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Comparative Comparative

Comparative - PowerPoint Presentation

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Comparative - PPT Presentation

Literature Comparative literature can be simply defined as the study of texts across cultures Its said to be interdisciplinary Its concerned with patterns of connection in literatures across both time and space ID: 189707

comparative literature study french literature comparative french study culture english lit literatures comparatist studies term schools edward writers bet cultural simply discipline

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Slide1

Comparative Literature/Slide2

Comparative literature can be simply defined as the study of texts across cultures.

It’s said to be interdisciplinary.

It’s concerned with patterns of connection in literatures across both time and space.

DefinitionSlide3

Tracing, for example, Shakespeare’s source materials through Latin or Spanish ones.

Borrowing from other writers

Source StudiesSlide4

In 1816, a series of French anthologies entitled

cours

de litterature comparee

used for teaching literature were published.

From that time and on, comparative literature carried this name.

In 1857, Matthew Arnold mentioned the term in the plural form “ comparative literatures” in a lecture at Oxford.1854, the term first appeared in Germany when it was mentioned in a book by Moriz Carriere.

Appearance of the TermSlide5

It has been clearly debatable whether comparative literature is a discipline or is it simply a field of study. (

crises of CL

) Rene Wellek

In her book,

Bassnett

frankly mentions that comparative lit. is a field of study.

According to Croce, it is neither a subject nor a separate discipline. A discipline or a field of study ?Slide6

From his point of view, comparative literature is a process since he considered it as a process of exploring alterations and developments of literary ideas across literatures. Slide7

There are some nice definitions of the comparatist:

While art is generally thought of as an instrument of universal harmony, the comparatist is simply the one who is responsible for disseminating that harmony.

comparatively speaking, the comparatist resembles an “international ambassador working on the comparative literatures of united nations.”

Who is the comparatist?Slide8

Harry Levin complained that we spend far too much of our energy talking about the theory and not enough in comparing the literature’

In the late 1970s new programmes in CL began to emerge in China, Japan and other Asian countries

.

Theory or PracticeSlide9

In India, comparative literature has been “used to assert the national cultural identity.”

A shift of perspective took place there.

While it used to start with Western literature and then look outwards, nowadays comparative literature especially in India is following a completely opposite method: starting with India’s own literature then looking outwards.

Comparative Literature and NationalismSlide10

English Lit is in Crisis.How should we look at other literatures written in English from all parts of the world (by Africans, or Arabs)

The work of Edward Saied (orientalism) has provided critics with new vision about the Orient and the Other in postcolonial literature.

Terry

EagltonSlide11

How to view Shakespeare or Milton?

Treat him comparatively by comparing his work with reference to Indian culture and literature.

CL declining in the west but rising in the east (in India, Latin America, Africa…)due to rise of nationalism.

Emergence of PCL in 1990 as another name of CL. Slide12

Translate to Arabic (activity) from Stylistics slides

Relationship bet CL and translation studies.

Relationship bet linguistics and semioticsBassnette remarks that KL appears les like a discipline and more like a branch of something else.

Impact of Translation Studies on CLSlide13

First appearance of the term was in France 1816

Germany 1854

England 1848 Mathew ArnoldInfluence studies (influence and imitation)

How to perceive influence: as borrowing or appropriation or theft. (forgery, plagiarism, attribution)

How CL Came into BeingSlide14

Colonial writers usually underestimate the value of other literatures, Africans, Arabs…etc.

How to classify the works of African writers living in England and writing in English..a vexed question…(Altayab Saleh)

Edward Fitzgerald’s attack on Persian Lit. Racist and absurd one in the eyes of our author. This reflects the superiority of western culture which is part of the politics of imperialism

.

The Imperial PerspectiveSlide15

Cultural Colonialism

was also a form of

Cl

where native writers were evaluated negatively in comparison.

Even in Europe itself, French scholars advocate the superiority of French culture and lit. (

Cultural Chauvinism

) Establishment of Chairs of CL France (1897) and in the US at Harvard Un in 1890. A chair of CL at the Un of Colombia for Edward Saied.

Journals of CL were then founded in Europe.

The paradox of early CLSlide16

There has come to be two obviously different

schools of comparative literature:

the French

and

the American

Different SchoolsSlide17

The French school

was too narrow and relied too heavily on factual evidence.

It argued that Comparative literature ought to involve the study of two elements ( two different languages).

Therefore, a study involving French and Germany was acceptable, but one including Beowulf and Paradise Lost was not.

The French CL tended to focus more on the products of the human mind, whereas the German CL were more concerned with the roots or spirit of the nation.

Different SchoolsSlide18

Paul Van

Tiegham

tried to solve the problem of the term by distinguishing bet

cl

, general lit and world lit. he is in favor of the assumption that CL should involve the study of two languages……binary study bet two literatures (restricted approach) linguistic barrier…..

Should we consider authors like Yeats and Shaw as English or Irish….

Wellek attacks the French schools regarding it as a cause of the crisis of CL. Slide19

The American school,

however, was completely different. It was a lot more liberal. Henry

Remak

.

According to it,

anything could be compared with anything else

, regardless even of whether that was literature or not. Interdisciplinary and universal.

Unlike the French one, the American school will even allow you to compare a poem with a song.

Melting pot theory p33

Different SchoolsSlide20

To assert two needs

The need to involve politics in CL

The need to start from home culture ( as a model or center of excellence) and to look outwards.

Post-Colonial Approaches 1960Slide21

Decline of Greek and Latin languages . Spread of English as the new world of commerce and market place.

Names of Dept of

Cl

in the West

Concept of Placing

Ibsen and Chekov in London

The decline of Classical education and the

1990

Rise of EnglishSlide22

Language and Culture

Lit and Culture.

Edward Saied and his famous book

Culture and Imperialism

CL and Cultural Studies 1990sSlide23

Simply speaking, a comparatist is normally expected to

read the two texts to be compared.

highlight the similarities

find out the differences

make clear the idea of influence

What is the comparatist’s job?Slide24

The end