Lesson Objectives Describe the term v iolence in sport Explain the causes of s pectator violencehooliganism Evaluate theories of hooliganism Outline what has been done to prevent and control spectator violence ID: 787773
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Slide1
Violence in SportA2 PE
Slide2Lesson ObjectivesDescribe the term
violence in sportExplain the causes of spectator violence/hooliganism
Evaluate theories of hooliganismOutline what has been done to prevent and control spectator violence?Link and explain UK l
aw that underpins prevention strategies of spectator violence
Slide3HooligansThe lighter side of hooligans
Slide4What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting events?
Alcohol / drugs
Tradition:
Traditional rivalry
‘local derbys’ / religion e. g celtic vs rangers
Frustration:
The score or result / controversial decisions by officials
Slide5Abuse:
Verbal abuse from rival fans / provocation / racism
Emotional: Importance of
the event / pre-match hype
Numbers: Large number of fans / poor policing
Hooligans:
Some ‘fans; more concerned with causing trouble than watching football
Slide6Mass culture:
Peer group pressure / individuals lose identity within the crowd
Pitch violence:
Behaviour on the pitch copied by
spectators
Punishment:
Lack of suitable punishment
Slide7What has been done to make stadiums safer and to prevent and control violence by spectators at football matches
Taylor
Report result from Heysel (1985) and Hillsborough (1989) phased out standing terraces
‘All-seater
’ stadiums in some divisions and perimeter fences between crowds and pitch removed
Slide8Separation from opposing fans
Club membership schemes introduced / control of ticket sales / all-ticket matches
Closed circuit TV to monitor fans
CCTV IN ACTION
The images of 17 men, all thought to be West Ham fans, were issued after fights spoiled a Carling Cup game on 25 August 2009
The pictures are from CCTV cameras within the ground.
A man was stabbed, missiles were thrown at police and there were 10 arrests at the game. Both clubs have been charged with failing to control supporters.
Slide9Police
forces share info / restrictions on overseas travel by known hooligans
Alcohol controlled / no selling of alcohol in glasses
Increased numbers of police /
stewards
Slide10Increased numbers of police / stewardsKnown
trouble makers excluded / searches on entry to ground
Fining of clubs / ground restrictions
Slide11Heysel Stadium Disaster 198539 spectators (31 Juventus fans) were crushed or trampled to death
They were trying to escape a charge by Liverpool supportersMore than 250 others were injured when violence erupted
Britain was banned from European football for 5 years
Slide12Theories of HooliganismMarsh et al 1978
Common offenders 18-20 yrs
Working Class backgroundsRitualistic and not always physically violent
Dunning et al 1988/ Robson 2000
Aggressive MasculinityCommon social behaviour in lower classesReaction to growing middle classes and higher ticket prices
Slide13Theories of HooliganismFinn 1994/Kerr 1994
Search for ‘Flow’ experience not usually encountered in everyday life
Addiction to risk taking feelingArmstrong 1997
Diverse range of locations and backgrounds
Opportunity to belongFeeling of gaining honourOffenders enjoy the confrontation rather than the violence itself.
Slide14Violence by Spectators
Chelsea Headhunters –
MacIntyre InvestigatesBBC
Hooligans (u tube)MacIntyre
Undercover - Chelsea Headhunters Chelsea Headhunters were infiltrated by investigative reporter
Donal
MacIntyre
for
this documentary
screened on the BBC on November 9, 1999, in which
MacIntyre
posed as a wannabe-member of the Chelsea
Headhunters
.
In 2000, Jason
Marriner
, a member of the Chelsea
Headhunters
was sentenced to six years in prison for his part in organising a fight with supporters of a rival team, based on evidence captured by
Donal
MacIntyre
and his team.
This programme led to arrests and several convictions.
Slide15The Laws
The Public Disorder Act (1986)Allows courts to ban fans from groundsThe Football Spectators Act (1989)
Allows courts to restrict fans from attending matches abroadThe Football Offences Act (1991)Spectators can be arrested for: throwing missiles, racial chanting, pitch invasion
Slide16What you covered?What is Violence in Sport?
The causes of spectator violence/hooliganismTheories of hooliganism
What has been done to prevent and control spectator violence?UK Law that underpins prevention strategies