrium is reached. In this case, the well is said to be full (corresponding typically to about 105 electrons per pixel).

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Slide122

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

The photoactive region of a CCD is, generally, an epitaxial layer of silicon

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Slide123

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

This thin layer (= 0.2–0.3 nm) is fully depleted and the accumulated photogenerated charge is kept away from the surface. This structure has the advantages of higher transfer efficiency and lower dark current, from reduced surface recombination. The penalty is smaller charge capacity, by a factor of 2–3 compared to the surface-channel CCD. The gate oxide, i.e. the capacitor dielectric, is grown on top of the epitaxial layer and substrate.

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Slide124

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

Later in the process, polysilicon gates are deposited by chemical vapor deposition, patterned with photolithography, and etched in such a way that the separately phased gates lie perpendicular to the channels. The channels are further defined by utilization of the LOCOS process to produce the channel stop region.

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Slide125

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

Channel stops are thermally grown oxides that serve to isolate the charge packets in one column from those in another. These channel stops are produced before the polysilicon gates are, as the LOCOS process utilizes a high-temperature step that would destroy the gate material. The channel stops are parallel to, and exclusive of, the channel, or charge carrying, regions.

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Slide126

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

Channel stops often have a p+ doped region underlying them, providing a further barrier to the electrons in the charge packets (this discussion of the physics of CCD devices assumes an electron transfer device, though hole transfer is possible).

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Slide127

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

The clocking of the gates, alternately high and low, will forward and reverse bias the diode that is provided by the buried channel (n-doped) and the epitaxial layer (p-doped). This will cause the CCD to deplete, near the p-n junction and will collect and move the charge packets beneath the gates—and within the channels—of the device.

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Slide128

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

CCD manufacturing and operation can be optimized for different uses. The above process describes a frame transfer CCD. While CCDs may be manufactured on a heavily doped p++ wafer it is also possible to manufacture a device inside p-wells that have been placed on an n-wafer. This second method, reportedly, reduces smear, dark current (physics)|dark current, and infrared and red response. This method of manufacture is used in the construction of interline-transfer devices.

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Slide129

Charge-coupled device - Design and manufacturing

Another version of CCD is called a peristaltic CCD. In a peristaltic charge-coupled device, the charge-packet transfer operation is analogous to the peristaltic contraction and dilation of the digestive system. The peristaltic CCD has an additional implant that keeps the charge away from the silicon/silicon dioxide interface and generates a large lateral electric field from one gate to the next. This provides an additional driving force to aid in transfer of the charge packets.

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Slide130

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

The CCD image sensors can be implemented in several different architectures. The most common are full-frame, frame-transfer, and interline. The distinguishing characteristic of each of these architectures is their approach to the problem of shuttering.

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Slide131

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

In a full-frame device, all of the image area is active, and there is no electronic shutter. A mechanical shutter must be added to this type of sensor or the image smears as the device is clocked or read out.

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Slide132

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

With a frame-transfer CCD, half of the silicon area is covered by an opaque mask (typically aluminum)

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Slide133

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

The interline architecture extends this concept one step further and masks every other column of the image sensor for storage

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Slide134

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

The choice of architecture comes down to one of utility

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Slide135

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

CCDs containing grids of pixels are used in digital cameras, image scanner|optical scanners, and video cameras as light-sensing devices. They commonly respond to 70 percent of the wiktionary:incident|incident light (meaning a quantum efficiency of about 70 percent) making them far more efficient than photographic film, which captures only about 2 percent of the incident light.

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Slide136

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

Most common types of CCDs are sensitive to near-infrared light, which allows infrared photography, night-vision devices, and zero lux (or near zero lux) video-recording/photography. For normal silicon-based detectors, the sensitivity is limited to 1.1μm. One other consequence of their sensitivity to infrared is that infrared from remote controls often appears on CCD-based digital cameras or camcorders if they do not have infrared blockers.

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Slide137

Charge-coupled device - Architecture

Cooling reduces the array's dark current (physics)|dark current, improving the sensitivity of the CCD to low light intensities, even for ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. Professional observatories often cool their detectors with liquid nitrogen to reduce the dark current, and therefore the thermal noise, to negligible levels.

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Slide138

Charge-coupled device - Use in astronomy

Due to the high quantum efficiencies of CCDs, linearity of their outputs (one count for one photon of light), ease of use compared to photographic plates, and a variety of other reasons, CCDs were very rapidly adopted by astronomers for nearly all UV-to-infrared applications.

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Slide139

Charge-coupled device - Use in astronomy

Thermal noise and cosmic rays may alter the pixels in the CCD array. To counter such effects, astronomers take several exposures with the CCD shutter closed and opened. The average of images taken with the shutter closed is necessary to lower the random noise. Once developed, the dark frame subtraction|dark frame average image is then subtracted from the open-shutter image to remove the dark current and other systematic defects (dead pixels, hot pixels, etc.) in the CCD.

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Slide140

Charge-coupled device - Use in astronomy

The Hubble Space Telescope, in particular, has a highly developed series of steps (“data reduction pipeline”) to convert the raw CCD data to useful images.

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Slide141

Charge-coupled device - Use in astronomy

(Hainaut is an astronomer at the [http://www.eso.org/~ohainaut/cv.html European Southern Observatory])

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Slide142

Charge-coupled device - Use in astronomy

CCD cameras used in astrophotography often require sturdy mounts to cope with vibrations from wind and other sources, along with the tremendous weight of most imaging platforms. To take long exposures of galaxies and nebulae, many astronomers use a technique known as autoguider|auto-guiding. Most autoguiders use a second CCD chip to monitor deviations during imaging. This chip can rapidly detect errors in tracking and command the mount motors to correct for them.

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Slide143

Charge-coupled device - Use in astronomy

An interesting unusual astronomical application of CCDs, called drift-scanning, uses a CCD to make a fixed telescope behave like a tracking telescope and follow the motion of the sky

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Slide144

Charge-coupled device - Use in astronomy

In addition to astronomy, CCDs are also used in astronomical analytical instrumentation such as spectrometers.

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Slide145

Charge-coupled device - Color cameras

Digital color cameras generally use a Bayer filter|Bayer mask over the CCD. Each square of four pixels has one filtered red, one blue, and two green (the human eye is more sensitive to green than either red or blue). The result of this is that luminance information is collected at every pixel, but the color resolution is lower than the luminance resolution.

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Slide146

Charge-coupled device - Color cameras

Better color separation can be reached by three-CCD devices (3CCD) and a dichroic prism|dichroic beam splitter prism, that splits the image into red, green and blue components

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Slide147

Charge-coupled device - Color cameras

Eventually every pixel in the image has been scanned at least once in each color and the resolution of the three channels become equivalent (the resolutions of red and blue channels are quadrupled while the green channel is doubled).

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Slide148

Charge-coupled device - Sensor sizes

Sensors (CCD / CMOS) come in various sizes, or image sensor formats. These sizes are often referred to with an inch fraction designation such as 1/1.8″ or 2/3″ called the optical format. This measurement actually originates back in the 1950s and the time of video camera tube|Vidicon tubes.

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Slide149

Charge-coupled device - Electron-multiplying CCD

An 'electron-multiplying CCD' (EMCCD, also known as an L3Vision CCD, L3CCD or Impactron CCD) is a charge-coupled device in which a gain register is placed between the shift register and the output amplifier

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Slide150

Charge-coupled device - Electron-multiplying CCD

EMCCDs show a similar sensitivity to charge-coupled device#Intensified charge-coupled device|Intensified CCDs (ICCDs). However, as with ICCDs, the gain that is applied in the gain register is stochastic and the exact gain that has been applied to a pixel's charge is impossible to know. At high gains (!--Blooming (CCD) redirects here--div style=-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;/div

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Slide151

Multivariate ENSO index - Coupled ENSO Index

The Coupled ENSO Index (CEI) uses a combination of both the SOI and Niño 3.4 SST to account for both an atmospheric and oceanic component.

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Slide152

G-protein coupled receptors

'G protein-coupled receptors' ('GPCRs'), also known as 'seven-transmembrane domain receptors', '7TM receptors', 'heptahelical receptors', 'serpentine receptor', and 'G protein-linked receptors' ('GPLR'), constitute a large protein family of membrane receptor|receptors that sense molecules outside the Cell (biology)|cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses

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Slide153

G-protein coupled receptors

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was crucial for understanding how G-protein–coupled receptors function.

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Slide154

G-protein coupled receptors

There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-coupled receptors: the Cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway

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Slide155

G-protein coupled receptors - Classification

The exact size of the GPCR Superfamily (molecular biology)|superfamily is unknown, but nearly 800 different human genes (or =4% of the entire Protein biosynthesis|protein-coding genome) have been predicted from genome sequence analysis

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Slide156

G-protein coupled receptors - Classification

In all, GPCRs can be grouped into 6 classes based on sequence homology and functional similarity:[http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/ISearch?query=gpcr InterPro]

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Slide157

G-protein coupled receptors - Classification

* Class C GPCR|Class C (or 3) (Metabotropic glutamate receptor|Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone)

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Slide158

G-protein coupled receptors - Classification

* Class D (or 4) (Fungal mating pheromone receptors)

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Slide159

G-protein coupled receptors - Classification

The very large rhodopsin A group has been further subdivided into 19 subgroups (Rhodopsin-like receptors#Classes|A1-A19). More recently, an alternative classification system called GRAFS (Metabotropic glutamate receptor|Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled/Taste receptor|Taste2, Secretin receptor|Secretin) has been proposed.

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Slide160

G-protein coupled receptors - Classification

The human genome encodes thousands of G protein-coupled receptors, about 350 of which detecting hormones, growth factors, and other endogenous ligands. Approximately 150 of the GPCRs found in the human genome have unknown functions.

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Slide161

G-protein coupled receptors - Classification

Some web-servers and bioinformatics prediction methods have been used for predicting the classification of GPCRs according to their amino acid sequence alone, by means of the pseudo amino acid composition approach.

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Slide162

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

GPCRs are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. Some examples of their physiological roles include:

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Slide163

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# The visual sense: The opsins use a photoisomerization reaction to translate electromagnetic radiation into cellular signals. Rhodopsin, for example, uses the conversion of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal for this purpose

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Slide164

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# The gustatory sense (taste): GPCRs in taste cells mediate release of gustducin in response to bitter- and sweet-tasting substances.

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Slide165

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# The sense of smell: Receptors of the olfactory epithelium bind odorants (olfactory receptors) and pheromones (vomeronasal receptors)

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Slide166

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# Behavioral and mood regulation: Receptors in the mammalian brain bind several different neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, Gamma-aminobutyric acid|GABA, and glutamate

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Slide167

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# Regulation of immune system activity and inflammation: Chemokine receptors bind ligands that mediate intercellular communication between cells of the immune system; receptors such as histamine receptors bind inflammatory mediators and engage target cell types in the Inflammation|inflammatory response

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Slide168

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# Autonomic nervous system transmission: Both the Sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system|parasympathetic nervous systems are regulated by GPCR pathways, responsible for control of many automatic functions of the body such as blood pressure, heart rate, and digestive processes

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Slide169

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# Cell density sensing: A novel GPCR role in regulating cell density sensing.

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Slide170

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# Homeostasis modulation (e.g., water balance).

