Development International Research Centre Dalian Maritime University China Zhiwei Zhao 12 Jorgen Riis Jepsen 2 Zhonglong Chen 1 Wessel van Leeuwen 3 Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry ID: 601307
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1Seafarers Development International Research Centre, Dalian Maritime University, China
Zhiwei Zhao12; Jorgen Riis Jepsen2; Zhonglong Chen1; Wessel van Leeuwen3
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry
2 Centre of Maritime Health and Society, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
3 Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, SwedenSlide2
Introduction
Result
Method
Background
Conclusion
C
ontent
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide3
Background
Introduction
Method
Result
Conclusion
Increasing concern with seafarer fatigue
Concern with seafarer fatigue is widely evident among maritime regulators, insurers,
ship owners
, trade unions and welfare agencies.
Maritime
regulators, ship owners and trade unions alike become increasingly aware that working
conditions at
sea almost certainly generate fatigue in crew members.
Potentially serious consequences
Seafarer fatigue may result in
serious consequences both
for the
individual in terms of reduced performance and poor health, and for the environment, if accidents occur
as a
result of lowered alertness.
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide4
MARTHA project
The new project MARTHA continues the research into the effects of work and rest schedules of seafarers and looks at fatigue in terms of voyage cycles, crew composition, watch-keeping patterns and moregeneral environmental factors.
Background
Introduction
Method
Result
Conclusion
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide5
Background
Introduction
Method
Result
Conclusion
Potential consequences
Accidents injuries
Poorer performance
Ill heath
fatigue
………
Disability
Sick leave
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide6
Background
Introduction
Method
Result
Conclusion
Study Aims
Optimize
the legal framework internationally and nationally
Promote
safe and healthy sleep patterns in merchant shipping
Reduce
the incidence and effects of fatigue, and the risk of injuries and accidents
Increase
the safety and efficiency of marine operations in general
Protect environment from
potentially harmful incidents occurring as a result of fatigue
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide7
Background
Introduction
Method
Result
Conclusion
Questionnaire and Interviews
Seven sections:
DEMOGRAPHICS
，
JOB/VESSEL
，
HOURS OF WORK AND REST
，
FATIGUE AT
SEA
，
ABOUT THE
WORK
，
SLEEP PATTERNS & HEALTH-RELATED
BEHAVIOURS
，
TRAVEL TO AND FROM THE VESSEL
Objectives:
Explore
long-term
fatigue and related
factors;
how
organisational
practices and individual factors influence
fatigue;
what
methods should be applied for preventing and managing seafarers’ fatigue
;
what
are the effect of applying different
strategies.
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide8
Background
Introduction
Method
Result
Conclusion
Questionnaire and Interviews
Interviews and questionnaires conducted in
:
Two companies in Europe
5 + 9 interviews
314 + 140 questionnaires
Two companies in China
20 + 17 interviews
230 + 253 questionnaires
Total = 937 questionnaires / 51 in-depth interviews
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide9
Background
Introduction
Method
Result
Conclusion
Analysis Method
Indexes indicating tiredness at work, sleep quality and distress at work were constructed by using scale reliability (
Cronbach’ɑ
>0.8) and weighted mean
.
Strata
were compared by application of a
T-test.
Qualitative
analysis are also employed to explore the impacts of fatigue on seafarer’s occupational health and safety.
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide10
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Chinese seafarers(Mean)
European seafarers(Mean)
Contract work hours(weekly)
56.93
(n=294,SD=9.42, S.E=0.55)
58.57
(n=341,SD=14.05, S.E=0.76)
Actual work hours(weekly)
60.40
(n=283,SD=10.58, S.E=0.63)
63.58
(n=382,SD=14.11, S.E=0.72)
Chinese
seafarers
European seafarers
p
<0.001
<0.001
Mean difference
-3.73
-4.14
95%C.I of Mean difference
(-4.80, -2.66)
(-
5.31
，
2.96)
Cohen's d
-0.41
-0.29
95%C.I of Cohen's d
(-0.58, -0.24)
(-
0.44
，
-
0.14)
Differences between contract work hours and actual work hours
Result
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide11
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Chinese
seafarers
European seafarers
p
<0.001
=0.05
Mean difference
-0.68
0.28
95%C.I of Mean difference
(-0.80, -0.56)
(0.09
，
0.48)
Cohen's d
-
0.51
0.16
95%C.I of Cohen's d
(-
0.64,
-
0.37)
(0.03
，
0.29)
Chinese seafarers(Mean)
European seafarers(Mean)
Officers(Mean)
Ratings(Mean)
Actual sleep
8.06
(n=444,SD=1.61, S.E=0.07)
8.06
(n=441,SD=1.94, S.E=0.09)
7.82
(n=484,SD=1.76, S.E=0.08)
8.38
(n=365,SD=1.78, S.E=0.09)
Ideal sleep
8.68
(n=457,SD=1.22, S.E=0.06)
7.76
(n=442,SD=1.52, S.E=0.07)
8.13
(n=490,SD=1.42, S.E=0.06)
8.36
(n=373,SD=1.50, S.E=0.08)
