Biochemistry By: Mr. Kauffman - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Biochemistry

By: Mr. Kauffman

&

Mr. LoweSlide2

Outline

Organic Compounds

Cell Parts Review

Biochemical ReactionsPhotosynthesisCellular RespirationFermentation

Cellular Transport

Diffusion

Osmosis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

5 Functions Necessary for LifeSlide3

Organic Compounds

All cells are made up of the same basic elements

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)Nitrogen (N)Oxygen (O)Phosphorus (P)

Sulfur (S)

Those elements combine together to form different molecules

Example

: Hydrogen + Oxygen = WaterSlide4

Organic Compounds

Element Name

Percentage

in living things

Oxygen

65.0 %

Carbon

18.5 %

Hydrogen

9.6 %

Nitrogen

3.3 %

Phosphorus

1.0 %

Sulfur

1.0 %Slide5

Organic Compounds

4 Important Molecules for Life Functions

Carbohydrates (Carbs)

Function – provides the cell with energy (sugars)Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Example – Glucose, Sucrose, FructoseSlide6

Organic Compounds

4 Important Molecules for Life Functions

2. Lipids (Fats)

Function – storage of large amounts of energy for long term use (insulation)Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus

Example – Fats and OilsSlide7

Organic Compounds

4 Important Molecules for Life Functions

3. Proteins

Function – makes up organs and muscles, growth, and repairElements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Example – Red meats, Chicken, Fish, EggsSlide8

Organic Compounds

4 Important Molecules for Life Functions

4. Nucleic Acids

Function – instructions for maintenance, growth, and reproduction of cellElements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Example – DNASlide9

Cell Parts Review

Nucleus – control center of the cell

Cell membrane – protective outer layer found in all cells

Cell wall – protective outer layer found only in plant cellsMitochondria – produces energy for cells by breaking down food molecules

Chloroplast – produces energy for plant cells by converting sunlight into sugarSlide10

Biochemical Reactions

Biochemical Reactions

: reactions that occur inside the cells of living things in order to produce energy necessary for life

All cells require energy to carry out the functions necessary for lifeThe energy that all cells use is in the form of sugarsSlide11

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

: how plant cells are able to convert sunlight into sugar (energy source)

Happens only in plant cellsOccurs in the chloroplasts of plant cellsContain chlorophyll (green pigment – coloring)Slide12

Photosynthesis

Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide = Sugar and Oxygen

Plants

use some of the energy and store the rest as sugarSugar stored in the plant is food for the animals that eat plants

Oxygen produced is released into the airSlide13

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

:

process by which cells convert sugars into chemical energyHappens in both plant and animal cells

Occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cellsSlide14

Cellular Respiration

Sugar + Oxygen = Chemical Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Chemical energy produced is used to complete other cell functions

Growth, repair, cell division, transportation of materials, etc…Chemical energy

not used

for cellular functions is released as heat

Carbon dioxide produced is released by the cell and exhaled into the airSlide15

Fermentation

Fermentation

: energy production that occurs in cells without oxygen

An inefficient way to produce energyProduces only a small amount of energyProduces lactic acid (the burning you feel in muscles when running/exercising)Slide16

Cellular Transport

The human body needs to transport materials to the correct cells around the body

Cells need to be able to move these materials into and out of the cellSlide17

Circulatory System

Circulatory System

: organ system responsible for transporting materials to various cells around the body

Consists of the heart, veins, and arteriesDelivers oxygen and nutrients (food) to the cells for energy production

Delivers carbon dioxide to cells in the lungs to be released during exhalingSlide18

Circulatory SystemSlide19

Cellular Transport

Cellular Transport

: the movement of materials (water or nutrients) across the cell membrane either into or out of the cell

The cell membrane is selectively permeable This means that certain materials are allowed to pass through the cell membrane while other materials are notSlide20

Cellular Transport

Some cellular transport requires energy (active transport) and some does not require energy (passive transport)

4 basic types of cellular transport

Diffusion (passive)Osmosis (passive)

Endocytosis (active)

Exocytosis (active)Slide21

Diffusion

Diffusion

: random movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentrationSlide22

Diffusion

Movement of molecules continues until the concentration of molecules is equal on each side of the cell membrane

This is known as equilibrium

Oxygen enters the cell via diffusionCarbon dioxide leaves the cell via diffusionSlide23

Osmosis

Osmosis

: the diffusion of water across the cell membrane

Continues until equilibrium is reachedConcentration of water inside of the cell membrane is equal to the concentration of water outside of the cell membraneSlide24

Endocytosis

Endocytosis

: process by which cells absorb materials by surrounding them with their cell membrane

Happens with materials that are too large to pass through the cell membrane

Outside of cell

Inside of cellSlide25

Exocytosis

Exocytosis

: process by which cells release materials too large to normally pass through the cell membrane

Outside of cell

Inside of cellSlide26

5 Functions Necessary for Life

Movement/locomotion

Ability to respond to environment

Stimulus and response

Cat hears the sound of the can opener (stimulus) and comes running for food (response)

Use energy

All cellular functions require energy

Growth and

development

Grow in size

Develop new characteristics over their lives (ability to walk)

Ability to reproduce

Replace individuals who die