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Slide171

G-protein coupled receptors - Physiological roles

# Involved in growth and metastasis of some types of tumors.

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Slide172

G-protein coupled receptors - Receptor structure

GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that possess seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helix|transmembrane helices. The extracellular parts of the receptor can be Glycosylation|glycosylated. These extracellular loops also contain two highly conserved cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure. Some seven-transmembrane helix proteins (channelrhodopsin) that resemble GPCRs may contain ion channels, within their protein.

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Slide173

G-protein coupled receptors - Receptor structure

Similar to GPCRs, the adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) also possess 7 transmembrane domains. However, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 are orientated oppositely to GPCRs in the membrane (i.e., extracellularN-terminus, cytoplasmic C-terminus) and do not associate with G proteins.

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Slide174

G-protein coupled receptors - Receptor structure

Early structural models for GPCRs were based on their weak analogy to bacteriorhodopsin, for which a structure had been determined by both electron diffraction (, ) and X-ray crystallography|X ray-based crystallography ()

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Slide175

G-protein coupled receptors - Receptor structure

The structures of activated and/or agonist-bound GPCRs have also been determined. These structures indicate how ligand binding at the extracellular side of a receptor leads to conformational changes in the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. The biggest change is an outward movement of the cytoplasmic part of the 5th and 6th transmembrane helix (TM5 and TM6). The structure of activated beta-2 adrenergic receptor in complex with Gs confirmed that the Gα binds to a cavity created by this movement.

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Slide176

G-protein coupled receptors - Structure-function relationships

In terms of structure, GPCRs are characterized by an extracellular N-terminus, followed by seven Transmembrane domain|transmembrane (7-TM) alpha helix|α-helices (TM-1 to TM-7) connected by three intracellular (IL-1 to IL-3) and three extracellular loops (EL-1 to EL-3), and finally an intracellular C-terminus

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Slide177

G-protein coupled receptors - Structure-function relationships

The structure of the N- and C-terminal tails of GPCRs may also serve important functions beyond ligand-binding

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Slide178

G-protein coupled receptors - Structure-function relationships

A final common structural theme among GPCRs is palmitoylation of one or more sites of the C-terminal tail or the intracellular loops

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Slide179

G-protein coupled receptors - Structure-function relationships

GPCRs respond to extracellular signals mediated by a huge diversity of agonists, ranging from proteins to biogenic amines to protons, but all transduce this signal via a mechanism of G-protein coupling. This is made possible by virtue of a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (guanine nucleotide exchange factor|GEF) domain primarily formed by a combination of IL-2 and IL-3 along with adjacent residues of the associated TM helices.

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Slide180

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanism

The G protein-coupled receptor is activated by an external signal in the form of a ligand or other signal mediator. This creates a conformational change in the receptor, causing activation of a G protein. Further effect depends on the type of G protein.

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Slide181

G-protein coupled receptors - Ligand binding

GPCRs include receptors for sensory signal mediators (e.g., light and olfactory stimulatory molecules); adenosine, bombesin, bradykinin, endothelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (Gamma-aminobutyric acid|GABA), hepatocyte growth factor (hepatocyte growth factor|HGF), melanocortins, neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, opsins, somatostatin, growth hormone|GH, tachykinins, members of the vasoactive intestinal peptide family, and vasopressin; biogenic amines (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, glutamate (metabotropic effect), glucagon, acetylcholine (muscarinic effect), and serotonin); chemokines; lipid mediators of inflammation (e.g., prostaglandins, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and leukotrienes); and peptide hormones (e.g., calcitonin, C5a anaphylatoxin, follicle-stimulating hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadotropin-releasing hormone|GnRH), neurokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH), cannabinoids, and oxytocin)

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Slide182

G-protein coupled receptors - Ligand binding

However, in other types of receptors that have been studied, wherein ligands bind externally to the membrane, the ligand (biochemistry)|ligands of GPCRs typically bind within the transmembrane domain. However, protease-activated receptors are activated by cleavage of part of their extracellular domain.

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Slide183

G-protein coupled receptors - Conformational change

The signal transduction|transduction of the signal through the membrane by the receptor is not completely understood

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Slide184

G-protein coupled receptors - Conformational change

It is believed that a receptor molecule exists in a conformational equilibrium between active and inactive biophysical states

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Slide185

G-protein coupled receptors - G-protein activation/deactivation cycle

When the receptor is inactive, the Guanine nucleotide exchange factor|GEF domain may be bound to an also inactive α-subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein

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Slide186

G-protein coupled receptors - G-protein activation/deactivation cycle

Because Gα also has slow GTP-ase|GTP→GDP hydrolysis capability, the inactive form of the α-subunit (Gα-GDP) is eventually regenerated, thus allowing reassociation with a Gβγ dimer to form the resting G-protein, which can again bind to a GPCR and await activation

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Slide187

G-protein coupled receptors - Crosstalk

GPCRs downstream signals have been shown to possibly interact with integrin signals, such as PTK2|FAK.Chun Ming Teoh, John Kit Chung Tam, Thai Tran. Integrin and GPCR Crosstalk in the Regulation of ASM Contraction Signaling in Asthma. J Allergy (Cairo). 2012; 2012: 341282. Published online 2012 September 29. Integrin signaling will phosphorylate FAK, which can then decrease GPCR Gαs activity.

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Slide188

G-protein coupled receptors - GPCR signaling

If a receptor in an active state encounters a G protein, it may activate it. Some evidence suggests that receptors and G proteins are actually pre-coupled. For example, binding of G proteins to receptors affects the receptor's affinity for ligands. Activated G proteins are bound to Guanosine triphosphate|GTP.

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Slide189

G-protein coupled receptors - GPCR signaling

Further signal transduction depends on the type of G protein. The enzyme adenylate cyclase is an example of a cellular protein that can be regulated by a G protein, in this case the G protein Gs alpha subunit|Gs. Adenylate cyclase activity is activated when it binds to a subunit of the activated G protein. Activation of adenylate cyclase ends when the G protein returns to the Guanosine diphosphate|GDP-bound state.

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Slide190

G-protein coupled receptors - GPCR signaling

Adenylate cyclases (of which 9 membrane-bound and one cytosolic forms are known in humans) may also be activated or inhibited in other ways (e.g., Ca2+/Calmodulin binding), which can modify the activity of these enzymes in an additive or synergistic fashion along with the G proteins.

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Slide191

G-protein coupled receptors - GPCR signaling

The signaling pathways activated through a GPCR are limited by the Protein primary structure|primary sequence and tertiary structure of the GPCR itself but ultimately determined by the particular Protein conformation|conformation stabilized by a particular ligand (biochemistry)|ligand, as well as the availability of transducer molecules

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Slide192

G-protein coupled receptors - G-protein-dependent signaling

There are three main G-protein-mediated signaling pathways, mediated by four Class (biology)|sub-classes of G-proteins distinguished from each other by sequence homology (Gαs|Gαs, Gαi|Gαi/o, Gαq|Gαq/11, and G12/G13 alpha subunits|Gα12/13)

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Slide193

G-protein coupled receptors - G-protein-dependent signaling

While most GPCRs are capable of activating more than one Gα-subtype, they also show a preference for one subtype over another

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Slide194

G-protein coupled receptors - Gα signaling

Thus, a GPCR coupled to Gαs counteracts the actions of a GPCR coupled to Gαi/o, and vice versa

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Slide195

G-protein coupled receptors - Gα signaling

# The effector of the Gαq/11 pathway is Phospholipase C|phospholipase C-β (PLCβ), which catalyzes the cleavage of membrane-bound Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate|phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) into the second messengers Inositol trisphosphate|inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate (IP3) and Diglyceride|diacylglycerol (DAG)

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Slide196

G-protein coupled receptors - Gα signaling

# The effectors of the Gα12/13 pathway are three RhoGEF domain|RhoGEFs (p115-RhoGEF, PDZ-RhoGEF, and LARG), which, when bound to Gα12/13 allosterically activate the cytosolic small GTPase, Rho family of GTPases|Rho. Once bound to GTP, Rho can then go on to activate various proteins responsible for cytoskeleton regulation such as Rho-associated protein kinase|Rho-kinase (ROCK). Most GPCRs that couple to Gα12/13 also couple to other sub-classes, often Gαq/11.

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Slide197

G-protein coupled receptors - Gβγ signaling

The primary effectors of Gβγ are various ion channels, such as G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel|G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRKs), P-type calcium channel|P/Q-type calcium channel|Q- and N-type calcium channel|N-type Voltage-dependent calcium channel|voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, as well as some isoforms of AC and PLC, along with some PI3K|phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms.

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Slide198

G-protein coupled receptors - G-protein-independent signaling

GPCRs may signal independently through many proteins already mentioned for their roles in G-protein-dependent signaling such as Arrestin|β-arrs, G protein-coupled receptor kinase|GRKs, and Src (gene)|Srcs

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Slide199

G-protein coupled receptors - Examples

In the late 1990s, evidence began accumulating to suggest that some GPCRs are able to signal without G proteins. The MAPK1|ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase, a key signal transduction mediator downstream of receptor activation in many pathways, has been shown to be activated in response to cAMP-mediated receptor activation in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum|D. discoideum despite the absence of the associated G protein α- and β-subunits.

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Slide200

G-protein coupled receptors - Examples

In mammalian cells, the much-studied β2-adrenoceptor has been demonstrated to activate the ERK2 pathway after arrestin-mediated uncoupling of G-protein-mediated signaling. Therefore, it seems likely that some mechanisms previously believed related purely to receptor desensitisation are actually examples of receptors switching their signaling pathway, rather than simply being switched off.

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Slide201

G-protein coupled receptors - Examples

In kidney cells, the bradykinin receptor B2 has been shown to interact directly with a protein tyrosine phosphatase. The presence of a tyrosine-phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif|ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) sequence in the B2 receptor is necessary to mediate this interaction and subsequently the antiproliferative effect of bradykinin.

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Slide202

G-protein coupled receptors - GPCR-independent signaling by heterotrimeric G-proteins

Although it is a relatively immature area of research, it appears that heterotrimeric G-proteins may also take part in non-GPCR signaling

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Slide203

G-protein coupled receptors - Details of cAMP and PIP2 pathways

There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-coupled receptors|G protein-linked receptors: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cAMP signal pathway and Phosphatidylinositol signal pathway.

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Slide204

G-protein coupled receptors - cAMP signal pathway

The cAMP signal transduction contains 5 main characters: stimulative hormone receptor (Rs) or inhibitory hormone receptor (Ri); stimulative regulative G-protein (Gs) or inhibitory regulative G-protein (Gi); Adenylyl cyclase; Protein Kinase A|Protein Kinase A (PKA); and cAMP phosphodiesterase.

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Slide205

G-protein coupled receptors - cAMP signal pathway

Stimulative hormone receptor (Rs) is a receptor that can bind with stimulative signal molecules, while inhibitory hormone (Ri) is a receptor that can bind with inhibitory signal molecules.

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Slide206

G-protein coupled receptors - cAMP signal pathway

Stimulative regulative G-protein is a G protein-linked to stimulative hormone receptor (Rs) and its α subunit upon activation could stimulate the activity of an enzyme or other intracellular metabolism. On the contrary, inhibitory regulative G-protein is linked to an inhibitory hormone receptor and its α subunit upon activation could inhibit the activity of an enzyme or other intracellular metabolism.

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Slide207

G-protein coupled receptors - cAMP signal pathway

The Adenylyl cyclase is a 12-transmembrane glycoprotein that catalyzes ATP to form cAMP with the help of cofactor Mg2+ or Mn2+. The cAMP produced is a second messenger in cellular metabolism and is an allosteric activator to Protein kinase A.