Differences between actual sleep and ideal sleep
Result
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide12
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Chinese vs European
p
<0.001
Mean difference
-0.92
95%C.I of Mean difference
(-1.10, -0.74)
Cohen's d
-
0.67
95%C.I of Cohen's d
(-
0.80,
-
0.53)
Chinese seafarers(Mean)
European seafarers(Mean)
Ideal sleep
8.68
(n=457,SD=1.22, S.E=0.06)
7.76
(n=442,SD=1.52, S.E=0.07)
Differences between Chinese seafarers and European seafarers(Ideal sleep)
Result
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide13
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Chinese seafarers(Mean)
European seafarers(Mean)
Officers(Mean)
Ratings(Mean)
Sleep quality
1.24
(n=472,SD=0.59, S.E=0.03)
0.86
(n=452,SD=0.47, S.E=0.02)
1.16
(n=501,SD=0.56, S.E=0.03)
0.93
(n=386,SD=0.55, S.E=0.03)
Distress at work
1.39
(n=420,SD=0.81,S.E=0.04)
0.73
(n=424,SD=0.61, S.E=0.03)
1.21
(n=475,SD=0.79, S.E=0.04)
0.87
(n=342,SD=0.74, S.E=0.04)
Tiredness at work
2.17
(n=449,SD=0.91, S.E=0.04)
1.71
(n=431,SD=0.82, S.E=0.04)
2.09
(n=472,SD=0.87, S.E=0.04)
1.78
(n=374,SD=0.89, S.E=0.05)
Sleep
quality
Distress
Tiredness
p
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Mean difference
-0.38
-0.67
-0.46
95%C.I of Mean difference
(-0.45, -0.31)
(-0.76
，
-0.57)
(-0.58,-0.35)
Cohen's d
-
0.71
-
0.94
-0.54
95%C.I of Cohen's d
(-
0.84,
-
0.58)
(-1.10
，
-
0.79)
(-0.68,-0.41)
Differences between Chinese seafarers and European seafarers
Result
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide14
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Health effects of fatigue - physical fatigue
Result
Muscle fatigue, body aches, feeling uncomfortable or weak in extremities following intensive work or sustained posture.
‘Like me , if l stand in the same posture for a long time, l feel slightly that l am unable to walk any further. Although I am young, I have had such problems. Sometimes I felt particularly uncomfortable and one of my feet can not touch the floor. Once it touched the ground, the other foot would quickly take over. This is caused by long-time standing I guess.’ (sailor from company 3)
The engineering seafarers also mentioned the problem of heat related disorders in hot weather under intensive physical work.
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide15
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Health effects of fatigue - mental fatigue
Result
Being fretful, irritable, unsatisfied, easy to break out into strife with somebody else
‘When I am tired, I feel fretful, taking extreme views. I think even a good-tempered guy is easy to have conflict with others when he is fatigue’ (3
rd
engineer from company 2)
Slow response, poor concentration and sleepiness
‘the symptom of fatigue for me is tiredness and slow response. When somebody told me something, I nodded. One minute later, I forgot. When I was reminded, oh, yes, I forgot …’ (2 officer from company 1)
Insomnia and homesick
These problems turn more serious when seafarers are fatigued.
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide16
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Effects of fatigue on safety
Result
Personal safety aspect – injuries
‘When cleaning the holds, sometimes it has to work on the higher levels and needs to climb up a ladder. It happened that some seafarers who were very tired fell and hurt all over, with rib and skull bones facture. Some sailors had their hands cut off when operating the grinding machine. And some died. Actually, when they were very tired, they can concentrate on nothing at that moment…’ (chief officer from company 3)
… ‘
bruises’ and ‘head
traumas’…
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide17
Background
Introduction
Method
Conclusion
Effects of fatigue on safety
Result
Navigation Safety – maritime disasters
‘[I heard that ]while the ship was sailing ahead, the officer felt so tired that although he did not fall asleep, he had already lost his consciousness and forgot to alter course. The shallow water area was just around the corner and the ship was stranded…’ (3
rd
officer from company 3)
‘Due to the typhoon on that day, other ships all stopped. But our captain insisted on sailing. We were very tired at that time actually. Sea water poured into the engine room, but nobody noticed that. When it was noticed, it was too late to take any actions. The ship sank. Fortunately nobody died.’ (sailor from company 4)
… ‘environmental pollution’, ‘machinery damage’, and ‘fires onboard’ …
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide18
Background
Method
Result
Conclusion
Introduction
Suboptimal
work and sleep patterns in global
seafaring.
W
ork
hours and sleep are the factors
related
to seafarers’
fatigue.
C
urrent
management of fatigue risks is inadequate and seafarers’ health and safety are negatively influenced by
fatigue.
The
shipping industry
should
do more for its seafarers to have a healthier and safer working environment.
Conclusion
Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industrySlide19
Thank you for your attention！