Gout primarily affects adult men over the age of 40 Attacks of gout may occur when the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma exceeds its solubility of 7 mg 100 mL of plasma at 37 ID: 587027
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9.3 Solubility
Gout primarily affects adult men over the age of 40. Attacks of gout may occur when the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma exceeds its solubility of 7 mg/100 mL of plasma at 37 °C.
Learning Goal Define solubility; distinguish between an unsaturated and a saturated solution. Identify an ionic compound as soluble or insoluble.Slide2
Solubility
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent.temperature sensitive for solutes. expressed as grams of solute in 100 grams of solvent, usually water.Slide3
Unsaturated Solution
Unsaturated solutions contain less than the maximum amount of solute.can dissolve more solute. Slide4
Saturated Solution
Saturated solutions contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve. have undissolved solute at the bottom of the container. contain solute that dissolves as well as solute that recrystallizes in an equilibrium process.Slide5
Saturated Solution
More solute can dissolve in an unsaturated solution but not in a saturated solution.Slide6
Study Check
Identify each of the following solutions as saturated or unsaturated.A. Salt disappears when put in water.B. Sugar added to a cup of water does not disappear, but sits at the bottom of the cup.Slide7
Solution
Identify each of the following solutions as saturated or unsaturated.A. Unsaturated: Salt disappears when put in water.B. Saturated: Sugar added to a cup of water does not disappear, but sits at the bottom of the cup.Slide8
Study Check
At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g of H2O. Identify the following solutions as either saturated or unsaturated. Explain.A. 60 g KBr added to 100 g of water at 40 C
B. 200 g KBr added to 200 g of water at 40 CC. 25 g KBr added to 50 g of water at 40 CSlide9
Solution
At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g of H2O. Identify the following solutions as either saturated or unsaturated. Explain.A. Unsaturated:
60 g KBr/100 g of water at 40 C is less than the solubility of KBr in water (80 g KBr/100 g water).B. Saturated: 200 g KBr/200 g of water at 40 C is greater than the solubility of KBr in water (80 g KBr
/100 g water).
C.
Unsaturated
:
25 g
KBr
/50 g of water at 40 C is less than the solubility of
KBr
in water (80 g
KBr
/100 g water).Slide10
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
Solubilitydepends on temperature.of most solids increases as the temperature increases.of gases decreases as the temperature increases.
In water, most common solids are more soluble as the temperature increases.Slide11
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
The solubility of gases decreases as the temperature of the solution increases.Slide12
Study Check
1. Why could a bottle of carbonated drink possibly burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun? 2. Why do fish die in water that is too warm?Slide13
Solution
1. The pressure in a bottle increases as the gas leaves solution when it becomes less soluble at higher temperatures. As pressure increases, the bottle could burst.2. Because O2 gas is less soluble in warm water, fish cannot obtain the amount of O2
required for their survival. Slide14
Solubility and Pressure
Henry’s law states thatthe solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.at higher pressures, more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid.
When the pressure of a gas above a solution decreases, the solubility of that gas in the solution also decreases.Slide15
Soluble vs. Insoluble Ionic Compounds
Only ionic compounds that contain a soluble cation or anion are soluble in water. In an insoluble ionic compound, the ionic bonds are too strong for the polar water molecules to break. We can use the solubility rules to predict whether an ionic compound would be expected to dissolve in water.Slide16
Soluble vs. Insoluble Ionic Compounds
Mixing certain aqueous solutions produces insoluble ionic compounds.
Core Chemistry Skill Using Solubility Rules
If an ionic compound contains a combination of a
cation
and an
anion that
are not soluble, that ionic compound is insoluble. For example, combinations
of cadmium
and sulfide, iron and sulfide, lead and iodide, and nickel and hydroxide do
not contain
any soluble ions. Thus, they form insoluble ionic compounds.Slide17
Soluble vs. Insoluble Ionic Compounds
Sulfates, SO42−, are soluble unless combined with Ba2+, Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, or Hg
22+.Barium sulfate, BaSO4, an insoluble ionic compound, is used to enhance X-rays.
Core Chemistry Skill
Using Solubility Rules Slide18
Using Solubility RulesSlide19
Study Check
Predict if the following compounds are soluble or insoluble. Explain why.A. CdS B. Na2SO4
C. PbI2D. Ni(NO3)2Slide20
Solution
Predict if the following compounds are soluble or insoluble. Explain why.A. CdS Insoluble; S2−
compounds are generally insoluble.B. Na2SO4 Soluble; Na+ compounds are always soluble. C. PbI2 Insoluble;
I
−
is soluble unless combined
with Pb
2+
.
D. Ni(NO
3
)
2
Soluble;
NO
3
−
compounds are always soluble.Slide21
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life,
5/eKaren C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Guide to Writing an Equation for the Formation of a SolidSlide22
Study Check
We can use solubility rules to predict whether a solid, called a precipitate, forms when two solutions of ionic compounds are mixed. What precipitate forms when solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and K
2SO4 are mixed?Slide23
Solution
We can use solubility rules to predict whether a solid, called a precipitate, forms when two solutions of ionic compounds are mixed. What precipitate forms when solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and K2SO4 are mixed?STEP 1
Write the ions of the reactants. Reactants, initial combinations: Pb2+(aq) NO3−(aq) K+(aq)
SO
4
2−
(
aq
)Slide24
Solution
We can use solubility rules to predict whether a solid, called a precipitate, forms when two solutions of ionic compounds are mixed. What precipitate forms when solutions of Pb(NO
3)2 and K2SO4 are mixed?STEP 2 Write combinations of ions and determine if any are insoluble. Mixture Product Soluble
Slide25
Solution
We can use solubility rules to predict whether a solid, called a precipitate, forms when two solutions of ionic compounds are mixed. What precipitate forms when solutions of Pb(NO
3)2 and K2SO4 are mixed?STEP 3 Write the ionic equation including any solid. Pb2+(aq) + SO
4
2−
(
aq
) + 2K
+
(
aq
) + 2NO
3
−
(
aq
)
PbSO
4
(s
) + 2K
+
(
aq
) + 2NO
3
−
(
aq
)Slide26
Solution
We can use solubility rules to predict whether a solid, called a precipitate, forms when two solutions of ionic compounds are mixed. What precipitate forms when solutions of Pb(NO
3)2 and K2SO4 are mixed?STEP 4 Write the net ionic equation. Remove the spectator ions.
Pb
2+
(
aq
) + SO
4
2−
(
aq
) + 2K
+
(
aq
) + 2NO
3
−
(
aq
)
PbSO
4
(
s
) + 2K
+
(
aq
) + 2NO
3
−
(
aq
)
Pb
2+
(
aq
) + SO
4
2−
(
aq
)
PbSO
4
(
s
)