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Slide208

G-protein coupled receptors - cAMP signal pathway

Protein kinase A is an important enzyme in cell metabolism due to its ability to regulate cell metabolism by phosphorylating specific committed enzymes in the metabolic pathway

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Slide209

G-protein coupled receptors - Phosphatidylinositol signal pathway

In the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway, the extracellular signal molecule binds with the G-protein receptor (Gq) on the cell surface and activates phospholipase C, which is located on the cell membrane|plasma membrane

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Slide210

G-protein coupled receptors - Receptor regulation

GPCRs become desensitized when exposed to their ligand for a prolonged period of time. There are two recognized forms of desensitization: 1) homologous desensitization, in which the activated GPCR is downregulated; and 2) heterologous desensitization, wherein the activated GPCR causes downregulation of a different GPCR. The key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular (or cytoplasmic) receptor domain by protein kinases.

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Slide211

G-protein coupled receptors - Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinases

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal chain coming from the G protein (that was activated by the receptor) via adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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Slide212

G-protein coupled receptors - Phosphorylation by GRKs

The G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are protein kinases that phosphorylate only active GPCRs.

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Slide213

G-protein coupled receptors - Phosphorylation by GRKs

G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are key modulators of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling

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Slide214

G-protein coupled receptors - Phosphorylation by GRKs

Phosphorylation of the receptor can have two consequences:

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Slide215

G-protein coupled receptors - Phosphorylation by GRKs

# Translocation: The receptor is, along with the part of the membrane it is embedded in, brought to the inside of the cell, where it is dephosphorylated within the acidic vesicular environment and then brought back

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G-protein coupled receptors - Phosphorylation by GRKs

# Arrestin linking: The phosphorylated receptor can be linked to arrestin molecules that prevent it from binding (and activating) G proteins, in effect switching it off for a short period of time

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Slide217

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanisms of GPCR signal termination

As mentioned above, G-proteins may terminate their own activation due to their intrinsic GTPase|GTP→GDP hydrolysis capability

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Slide218

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanisms of GPCR signal termination

In addition, the GPCR may be homologous desensitization|desensitized itself. This can occur as:

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Slide219

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanisms of GPCR signal termination

# a direct result of receptor theory|ligand occupation, wherein the change in protein conformation|conformation allows recruitment of G protein-coupled receptor kinase|GPCR-Regulating Kinases (GRKs), which go on to phosphorylation|phosphorylate various serine/threonine residues of IL-3 and the C-terminal tail

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Slide220

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanisms of GPCR signal termination

# the affinity for β-arrestin may be increased in a ligand occupation and GRK-independent manner through phosphorylation of different ser/thr sites (but also of IL-3 and the C-terminal tail) by PKC and PKA. These phosphorylations are often sufficient to impair G-protein coupling on their own as well.

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Slide221

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanisms of GPCR signal termination

# PKC/PKA may, instead, phosphorylate GRKs, which can also lead to GPCR phosphorylation and β-arrestin binding in an occupation-independent manner. These latter two mechanisms allow for desensitization of one GPCR due to the activities of others, or heterologous desensitization. GRKs may also have GAP domains and so may contribute to inactivation through non-kinase mechanisms as well. A combination of these mechanisms may also occur.

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Slide222

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanisms of GPCR signal termination

Once β-arrestin is bound to a GPCR, it undergoes a conformational change allowing it to serve as a scaffolding protein for an adaptor complex termed AP2 adaptors|AP-2, which in turn recruits another protein called clathrin

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Slide223

G-protein coupled receptors - Mechanisms of GPCR signal termination

At any point in this process, the β-arrestins may also recruit other proteins—such as the non-receptor tyrosine kinase (nRTK), Src (gene)|c-SRC—which may activate Extracellular signal-regulated kinases|ERK1/2, or other mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling through, for example, phosphorylation of the Small GTPase|small GTP-ase, Ras subfamily|Ras, or recruit the proteins of the MAPK/ERK pathway|ERK cascade directly (i.e., Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase|MEK, ERK-1/2) at which point signaling is initiated due to their close proximity to one another

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Slide224

G-protein coupled receptors - GPCR cellular regulation

Receptor desensitization is mediated through a combination phosphorylation, β-arr binding, and endocytosis as described above

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Slide225

G-protein coupled receptors - GPCR cellular regulation

GPCR regulation is additionally mediated by gene transcription factors. These factors can increase or decrease gene transcription and thus increase or decrease the generation of new receptors (up- or down-regulation) that travel to the cell membrane.

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Slide226

G-protein coupled receptors - Receptor oligomerization

G-protein-coupled receptor oligomerisation is a widespread phenomenon

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Slide227

G-protein coupled receptors - Origin and diversification of the superfamily

Signal transduction mediated by the superfamily of GPCRs dates back to the origin of multicellularity

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Slide228

G-protein coupled receptors - Dictyostelium discoideum

A novel GPCR containing a lipid kinase domain has recently been identified in Dictyostelium discoideum that regulates cell density sensing.

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Slide229

Capacitively coupled plasma

A 'capacitively coupled plasma (CCP)' is one of the most common types of industrial plasma sources. It essentially consists of two metal electrodes separated by a small distance, placed in a reactor. The gas pressure in the reactor can be lower than atmosphere or it can be Atmosphere (unit)|atmospheric.

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Slide230

Capacitively coupled plasma

As this configuration is similar in principle to a capacitor in an electric circuit, the plasma formed in this configuration is called a capacitively coupled plasma

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Slide231

Capacitively coupled plasma

When an electric field is generated between electrodes, atoms are ionized and release electrons

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Slide232

Capacitively coupled plasma

A variation on capacitively coupled plasma involves isolating one of the electrodes, usually with a capacitor

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Slide233

Capacitively coupled plasma

CCPs have wide applications in the semiconductor processing industry for thin film deposition (see sputtering, PECVD) and Etching (microfabrication)#Plasma etching|etching.

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Slide234

Aerial refueling - Grappled-line looped-hose

In the system the receiver aircraft, at one time an Airspeed Courier, trailed a steel cable which was then grappled by a line shot from the tanker, a Handley Page Type W#W10|Handley Page Type W10

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Slide235

Aerial refueling - Grappled-line looped-hose

While today aerial refueling is used exclusively by military aircraft, when Cobham was developing his system, he saw the need as purely for long-range transoceanic commercial aircraft flights.[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%200392.html Refueling In Flight , Flight magazine, 1947]

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Slide236

Aerial refueling - Grappled-line looped-hose

In 1934, Cobham had founded Flight Refuelling Ltd

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Slide237

Aerial refueling - Grappled-line looped-hose

During the closing months of World War II, it had been intended that Tiger Force (air)|Tiger Force's Avro Lancaster|Lancaster and Avro Lincoln|Lincoln bombers would be in-flight refueled by converted Handley Page Halifax|Halifax tanker aircraft, fitted with the FRL's looped-hose units, in operations against the Japan|Japanese homelands, but the war ended before the aircraft could be deployed

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Slide238

Aerial refueling - Grappled-line looped-hose

From February 26 to March 3, 1949, an American B-50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II of the 43rd Bomb Wing flew non-stop around the world in 94hours and 1minute, a feat made possible by three aerial refuelings from four pairs of Boeing KB-29|KB-29M tankers of the 43d ARS

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Slide239

Aerial refueling - Grappled-line looped-hose

This first non-stop circumnavigation of the globe proved that, because of aerial refueling, vast distances and geographical barriers were no longer an obstacle to military air power. In 1949, four additional ARS units were organized by the USAF and both the 43d and 509th ARS became fully operational.

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Slide240

Crippled Intellect Publications

'Crippled Intellect Productions', better known as C.I.P., is a record label for experimental music based in Chicago, IL, and run by the sound artist Blake Edwards

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Slide241

Crippled Intellect Publications - Incremental Press

C.I.P. began in 1988 as a chapbook press in order to self-publish art and poetry by Blake Edwards. Seven chapbook titles were produced between 1988 and 1991. Editions were kept very small, and never went above 40. In December 1996, The publication side of C.I.P. was revived as Incremental Press (with crippled intellect press as an imprint) with the purchase of an ISBN number and the publication of 'loquedeeshes', by Sherman Johnson.

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Slide242

Crippled Intellect Publications - Early Releases

In the Fall of 1992, C.I.P. began publishing 7 records by Blake Edwards' solo project, Vertonen. The first releases still had ties to poetry, with spoken words and small booklets of text inserted into the sleeves.

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Slide243

Crippled Intellect Publications - CD publishing

In 1998, C.I.P

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Slide244

Crippled Intellect Publications - CD publishing

The label did continue to publish work by Edwards, who received grants from the City of Chicago Arts Council. These albums including Edwards' strongest work to date: 'Return of the Interrobang' (a title which suggests his interest in language); the drone album 'Orchid Collider' (with cover art by Jason Talbot); and a live album called 'Stations'.

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Slide245

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Crawl Unit / Vertonen Soundtracks For Locations (7)

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Slide246

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Crawl Unit Everyone Gets What They Deserve (CD)

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Slide247

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Nuisance Beacon Nuisance Beacon (CD)

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Slide248

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Panicsville Vertonen - Coagulation 7

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Slide249

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Howard Stelzer Jason Talbot - Four Sides 2x7

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Slide250

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Spider Compass Good Crime Band - Carrion Luggage Organ 7

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Slide251

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Leticia Castaneda On The Verge Of Redundance CD

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Slide252

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Vertonen - Return Of The Interrobang CD

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Slide253

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Nautical Almanac Vertonen - Split LP

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Slide254

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Jason Talbot - A Love So Bright It Shines A Hole Through My Heart CD

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Slide255

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Goat / SIXES / Xome - Deluxe Incinerator 3x3CD

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Slide256

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Michael Gendreau Francisco López (musician)|Francisco López - Drowning / Untitled #185 LP

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Slide257

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Vertonen Demons - Grew Up In A Drought / Live Enemy LP

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Slide258

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Illusion Of Safety - Sedation Quell 10

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Slide259

Crippled Intellect Publications - Partial discography

*Jason Zeh - Heraclitus CD

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Slide260

Crippled Black Phoenix

'Crippled Black Phoenix' is a rock music|rock group from the United Kingdom. Several dozen musicians have contributed to Crippled Black Phoenix's albums and played with them during their live shows.[http://www.myspace.com/crippledblackphoenix Crippled Black Phoenix MySpace]

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Slide261

Crippled Black Phoenix - History

He was encouraged by Dominic Aitchison, and their ideas would lay the backbone for Crippled Black Phoenix

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Slide262

Crippled Black Phoenix - History

This blend has led to them being called everything from stoner-prog to freak-folk to doom.[http://www.drownedinsound.com/bands/11694 Artist listing: Crippled Black Phoenix] from Drowned in Sound

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Slide263

Crippled Black Phoenix - History

Crippled Black Phoenix have made live shows a focus and have performed in unusual venues, using Victorian-era instruments in tandem with more modern instruments.[http://www.crippledblackphoenix.co.uk/biog Crippled Black Phoenix Biography]

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Slide264

Crippled Black Phoenix - Current members

*Justin Greaves – electric guitar, Drum kit|drums, musical saw|saw, Keyboard instrument|keyboard, acoustic guitar, banjo, effects, samples

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Slide265

Crippled Black Phoenix - Current members

*Daniel Änghede - Vocals, electric guitar

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Slide266

Crippled Black Phoenix - Current members

*Karl Demata – electric guitar, dobro, slide guitar

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Slide267

Crippled Black Phoenix - Current members

*Mark Furnevall – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals

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Slide268

Swing (Java) - Loosely coupled and MVC

The Swing library makes heavy use of the Model-view-controller|Model/View/Controller software design pattern (computer science)|design pattern,[ http://java.sun.com/products/jfc/tsc/articles/architecture/ Swing as MVC] which conceptually decouples the data being viewed from the user interface controls through which it is viewed

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Slide269

Swing (Java) - Loosely coupled and MVC

Given that the overall MVC pattern is a loosely coupled collaborative object relationship pattern, the model provides the programmatic means for attaching event listeners to the data model object

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Slide270

Swing (Java) - Loosely coupled and MVC

For example, the has a model called that describes an interface for how a table would access tabular data. A default implementation of this operates on a two-dimensional Array data structure|array.

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Slide271

Swing (Java) - Loosely coupled and MVC

The view component of a Swing JComponent is the object used to graphically represent the conceptual GUI control

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Slide272

Swing (Java) - Loosely coupled and MVC

Finally, in terms of visual composition and management, Swing favors Layout manager|relative layouts (which specify the positional relationships between components) as opposed to absolute layouts (which specify the exact location and size of components)

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Slide273

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

public class VerySimpleStockTraderImpl implements IAutomatedStockTrader

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Slide274

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

public VerySimpleStockTraderImpl(

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Slide275

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

public void executeTrades()

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Slide276

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

// Simplified stub implementation of IOnlineBrokerageService.

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Slide277

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

public class StubBrokerageService implements IOnlineBrokerageService ;

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Slide278

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

Assert.Fail(Should not buy ACME stock!);

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Slide279

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

public double getEstimatedValue(String stockSymbol)

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Slide280

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

// Direct the DependencyManager to use test implementations.

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Slide281

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

StubBrokerageService.class);

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Slide282

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

IAutomatedStockTrader stockTrader =

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Slide283

Dependency injection - Highly coupled dependency

(IAutomatedStockTrader) DependencyManager.create(IAutomatedStockTrader.class);

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Slide284

Order statistic - Order statistics sampled from a uniform distribution

The probability of the order statistic U_ falling in the interval [u,\ u+du] is equal to.

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Slide285

Order statistic - Order statistics sampled from a uniform distribution

that is, the kth order statistic of the uniform distribution is a beta distribution|Beta random variable.

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Slide286

Order statistic - Order statistics sampled from a uniform distribution

The proof of these statements is as follows. For U_ to be between u and u+du, it is necessary that exactly k−1 elements of the sample are smaller than u, and that at least one is between u and u+du. The probability that more than one is in this latter interval is already O(du^2), so we have to calculate the probability that exactly k−1, 1 and n−k observations fall in the intervals (0,u), (u,u+du) and (u+du,1) respectively. This equals (refer to multinomial distribution for details)

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Slide287

Order statistic - Order statistics sampled from a uniform distribution

The mean of this distribution is k / (n + 1).

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Slide288

Netflow - Sampled NetFlow

Standard NetFlow was designed to process all IP packets on an interface. But in some environments, e.g. on Internet backbones, that was too costly, due to the extra processing required for each packet, and large number of simultaneous flows.

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Slide289

Netflow - Sampled NetFlow

So Cisco introduced sampled NetFlow on Cisco Cisco 12000|12000, and that is now used in all high-end routers that implement NetFlow.

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Slide290

Netflow - Sampled NetFlow

Only one packet out of n is processed, where n, the sampling rate, is determined by the router configuration.

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Slide291

Netflow - Sampled NetFlow

* One packet every n packet, in Deterministic NetFlow, as used on Cisco's Cisco 12000|12000.

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Slide292

Netflow - Sampled NetFlow

* One packet randomly selected in an interval of n packet, in Random Sampled NetFlow, used on modern Cisco routers.

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Slide293

Netflow - Sampled NetFlow

The sampling rate is often the same for all interfaces, but can be adjusted per interface for some routers.

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Slide294

Netflow - Sampled NetFlow

When Sampled NetFlow is used, the NetFlow records must be adjusted for the effect of sampling - traffic volumes, in particular, are now an estimate rather than the actual measured flow volume.

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Slide295

Fascism - Unprincipled opportunism

Some critics of Italian fascism have argued that much of the ideology was merely a by-product of unprincipled opportunism by Mussolini, and that he changed his political stances merely to bolster his personal ambitions while he disguised them as being purposeful to the public.Gerhard Schreiber, Bernd Stegemann, Detlef Vogel

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Slide296

Fascism - Unprincipled opportunism

Some have criticized Mussolini's actions during the outbreak of World War I as opportunist for seeming to suddenly abandon Marxist egalitarianism|egalitarian internationalism (politics)|internationalism for non-egalitarian nationalism

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Slide297

Fascism - Unprincipled opportunism

Mussolini's transformation away from Marxism into what eventually became fascism began prior to World War I, as Mussolini had grown increasingly pessimistic about Marxism and egalitarianism while becoming increasingly supportive of figures who opposed egalitarianism, such as Friedrich Nietzsche

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Slide298

Pledge fund

A 'pledge fund', in finance, is a private equity investment platform where unlike a traditional committed private equity fund, investors provide capital on a deal-by-deal basis.

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Slide299

Pledge fund

In a pledge fund, the investors provide a loose commitment of capital to an investment team, the manager of the fund, to make investments within certain preset parameters. Thereafter, the investors must approve each transaction and will decide whether to pursue each transaction independently.[http://jonathantower.wordpress.com/2008/05/19/the-rise-of-the-pledge-fund/ The Rise of the Pledge Fund]

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Slide300

Mass spectrometry - Inductively coupled plasma

ICP-MS|Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources are used primarily for cation analysis of a wide array of sample types

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Slide301

Coupled map lattice

Overview of Coupled Map Lattices

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Slide302

Coupled map lattice

Cascading failures in scale-free coupled map lattices

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Slide303

Coupled map lattice

CML’s are comparable to cellular automata models in terms of their discrete features.R

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Slide304

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

Coupled map lattices being a prototype of spatially extended systems easy to simulate have represented a benchmark

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Slide305

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

for the definition and introduction of many indicators of spatio-temporal chaos, the most relevant ones are

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Slide306

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* The power spectrum in space and time

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Slide307

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* Lyapunov exponent#Definition of the Lyapunov spectrum|Lyapunov spectra[http://www.fi.isc.cnr.it/users/antonio.politi/Reprints/052.pdf Lyapunov Spectra of Coupled Map Lattices, S. Isola, A. Politi, S. Ruffo, and A. Torcini]

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Slide308

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* Distributions of patterns

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Slide309

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* Propagation speed of finite and infinitesimal disturbance

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Slide310

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* Mutual information and correlation in space-time

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Slide311

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* Lyapunov exponents, localization of Lyapunov vectors

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Slide312

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* Comoving and sub-space time Lyapunov exponents.

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Slide313

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

* Spatial and temporal Lyapunov exponents S. Lepri, A. Politi and A. Torcini

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Slide314

Coupled map lattice - Quantitative analysis quantifiers

[http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/chao-dyn/9504005 Chronotopic Lyapunov Analysis: (I) a Detailed Characterization of 1D Systems],

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Slide315

Migrant sex work - Anti-Prostitution Pledge

In 2003, Congress under the Presidency of George W

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Slide316

Migrant sex work - Anti-Prostitution Pledge

* No funds [...] may be used to promote or advocate the legalization or practice of prostitution or sex trafficking.

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Slide317

Migrant sex work - Anti-Prostitution Pledge

* No funds [...] may be used to provide assistance to any group or organization that does not have a policy explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking.

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Slide318

Migrant sex work - Anti-Prostitution Pledge

* nothing in the anti-prostitution clause shall be construed to preclude services to prostitutes, including testing, care and prevention services, including condoms.

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Slide319

Migrant sex work - Anti-Prostitution Pledge

This pledge and its requirement of opposition to prostitution has affected the funding of many organizations working explicitly with migrant sex workers by eliminating many of their social services and increasing their risk of abuse and limited mobility.Busza, Joanna

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Slide320

List of Dutch inventions and discoveries - Coupled oscillation (1665)

Coupled oscillators are even more ubiquitous in nature, showing up, for example, in the synchronized flashing of fireflies and chirping of crickets, and in the pacemaker cells that regulate Cardiac cycle|heartbeats.

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Slide321

Americans for Prosperity - No Climate Tax Pledge

In 2008, AFP circulated an anti-tax pledge to government officials at the federal, state, and local levels. A candidate who signs the No Climate Tax Pledge vows to oppose any legislation relating to climate change that includes a net increase in state or local government revenue.[http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/jul/22/group_against_taxes_seeks_pledges_candidates/ Group against taxes seeks pledges from candidates], Lawrence Journal, July 22nd, 2008

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Slide322

Americans for Prosperity - No Climate Tax Pledge

As of August 2010, more than 600 lawmakers and candidates, primarily Republicans, had signed the pledge. Prominent signers include Senators Pat Roberts and Roger Wicker and Representatives Michele Bachmann, Jeff Flake, and Fred Upton. Of the 12 Republicans on the House Energy and Commerce Committee in 2011, nine have signed the pledge.[http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/06/nation/la-na-koch-brothers-20110206 Koch brothers now at heart of GOP power], Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011

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Slide323

Person skilled in the art - The coupled PHOSITA

It is commonly assumed that the PHOSITA (or its European equivalent) in the non-obviousness provision and in the disclosure provision are the same person

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Slide324

Azim Premji - The Giving Pledge

Azim Premji has become the first Indian to sign up for the [http://givingpledge.org/ Giving Pledge], a campaign led by Warren Buffett and Bill Gates, to encourage the wealthiest people to make a commitment to give most of their wealth to philanthropic causes. He is the third non-American after Richard Branson and David Sainsbury to join this philanthropy club.

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Slide325

Azim Premji - The Giving Pledge

:I strongly believe that those of us, who are privileged to have wealth, should contribute significantly to try and create a better world for the millions who are far less privileged--- 'Azim Premji'

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Slide326

Goods and Services Tax (Hong Kong) - Pledge to maintain revenue neutrality

The Government proposed that, for the first five years after the GST's introduction, all revenue it would generate after deducting administrative costs would be returned to the community as tax relief and other compensation measures, for example, salaries or profits tax reduction, or to increasing public spending on education, health, social welfare, law and order or infrastructure.

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Slide327

Chuck Feeney - The Giving Pledge

More importantly, today's needs are so great and varied that intelligent philanthropic support and positive interventions can have greater value and impact today than if they are delayed when the needs are greater.[http://givingpledge.org/#charles+f._feeney]

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Slide328

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

For their labor allies, that meant not only unconditional support for a wartime no-strike pledge ndash; which the rest of the labor movement had endorsed to some degree ndash; but also opposition to anything that would compromise anti-fascist unity at home

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Slide329

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

The change in CP policy led to some startlingly inconsistent positions on its part

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Slide330

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

The Party had, however, strong political differences with Randolph, even before it became a supporter of the war: he had resigned as head of the National Negro Congress and denounced the CP when the CP broke with the Roosevelt Administration

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Slide331

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

That battle inevitably became part of the larger battle between the Addes and Frankensteen group within the UAW, which the CP supported, and their enemies led by Walter Reuther

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Slide332

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

But the CP and its allies embraced the pledge with such fervor, at the expense of traditional union principles, that it made their commitment to unionism suspect

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Slide333

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

The CP also supported piecework systems in the electrical and automobile industries, which it defended as both necessary to boost production and a way to improve workers' earnings under the wartime wage control systems imposed by the War Labor Board, but which were still anathema, particularly to unionists in mass production industries such as automobile manufacturing

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Slide334

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

On the other hand, the CP mended fences with Sidney Hillman and others within the CIO leadership by coming out strongly in support of Roosevelt for the duration of the war and working diligently in the CIO's political efforts. The Party also grew tremendously during the war years and even took the step, in the wake of the formal alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union, to formally dissolve itself, or at least rename itself as the Communist Political Association in 1944.

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Slide335

Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50) - World War II and the no-strike pledge

That attempt to submerge itself in the broader coalition to support Roosevelt and the Soviet Union probably did more to damage the Party's standing with many of its most reliable supporters than to make it look safe or respectable to people outside the Party. The Comintern changed direction a year later, when it ejected Browder from the Party, reestablished the CPUSA and installed Foster as its Chairman. More money less work.

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Slide336

Pendulum - Coupled pendulums

In 1665 Huygens made a curious observation about pendulum clocks. Two clocks had been placed on his mantlepiece, and he noted that they had acquired an opposing motion. That is, their pendulums were beating in unison but in the opposite direction; 180° out of phase. Regardless of how the two clocks were started, he found that they would eventually return to this state, thus making the first recorded observation of a Coupled oscillation|coupled oscillator.

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Slide337

Pendulum - Coupled pendulums

This process is called entrainment (physics)|entrainment or mode locking in physics and is observed in other coupled oscillators

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Slide338

Change (Tears for Fears song) - Sampled

*Culture Beat on No Deeper Meaning (1991)

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Slide339

Change (Tears for Fears song) - Sampled

*Jurassic 5 on Sum of Us from their album Power in Numbers (2002)

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Slide340

Change (Tears for Fears song) - Sampled

*David Guetta on Always (2007)

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Slide341

Change (Tears for Fears song) - Sampled

*Lexy K-Paul on Trick on Me (2009)

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Slide342

Iams - In 1973 during the Arab oil embargo, the costs for meat and bone meal tripled, but sale prices were frozen by a nationwide wage and price control issued by then-President Richard Nixon.[http://www.foodcoupons.net/iams-coupons/ Iams History. Food Coupons] Iams did not change the product formula during the price freeze mandate and the company nearly went broke. Clay Mathile, who joined Iams in 1970, purchased half of the company in 1975.[http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/36/Iams-Company.html Iams History. Reference for Business][http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Iams-Company-Company-History.html Iams History. Funding Universe] By 1982, he became the sole owner and president.[http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2008/06/02/story14.htmlClay Mathile. Business Courier] After expanding the company from $100,000 turnover in 1970 to $900 million in 1999, Mathile sold it to PG in September 1999.[http://www.allvoices.com/s/event-7835190/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5kaXNwYXRjaC5jb20vbGl2ZS9jb250ZW50L2J1c2luZXNzL3N0b3JpZXMvMjAxMS8wMS8wOS9haWxlcm9uLXN0ZWVycy1lbnRyZXByZW5ldXJzLmh0bWw/c2lkPTEwMQ

Iams sold to PG . All Voices] In July 2006, PG reorganized the Pet Health Nutrition division into PG Pet Care (consisting of the Iams and Eukanuba brands).

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Slide343

Iams - In 1973 during the Arab oil embargo, the costs for meat and bone meal tripled, but sale prices were frozen by a nationwide wage and price control issued by then-President Richard Nixon.[http://www.foodcoupons.net/iams-coupons/ Iams History. Food Coupons] Iams did not change the product formula during the price freeze mandate and the company nearly went broke. Clay Mathile, who joined Iams in 1970, purchased half of the company in 1975.[http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/36/Iams-Company.html Iams History. Reference for Business][http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Iams-Company-Company-History.html Iams History. Funding Universe] By 1982, he became the sole owner and president.[http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2008/06/02/story14.htmlClay Mathile. Business Courier] After expanding the company from $100,000 turnover in 1970 to $900 million in 1999, Mathile sold it to PG in September 1999.[http://www.allvoices.com/s/event-7835190/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5kaXNwYXRjaC5jb20vbGl2ZS9jb250ZW50L2J1c2luZXNzL3N0b3JpZXMvMjAxMS8wMS8wOS9haWxlcm9uLXN0ZWVycy1lbnRyZXByZW5ldXJzLmh0bWw/c2lkPTEwMQ

In its largest divestiture in five years, Procter Gamble announced in April 2014 that it is selling most of its Iams, Eukanuba and Natura pet food brands to Mars, Incorporated for $2.9 billion in cash. PG said the deal will allow it to lose a slow performer and generate cash to grow core businesses.[http://www.cincinnati.com/story/money/2014/04/09/pg-sells-iams-eukanuba-natura-b/7500749/ PG sells Iams, Eukanuba, Natura for $2.9B. Cincinnati Enquirer]

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Slide344

Apple Keyboard - AppleDesign Keyboard (M2980)

It also included only one ADB port for mice or other pointing devices, concealed on the underside, with the keyboard's cable permanently attached.[http://support.apple.com/kb/TA33931 Extended Keyboard II AppleDesign Keyboard Differences] The Extended II had an ADB port on either side of the keyboard, allowing the keyboard cable or mouse to be attached to the side preferred by the user

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Slide345

Mass spectrometer - Inductively coupled plasma

ICP-MS|Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources are used primarily for cation analysis of a wide array of sample types

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Slide346

Oscillates - Coupled oscillations

More special cases are the coupled oscillators where energy alternates between two forms of oscillation. Well-known is the Wilberforce pendulum, where the oscillation alternates between an elongation of a vertical spring and the rotation of an object at the end of that spring.

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Slide347

GABA receptor - G protein coupled receptor: GABAB

In studies focused on the control of neurotransmitter release, it was noted that a GABA receptor was responsible for modulating evoked release in a variety of isolated tissue preparations

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Slide348

GABA receptor - G protein coupled receptor: GABAB

Later ligand-binding studies provided direct evidence of binding sites for baclofen on central neuronal membranes. cDNA cloning confirmed that the GABAB receptor belongs to the family of G-protein-coupled receptor|G-protein coupled receptors. Additional information on GABAB receptors has been reviewed elsewhere.

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Slide349

Copenhagen Accord - Emissions pledges

To date, countries representing over 80% of global emissions have engaged with the Copenhagen Accord. 31 January 2010 was an initial deadline set under the Accord for countries to submit emissions reductions targets, however UNFCCC Secretary Yvo De Boer later clarified that this was a soft deadline. Countries continue to submit pledges past this deadline. A selection of reduction targets is shown below. All are for the year 2020.

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Slide350

Copenhagen Accord - Emissions pledges

Compared to business as usual:

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Slide351

Copenhagen Accord - Emissions pledges

China also promised to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 15% by 2020, and increase forest coverage by 40 million hectares and forest stock volume by 1.3 billion cubic meters by 2020 from the 2005 levels.

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Slide352

PowerCD - AppleDesign Powered Speakers

Along with the PowerCD, Apple released two versions of their desktop speakers: the AppleDesign Powered Speakers and the redesigned AppleDesign Powered Speakers II a year later

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Slide353

Frankpledge

This unit, under a leader known as the chief-pledge or tithing-man, was then responsible for producing any man of that tithing suspected of a crime

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Slide354

Frankpledge

Frankpledge began to decline in the 14th century, and by the 15th century was superseded by local constables operating under the Justice of the Peace|justices of the peace.

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Slide355

Frankpledge - Function in Anglo-Saxon society

This examination of the members of the tything before the court is the origin of the phrase view of frank-pledge.Smith (1857:230).

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Slide356

Frankpledge - Later historical development

The frith-borh and its corollary, the tything, emerged from the traditional system of mutual accountability originally ensured by the social structure of kinship.Cf

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Slide357

Frankpledge - Later historical development

After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the Norman rulers used the institution of the frith-borh to undermine the ties of kinship among their English subjects, as well as to increase and consolidate the power of their nobles and to establish a more stringent polity.Thorpe (1845:334)

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Slide358

Eukaryotic transcription - Transcription-coupled DNA repair

When transcription is arrested by the presence of a Molecular lesion|lesion in the transcribed strand of a gene, DNA repair proteins are recruited to the stalled RNA polymerase to initiate a process called transcription-coupled repair

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Slide359

Analog sampled filter

An 'analog sampled filter' an electronic filter that is a Hybrid integrated circuit|hybrid between an analog filter|analog and a digital filter. The input signal is analog (signal)|analog, and usually stored in capacitors. The time domain is Discrete time|discrete, however. Distinct analog samples are shifted through an array of holding capacitors as in a bucket brigade. Analog adders and amplifiers do the arithmetic in the signal domain, just as in an analog computer.

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Slide360

Analog sampled filter

Note that these filters are subject to aliasing phenomena just like a digital filter, and anti-aliasing filters will usually be required. See: Filter design

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Slide361

Analog sampled filter

Companies such as Linear Technology and Maxim Integrated Products|Maxim produce integrated circuits that implement this functionality. Filters up to the 8th order may be implemented using a single chip. Some are fully configurable; some are pre-configured, usually as low-pass filters.

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Slide362

Analog sampled filter

Due to the high filter order that can be achieved in an easy and stable manner, single chip analog sampled filters are often used for implementing anti-aliasing filters for digital filters. The analog sampled filter will in its turn need yet another anti-aliasing filter, but this can often be implemented as a simple 1st order low-pass analog filter consisting of one series resistor and one capacitor to ground (electricity)|ground.

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Slide363

Population Matters - Pledge two or fewer

The Population Matters' Pledge two or fewer campaign refers to a pledged limit to the number of children that a person intends to have. After a request to consider how many children to have (presented in terms of it being the biggest environmental decision you will ever make) four reasons are cited for choosing a smaller family: Gender equity... Quality of life... Quality of parenting... Childhood#Healthy childhoods|Quality of childhood...

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Slide364

Population Matters - Pledge two or fewer

The pledge two or fewer web page is introduced with the following text:

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Slide365

Population Matters - Pledge two or fewer

Unless we act, there will be at least another two billion people on the planet by 2050.

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Slide366

Population Matters - Pledge two or fewer

By having a smaller family — not having a child or having just one or two instead of three or more — you can help to slow and then reverse population growth. And by reversing population growth, we’d all be taking a big green step towards a more sustainable future.

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Slide367

Population Matters - Pledge two or fewer

A Form (HTML)|webform then follows.[http://populationmatters.org/what-you-can-do/small-family/pledge/]

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Slide368

Population Matters - Pledge two or fewer

“Should we now explain to UK couples who plan a family that stopping at two children, or at least having one less than first intended, is the simplest and biggest contribution anyone can make to leaving a habitable planet for our grandchildren?”

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Slide369

Population Matters - Pledge two or fewer

John Guillebaud|JohnGuillebaud– medical doctor, academic, Population Matters#Patrons|patron of Population Matters

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Slide370

Juliana Hatfield - PledgeMusic

On April 2011, Hatfield announced her intention to work on a new album via fan-funding platform website PledgeMusic, from which she asked for her fans to help fund the project in exchange for personal artwork and memorabilia ranging from posters, CDs, demos, one of Juliana's First Act guitars (used during the recording sessions) and even locks of her hair

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Slide371

Juliana Hatfield - PledgeMusic

There's Always Another Girl was released on August 30, 2011 again independently on her Ye Olde Records label, though a downloadable version was made available to contributors a month before on July 27, which was Juliana's birthday. The album has received mostly positive reviews from critics.

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Slide372

Juliana Hatfield - PledgeMusic

On August 28, 2012, Juliana Hatfield released a covers record titled Juliana Hatfield (album)|Juliana Hatfield on her Ye Olde Records label. The album features covers of songs originally performed by The Who, Liz Phair, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Ryan Adams, I Blame Coco, Led Zeppelin, and more.

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Slide373

Juliana Hatfield - PledgeMusic

As of July 2013, Juliana Hatfield has finished recording her thirteenth solo album, Wild Animals, with crowd-funding—for the third time—through PledgeMusic.

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Slide374

Ground-coupled heat exchanger

A 'ground-coupled heat exchanger' is an underground heat exchanger that can capture heat from and/or dissipate heat to the ground

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Slide375

Ground-coupled heat exchanger

Earth tubes are often a viable and economical alternative or supplement to conventional central heating or air conditioning systems since there are no compressors, chemicals or burners and only blowers are required to move the air. These are used for either partial or full cooling and/or heating of facility ventilation air. Their use can help buildings meet Passive House standards or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED certification.

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Slide376

Ground-coupled heat exchanger

Earth-air heat exchangers have been used in agricultural facilities (animal buildings) and horticultural facilities (greenhouses) in the United States over the past several decades and have been used in conjunction with solar chimneys in hot arid areas for thousands of years, probably beginning in the Persian Empire. Implementation of these systems in Austria, Denmark, Germany, and India has become fairly common since the mid-1990s, and is slowly being adopted in North America.

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Slide377

Ground-coupled heat exchanger

Ground-coupled heat exchanger may also use water or antifreeze as a heat transfer fluid, often in conjunction with a geothermal heat pump. See, for example downhole heat exchangers. The rest of this article deals primarily with earth-air heat exchangers or earth tubes.

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Slide378

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

Earth-air heat exchangers can be analyzed for performance with several software applications using weather gage data

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Slide379

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

Most systems are usually constructed from 100 to 600mm (4 to 24inch) diameter, smooth-walled (so they do not easily trap condensation moisture and mold), rigid or semi-rigid plastic, plastic-coated metal pipes or plastic pipes coated with inner antimicrobial layers, buried 1.5 to 3 m (5 to 10ft) underground where the ambient earth temperature is typically 10 to 23 °C (50-73 °F ) all year round in the temperate latitudes where most humans live

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Slide380

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

Smaller diameter tubes require more energy to move the air and have less earth contact surface area

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Slide381

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

There are three configurations, a closed loop design, an open 'fresh air' system or a combination:

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Slide382

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

*Closed loop system: Air from inside the home or structure is blown through a U-shaped loop of typically 30 to 150 m (100 to 500ft) of tube(s) where it is moderated to near earth temperature before returning to be distributed via ductwork throughout the home or structure. The closed loop system can be more effective (during air temperature extremes) than an open system, since it cools and recools the same air.

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Slide383

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

*Open system: Outside air is drawn from a filtered air intake (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value MERV 8+ air filter is recommended). The cooling tubes are typically 30m (100ft) long straight tubes into the home. An open system combined with energy recovery ventilation can be nearly as efficient (80-95%) as a closed loop, and ensures that entering fresh air is filtered and tempered.

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Slide384

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

*Combination system: This can be constructed with dampers that allow either closed or open operation, depending on fresh air ventilation requirements. Such a design, even in closed loop mode, could draw a quantity of fresh air when an air pressure drop is created by a solar chimney, clothes dryer, fireplace, kitchen or bathroom exhaust vents. It is better to draw in filtered passive cooling tube air than unconditioned outside air.

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Slide385

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Design

Single-pass earth air heat exchangers offer the potential for indoor air quality improvement over conventional systems by providing an increased supply of outdoor air. In some configurations of single-pass systems, a continuous supply of outdoor air is provided. This type of system would usually include one or more ventilation heat recovery units.

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Slide386

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Safety

If humidity and associated mold colonization is not addressed in system design, occupants may face health risks. At some sites, the humidity in the earth tubes may be controlled simply by passive drainage if the water table is sufficiently deep and the soil has relatively high permeability. In situations where passive drainage is not feasible or needs to be augmented for further moisture reduction, active (dehumidifier) or passive (desiccant) systems may treat the air stream.

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Slide387

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Safety

The results however demonstrate, that no harmful growth occurs and that the airborne concentrations of viable spores and bacteria, with few exceptions, even decreases after passage through the pipe-system”, and further stated, “Based on these investigations the operation of ground-coupled earth-to-air heat exchangers is acceptable as long as regular controls are undertaken and if appropriate cleaning facilities are available”.http://www.archiv.solarbau.de/monitor/doku/proj02/dokuproj/Wagner_Euro00.pdf

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Slide388

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Safety

Whether using earth tubes with or without antimicrobial material, it is extremely important that the underground cooling tubes have an excellent condensation drain and be installed at a 2-3 degree grade to ensure the constant removal of condensed water from the tubes

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Slide389

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Environmental impact

In the context of today's diminishing fossil fuel reserves, increasing electrical costs, air pollution and global warming, properly designed earth cooling tubes offer a sustainable alternative to reduce or eliminate the need for conventional compressor-based air conditioning systems, in non-tropical climates. They also provide the added benefit of controlled, filtered, temperate fresh air intake, which is especially valuable in tight, well-weatherized, efficient building envelopes.

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Slide390

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Water to earth

An alternative to the earth-to-air heat exchanger is the water to earth heat exchanger

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Slide391

Ground-coupled heat exchanger - Water to earth

Many European installations are now using this setup due to the ease of installation. No fall or drainage point is required and it is safe because of the reduced risk from mold.

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Slide392

PledgeMusic

'PledgeMusic' is an online Direct-to-Fan music platform, launched in August 2009, that facilitates musicians reaching out to their fanbase (termed Pledgers) to pre-sell, market, and distribute music projects including recordings, music videos, and concerts. Broadly speaking it bears some similarities to such platforms as Kickstarter, Indiegogo, RocketHub and Sellaband.

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Slide393

PledgeMusic - Features

PledgeMusic considers itself a direct-to-fan platform as opposed to a crowdfunding website. Features of PledgeMusic that distinguish it from other crowdfunding systems include that it:

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Slide394

PledgeMusic - Features

* is solely focused on raising funds for musicians

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Slide395

PledgeMusic - Features

* does not retain any ownership or rights to any music created through the platform

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Slide396

PledgeMusic - Features

* encourages artists to include contributions to charity as part of their fundraising project

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Slide397

PledgeMusic - Features

* encourages artists to offer a wide range of incentives and exclusive content to pledgers

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Slide398

PledgeMusic - Features

* does not process any funding transactions until the funding target is reached

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Slide399

PledgeMusic - Features

PledgeMusic allows two distinct types of campaigns: direct-to-fan and preorder. In direct-to-fan campaigns, fans are not charged until the project target is reached, at which point money is collected in an artist account that holds the money for disbursement to the intended recipients. If a target is not reached, fans are not charged. In preorder campaigns, fans are charged immediately, and the artist is paid directly upon project completion, much like traditional online retail.

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Slide400

PledgeMusic - Success Rate

PledgeMusic is reported to have a 90% campaign success rate (higher than Kickstarter or Indiegogo), with most artists raising an average 140% of their goal.

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Slide401

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

Various PledgeMusic albums have achieved significant chart success, including:

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Slide402

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

* Charlie Simpson - When We Were Lions - #6 in the UK

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Slide403

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

* Ben Folds Five - The Sound Of The Life Of The Mind - #10 on the Billboard Top 200

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Slide404

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

* The Subways - Money and Celebrity - #16 in Germany, #43 in the UK

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Slide405

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

* Bring Me The Horizon - Sempiternal - #3 in the UK, #1 in Australia

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Slide406

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

* Sevendust - Time Travelers and Bonfires - #19 in the US

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Slide407

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

* Kate Miller-Heidke - O Vertigo! - #3 in Australia

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Slide408

PledgeMusic - In the Charts

More than 30 PledgeMusic artists have been subsequently signed to major or independent label recording contracts.

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Slide409

PledgeMusic - Charity

PledgeMusic artists have the option of donating a percentage of their total or post-goal revenue to a charity of their choice. Currently, 67% of projects are linked with a charity. Artists without a cause in mind are able to meet with the company's charity outreach specialist to pair them up with charities.

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Slide410

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

PledgeMusic Recordings and PledgeMusic Publishing are both affiliated companies providing the traditional services of a record label and a publishing company to select Artists.

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Slide411

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

PledgeMusic and the following companies have entered into commercial partnerships to provide more integrated services to Artists:

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Slide412

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

* [http://www.soundout.com/ SoundOut] (Slicethepie's insight and analytics service) [http://www.slicethepie.com/About/NewsItem.aspx?NewsId=1099 ]

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Slide413

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

* Topspin Media [http://www.pledgemusic.com/blog/342-pledge-announces-new-integrated-marketing-partnership Pledge Announces New Integrated Marketing Partnership]. PledgeMusic. Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide414

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

* [http://www.inertia-music.com/ Inertia] [http://www.inertia-music.com/2012/11/news-inertia-announces-new-strategic-partnership-with-pledgemusic/ News: Inertia announces new strategic partnership with PledgeMusic! - Inertia]. Inertia-music.com (2012-11-26). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide415

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

* INDMusic [http://www.pledgemusic.com/blog/530-4-12-weekend-wrap-up-indmusic-partnership-jesse-malin-and-more 4-12 Weekend Wrap-Up: INDMUSIC Partnership, Jesse Malin and More!]. PledgeMusic (2013-04-12). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide416

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

* The Agency Group [http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/6039707/pledgemusic-the-agency-group-announce-partnership]. PledgeMusic, The Agency Group Announce Partnership]. Billboard. Retrieved on 2014-04-10.

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Slide417

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

PledgeMusic has partnered with the Hotel Cafe for SXSW 2011[http://www.hotelcafe.com/sxsw2011/ SXSW 2011!]. Hotelcafe.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-21. and 2012.[http://www.pledgemusic.com/blog/102-pledgemusic-presents-the-hotel-cafe-at-sxsw-2012 presents The Hotel Cafe at SXSW 2012]. PledgeMusic (2012-02-21). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide418

PledgeMusic - Affiliated companies and partnerships

PledgeMusic has hosted showcases with CMJ.[http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/pledgemusic-announces-lineup-cmj-day-party-night-showcase-rockwood-music-hall-1569817.htm PledgeMusic Announces Lineup for CMJ Day Party and Night Showcase at the Rockwood Music Hall]. Marketwire.com (2011-10-06). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide419

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

PledgeMusic was nominated for the 2010 BT Digital Music Awards in the category Best Innovation or Gadget.[http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=F68CE182-0F0D-4400-BCF7-C702756EC3FC BT news releases]. Btplc.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide420

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

While discussing the Digital Economy Bill Lord Errol, in the UK House of Lords, has described PledgeMusic as a rather clever idea in the context of new ways of releasing music.[http://services.parliament.uk/hansard/Lords/ByDate/20100112/mainchamberdebates/part005.html ]

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Slide421

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

PledgeMusic was nominated for the 2011 Music Week Awards in the category Consumer-Facing Digital Music Service of the Year.Williams, Paul. (2011-04-18) [http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1storycode=1044957c=1 Awards nominations announced]. Music Week. Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide422

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

PledgeMusic was nominated for the 2011 BT Digital Music Awards in the category Best Innovation or Gadget.[http://www.btdma.com/index.php/pages/awards ]

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Slide423

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

Ginger Wildheart was awarded the 2012 Classic Rock Awards 'Event Of The Year' award for his PledgeMusic campaign.[http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/award-winning-ginger-wildheart-pledge-campaign-testament-to-commercial-viability-of-d2f/052573 Award-winning Ginger Wildheart Pledge campaign 'testament to commercial viability of D2F']. Music Week. Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide424

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

PledgeMusic was noted as one of Billboard (magazine)|Billboard's Five digital startups to watch in 2013.[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/record-labels/5-digital-startups-to-watch-in-2013-1008051042.story Five Digital Startups to Watch in 2013 | Billboard]. Billboard.biz (2012-12-14). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide425

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

PledgeMusic won the Grammy Music Technology Lab in 2013.[http://www.pledgemusic.com/blog/477-pledgemusic-wins-grammy-music-technology-lab Wins Grammy Music Technology Lab]. PledgeMusic (2013-02-27). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide426

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

PledgeMusic was nominated for SoundCtrl's 2013 Best in Artist Support award.[http://www.pledgemusic.com/blog/539-thanks-to-soundctrl-for-nominating-us-for-a-2013-flashfwd-award Thanks to SoundCtrl for Nominating Us for a 2013 FlashFWD Award!]. PledgeMusic (2013-04-16). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide427

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

PledgeMusic was nominated for the American Association of Independent Music 2013 Annual Libera Awards (The “LIBBYs”) 21st Century Award – celebrating the service provider or platform that was most beneficial to Independent labels and artists.[http://a2im.org/2013/04/24/a2im-libby-awards-final-nominees-announced/ American Association of Independent Music — Blog — A2IM LIBBY Awards Final Nominees Announced]. A2IM (2013-04-24). Retrieved on 2013-09-21.

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Slide428

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

Co-founders Benji Rogers and Malcolm Dunbar were named to The Hospital Club 100 list in 2013 in the category of Music.

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Slide429

PledgeMusic - Awards, nominations, and notable commentary

Benji Rogers, founder and president of PledgeMusic, won AR Worldwide's International Music Industry Awards' Distinguished Digital Executive of the Year, 2014

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Slide430

PledgeMusic - Super Fans

In 2014, PledgeMusic and Lynda Weinman#Lynda.com|Lynda.com teamed up to produce [http://vimeo.com/100452454 a documentary] about super fans and their role in the future of the music industry. The documentary features footage and interviews from South by Southwest|SXSW and interviews with artists such as Nicole Atkins and San Fermin (band)|San Fermin.

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Slide431

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

The simplest system in which antiresonance arises is a system of coupled harmonic oscillators, for example Pendulum|pendula or RLC circuits.

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Slide432

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

Consider two harmonic oscillators coupled together with strength g and with one oscillator driven by an oscillating external force F. The situation is described by the coupled ordinary differential equations

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Slide433

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

where the \omega_i represent the resonance frequencies of the two oscillators and the \gamma_i their damping rates. Changing variables to the Complex number|complex parameters \alpha_1 = \omega_1 x_1 + ip_1/m_1, \alpha_2 = \omega_2 x_2 + ip_2/m_1 allows us to write these as first-order equations:

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Slide434

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

We transform to a frame rotating at the driving frequency \alpha_i \rightarrow \alpha_i e^, yielding

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Slide435

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

where we have introduced the detunings \Delta_i = \omega - \omega_i between the drive and the oscillators' resonance frequencies. Finally, we make a rotating wave approximation, neglecting the fast counter-rotating terms proportional to e^, which average to zero over the timescales we are interested in (this approximation assumes that \omega + \omega_i \gg \omega - \omega_i, which is reasonable for small frequency ranges around the resonances). Thus we obtain:

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Slide436

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

Without damping, driving or coupling, the solutions to these equations are \alpha_i(t) = \alpha_i(0) e^, which represent a rotation in the complex \alpha plane with angular frequency \Delta.

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Slide437

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

The steady-state solution can be found by setting \dot_1 = \dot_2 = 0, which gives:

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Slide438

Antiresonance - Antiresonance in coupled oscillators

Examining these steady state solutions as a function of driving frequency, it is evident that both oscillators display resonances (peaks in amplitude accompanied by positive phase shifts) at the two normal mode frequencies

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Slide439

Antiresonance - Complex coupled systems

The Frequency response|frequency response function (FRF) of any Linear system|linear dynamic system composed of many coupled components will in general display distinctive resonance-antiresonance behavior when driven.

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Slide440

Antiresonance - Complex coupled systems

As a rule of thumb, it can be stated that as the distance between the driven component and the measured component increases, the number of antiresonances in the FRF decreases. For example, in the two-oscillator situation above, the FRF of the undriven oscillator displayed no antiresonance. Resonances and antiresonances only alternate continuously in the FRF of the driven component itself.

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Slide441

Americans for Tax Reform - Taxpayer Protection Pledge

In the version for the United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives, the signer pledges to:

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Slide442

Americans for Tax Reform - Taxpayer Protection Pledge

All except 13 sitting Republicans have signed the pledge, while three Democrats have signed it (outgoing-Sen

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Slide443

Americans for Tax Reform - Taxpayer Protection Pledge

ATR's president Grover Norquist has written about the importance of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge for many publications including Human Events in June 2010. In this article, Norquist writes,

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Slide444

Americans for Tax Reform - Taxpayer Protection Pledge

:Raising taxes is what politicians do when they don’t have the strength to actually govern. The taxpayer protection pledge was created in 1986 by Americans for Tax Reform as part of the effort to protect the lower marginal tax rates of Reagan’s Tax Reform Act of 1986. It has grown in importance as one of the few black-and-white, yes or no, answers that politicians are forced to give to voters before they ask for their vote.

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Slide445

Americans for Tax Reform - Taxpayer Protection Pledge

They pointed out that the Pledge does not prohibit any deduction or credit from being eliminated

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Slide446

Americans for Tax Reform - Taxpayer Protection Pledge

ATR’s tax pledge does protect corporations in general – but only from an overall increase in taxes

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Slide447

Americans for Tax Reform - Taxpayer Protection Pledge

[http://thehill.com/homenews/house/267467-norquist-pledge-takes-election-hit- Norquist tax pledge takes election hit]

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Slide448

Jay Electronica - 2007–2010: Act I: Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge) and signing with Roc Nation

There are five segments or movements marked by changes in music and mood, raps by Electronica, and occasional snippets of sampled dialogue including scenes from Willy Wonka the Chocolate Factory

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Slide449

Jay Electronica - 2007–2010: Act I: Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge) and signing with Roc Nation

The nature of the piece of music, along with the nature of its appearance, led to a slow build-up of interest in Electronica as an enigmatic figure

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Slide450

Jay Electronica - 2007–2010: Act I: Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge) and signing with Roc Nation

Jeff Weiss' piece for the L.A

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Slide451

Fascists - Unprincipled opportunism

Some critics of Italian fascism have said that much of the ideology was merely a by-product of unprincipled opportunism by Mussolini, and that he changed his political stances merely to bolster his personal ambitions while he disguised them as being purposeful to the public.Gerhard Schreiber, Bernd Stegemann, Detlef Vogel

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Slide452

Fascists - Unprincipled opportunism

Some have criticized Mussolini's actions during the outbreak of World War I as opportunist for seeming to suddenly abandon Marxist egalitarianism|egalitarian internationalism (politics)|internationalism for non-egalitarian nationalism

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Slide453

George Wallace - The 1964 unpledged elector slate

In 1964, Alabama Republicans stood to benefit from the unintended consequences of two developments: (1) Governor Wallace vacating the race for the Democratic presidential nomination against President Johnson, and (2) the designation of unpledged Democratic electors in Alabama, in effect removing President Johnson from the general election ballot

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Slide454

George Wallace - The 1964 unpledged elector slate

As the The Tuscaloosa News explained, loyalist electors would have offered a clearer choice to voters than did the unpledged slate.The Tuscaloosa News, reprinted in The Birmingham News, September 5, 1964

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Slide455

George Wallace - The 1964 unpledged elector slate

The 1964 Republican electors were the first since Reconstruction era in the United States|Reconstruction to prevail in Alabama. But, they represented a different tradition than the party of Abraham Lincoln, which had been embraced by freedmen. In the late 20th century, conservative whites of the South were attracted to the Republican Party. Since the late 20th century, the party has become based in the South among whites.

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Slide456

George Wallace - The 1964 unpledged elector slate

The Goldwater-Miller slate received 479,085 votes (69.5 percent) to the unpledged electors' 209,848 (30.5 percent)

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Slide457

Emitter-coupled logic

In electronics, 'emitter-coupled logic (ECL)' is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family. ECL uses an overdriven bipolar junction transistor|BJT differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the Bipolar junction transistor#Regions of operation|saturated (fully on) region of operation and its slow turn-off behavior.

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Slide458

Emitter-coupled logic

As the current is steered between two legs of an emitter-coupled pair, ECL is sometimes called current-steering logic (CSL),

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Slide459

Emitter-coupled logic

In ECL, the transistors are never in saturation, the input/output voltages have a small swing (0.8 V), the input impedance is high and the output resistance is low; as a result, the transistors change states quickly, gate delays are low, and the fanout capability is high.

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Slide460

Emitter-coupled logic

In addition, the essentially-constant current draw of the differential amplifiers minimises delays and glitches due to supply-line inductance and capacitance, and the complementary outputs decrease the propagation time of the whole circuit by saving additional inverters.

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Slide461

Emitter-coupled logic

ECL's major disadvantage is that each gate continuously draws current, which means it requires (and dissipates) significantly more power than those of other logic families, especially when quiescent.

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Slide462

Emitter-coupled logic

The equivalent of emitter-coupled logic made out of field-effect transistor|FETs is called source-coupled logic (SCFL).

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Slide463

Emitter-coupled logic

A variation of ECL in which all signal paths and gate inputs are differential is known as differential current switch (DCS) logic.

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Slide464

Emitter-coupled logic - History

ECL was invented in August 1956 at IBM by Hannon S. Yourke.[http://semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/IBM/OralHistories/Yourke/Yourke_Index.htm Early Transistor History at IBM]. Yourke's circuits used commercial transistors and had an average gate delay of 12ns. Originally called current-steering logic, it was used in the IBM 7030 Stretch|Stretch, IBM 7090, and IBM 7090#IBM 7094 and IBM 7040/7044|IBM 7094 computers. The logic was also called a current mode circuit., p. 37.

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Slide465

Emitter-coupled logic - History

Yourke's current switch, also known as ECL, was a differential amplifier, and the input logic levels were different from the output logic levels

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Slide466

Emitter-coupled logic - History

Instead of alternating NPN and PNP stages, another coupling method employed zener diodes and resistors to shift the output logic levels to be the same as the input logic levels.

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Slide467

Emitter-coupled logic - History

ECL circuits in the mid-1960s through the 1990s consisted of a differential amplifier input stage to perform logic, followed by an emitter follower to drive outputs and shift the output voltages so they will be compatible with the inputs.

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Slide468

Emitter-coupled logic - History

Motorola introduced their first digital monolithic integrated circuit line, MECL I, in 1962. Motorola developed several improved series, with MECL II in 1966, MECL III in 1968 with 1 nanosecond gate propagation time and 300MHz flip-flop toggle rates, and the 10,000 series (with lower power consumption and controlled edge speeds) in 1971., pp vi-vii

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Slide469

Emitter-coupled logic - History

The high power consumption associated with ECL has meant that it has been used mainly when high speed is a vital requirement. Older high-end mainframe computers, such as the IBM ES/9000 family|Enterprise System/9000 members of IBM's ESA/390 computer family, used ECL as did the Cray-1; and first generation Amdahl Corporation|Amdahl mainframes. Current IBM mainframes use CMOS.

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Slide470

Emitter-coupled logic - Implementation

ECL is based on an emitter-coupled (Differential amplifier#Long-tailed pair|long-tailed) pair, shaded red in the figure on the right

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Slide471

Emitter-coupled logic - Operation

The ECL circuit operation is considered below with assumption that the input voltage is applied to T1 base, while T2 input is unused or a logical 0 is applied.

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Slide472

Emitter-coupled logic - Characteristics

Other noteworthy characteristics of the ECL family include the fact that the large current requirement is approximately constant, and does not depend significantly on the state of the circuit

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Slide473

Emitter-coupled logic - Power supplies and logic levels

Another reason for using a negative power supply is protection of the output transistors from an accidental short circuit developing between output and ground[http://books.google.com/books?id=dnq3HmDN1ZACpg=RA1-PA110lpg=RA1-PA110dq=emitter-coupled+logicsource=blots=hcQdJqyQXWsig=THPHTWMe1Fr-XgMmWN-J1S8Gi_Yhl=enei=QvzCSq24KJS24QadxdzTDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4#v=onepageq=emitter-coupled%20logicf=false Modern digital electronics By R P Jain] (page 111) (but the outputs are not protected from a short circuit with the negative rail).

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Slide474

Emitter-coupled logic - Power supplies and logic levels

The value of the supply voltage is chosen so that a sufficient current to flow through the compensating diodes D1 and D2 and the voltage drop across the common emitter resistor RE to be adequate.

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Slide475

Emitter-coupled logic - Power supplies and logic levels

ECL circuits available on the open market usually operated with logic levels incompatible with other families. This meant that interoperation between ECL and other logic families, such as the popular Transistor-transistor logic|TTL family, required additional interface circuits. The fact that the high and low logic levels are relatively close meant that ECL suffers from small noise margins, which can be troublesome.

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Slide476

Emitter-coupled logic - Power supplies and logic levels

At least one manufacturer, IBM, made ECL circuits for use in the manufacturer's own products. The power supplies were substantially different from those used in the open market.

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Slide477

Emitter-coupled logic - Power supplies and logic levels

Positive emitter-coupled logic (PECL) is a further development of ECL using a positive 5V supply instead of a negative 5.2V supply. Low-voltage positive emitter-coupled logic (LVPECL) is a power optimized version of PECL, using a positive 3.3V instead of 5V supply. PECL and LVPECL are differential signaling systems, and are mainly used in high speed and clock distribution circuits.

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Slide478

Emitter-coupled logic - Power supplies and logic levels

Logic levels:[http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slla120/slla120.pdf Interfacing Between LVPECL, VML, CML and LVDS Levels]

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Slide479

Normal modes - Coupled oscillators

For this to be generically true for any amplitude, the matrix on the left must be singular matrix|singular i.e. must not be invertible, such that one cannot multiply both sides of the equation by the inverse, leaving the right matrix equal to zero. It follows that the determinant of the matrix must be equal to 0, so:

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Slide480

Normal modes - Coupled oscillators

Solving for \omega, we have two positive solutions:

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Slide481

Normal modes - Coupled oscillators

The general solution is a Superposition principle|superposition of the 'normal modes' where c1, c2, φ1, and φ2, are determined by the initial conditions of the problem.

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Slide482

Lipid signaling - Activators of G-protein coupled receptors

See main article on G-protein coupled receptors

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Slide483

G protein-coupled receptor - Classification

The human genome encodes thousands of G protein-coupled receptors, about 350 of which detect hormones, growth factors, and other endogenous ligands. Approximately 150 of the GPCRs found in the human genome have unknown functions.

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Slide484

G protein-coupled receptor - Structure-function relationships

The structure of the N- and C-terminal tails of GPCRs may also serve important functions beyond ligand-binding

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Slide485

G protein-coupled receptor - Conformational change

The signal transduction|transduction of the signal through the membrane by the receptor is not completely understood

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Slide486

G protein-coupled receptor - cAMP signal pathway

Stimulative regulative G-protein is a G-protein linked to stimulative hormone receptor (Rs), and its α subunit upon activation could stimulate the activity of an enzyme or other intracellular metabolism. On the contrary, inhibitory regulative G-protein is linked to an inhibitory hormone receptor, and its α subunit upon activation could inhibit the activity of an enzyme or other intracellular metabolism.

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Slide487

G protein-coupled receptor - Phosphatidylinositol signal pathway

The effects of Ca2+ are also remarkable: it cooperates with DAG in activating PKC and can activate the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase|CaM kinase pathway, in which calcium-modulated protein calmodulin (CaM) binds Ca2+, undergoes a change in conformation, and activates CaM kinase II, which has unique ability to increase its binding affinity to CaM by autophosphorylation, making CaM unavailable for the activation of other enzymes

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Slide488

Nightingale Pledge

The 'Nightingale Pledge', named in honour of Florence Nightingale, is a modified version of the Hippocratic Oath. Lystra Gretter and a Committee for the Farrand Training School for Nurses in Detroit, Michigan, created the pledge in 1893. Gretter, inspired by the work of Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, credited the pledge to the work of her committee, but was herself considered the moving spirit behind the idea for the pledge.

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Slide489

Nightingale Pledge

In a 1935 revision to the pledge, Gretter widened the role of the nurse by including an oath to become a missioner of health dedicated to the advancement of human welfare—an expansion of nurses' bedside focus to an approach that encompassed public health.

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Slide490

Nightingale Pledge

Nurses have recited the pledge at pinning ceremonies for decades. In recent years, many nursing schools have made changes to the original or 1935 versions, often removing the loyalty to physicians phrasing and to promote a more independent nursing profession, with its own particular ethical standards.

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Slide491

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly to pass my life in purity and to practise my profession faithfully.

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Slide492

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

I shall abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and shall not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug.

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Slide493

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug.

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Slide494

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

With loyalty will I aid the physician in his work, and as a missioner of health, I will dedicate myself to devoted service for human welfare.

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Slide495

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

; Practical Nurse Pledge, a modern version based on the Nightingale Pledge:

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Slide496

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

To adhere to the code of ethics of the nursing profession;

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Slide497

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

To co-operate faithfully with the other members of the nursing team and to carryout [sic] faithfully and to the best of my ability the instructions of the physician or the nurse who may be assigned to supervise my work;

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Slide498

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

I will not do anything evil or malicious and I will not knowingly give any harmful drug or assist in malpractice.

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Slide499

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

I will not reveal any confidential information that may come to my knowledge in the course of my work.

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Slide500

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

And I pledge myself to do all in my power to raise the standards and prestige of the practical nursing;

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Slide501

Nightingale Pledge - Versions

May my life be devoted to service and to the high ideals of the nursing profession.

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Slide502

Direct-coupled transistor logic

A special type of resistor–transistor logic (RTL), a 'direct-coupled transistor logic' or DCTL gate is one wherein the bases of the transistors are connected directly to inputs without any base resistors. Without the base resistors, DCTL gates are more economical and simpler to fabricate onto integrated circuits than RTL gates with base resistors. Unfortunately, DCTL has a high susceptibility to ground noise and requires consistent transistor characteristics.

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Slide503

Cell surface receptor - G protein-coupled receptors

G protein-coupled receptors comprise a large protein family transmembrane receptors. They are found only in eukaryotes. The Ligand (biochemistry)|ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of around half of all modern medicinal drugs.

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Slide504

Cell surface receptor - G protein-coupled receptors

There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G-protein coupled receptors: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cAMP signal pathway and Phosphatidylinositol signal pathway

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Slide505

Microwave discharge - inductively coupled plasma

Ions can be created in an inductively coupled plasma, which is a plasma (physics)|plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electrical currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields.A. Montaser and D. W. Golightly, eds. Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1992.

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Slide506

Cellulase - Enzyme coupled reagents

Recently, new reagents have been developed that allow for the specific measurement of endo-cellulase.McCleary BV, Mangan D, Daly R, Fort S, Ivory R, McCormack N

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Slide507

AmeriCorps - Member pledge

I, (name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. [So help me God.][63]

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Slide508

AmeriCorps - Member pledge

[http://www.americorps.org/about/pledge/index.asp The AmeriCorps Pledge], AmeriCorps.gov. Retrieved 12/5/08.

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AmeriCorps - Member pledge

:I will get things done for America - to make our people safer, smarter, and healthier.

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AmeriCorps - Member pledge

:I will bring Americans together to strengthen our communities.

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AmeriCorps - Member pledge

:Faced with conflict, I will seek common ground.

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AmeriCorps - Member pledge

AmeriCorps members would be called upon to support and defend the Constitution of the United States...without any mental reservation...So help me God.(November 29, 2002) [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2002%2F11%2F29%2FED78639.DTL One pledge fits all], SFGate

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AmeriCorps - Member pledge

(November 21, 2002) [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE1D81739F932A15752C1A9649C8B63partner=rssnytemc=rss Revised pledge for AmeriCorps draws criticism], The New York Times

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AmeriCorps - Member pledge

Although the Citizen Service Act was approved by both the Subcommittee on Special Education and the Committee on Education and the Workforce in June 2002, the House of Representatives took no further action on the Measure, and the oath remains unchanged.[http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?item=sid=cp110LTV8yrefer=r_n=hr420.110dbname=cp110sid=cp110LTV8ysel=TOC_243579 House Report 110-420-Generations Invigorating Volunteerism and Education Act or the `Give Act']. Retrieved 12/5/08.

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Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing - Terror pledge

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627626.stm news.bbc.co.uk, Terror pledge after Pakistan bomb]

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Slide516

Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing - Terror pledge

After the event, president Asif Ali Zardari appealed for all democratic forces to help to save Pakistan and he pledged to rid Pakistan of Islamic militants: Terrorism is a cancer in Pakistan, we are determined, Insha allah|God willing, we will rid the country of this cancer

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Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008 - Pledged delegates

In 2008, a total of 3,253 pledged delegate votes will be awarded through the primaries and caucuses.

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Slide518

Protein–protein interaction - Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry

Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry mostly detects stable interactions and thus better indicates functional in vivo PPIs

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Flag of Texas - Pledge of allegiance

cquote|Honor the Texas flag; I pledge allegiance to thee, Texas, one state under God, one and indivisible.

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Slide520

Flag of Texas - Pledge of allegiance

The pledge was instituted by the Texas Legislature in 1933, and originally referred to the Texas flag of 1836 (which was the Burnet Flag, and not the Lone Star Flag then in use). In 1965, the error was corrected by deleting the words of 1836. In 2007, the phrase one state under God was added. The addition of under God has been challenged in court, though an injunction was denied.David Wallace Croft, [http://www.croftpress.com/david/politics/pledge/ State Pledge].

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