How are disease transmitted Disease Disease Query Go around the room and find someone who knows someone or has ever had one of these diseases Put their initial in the square You can only fill one square ID: 775030
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Slide1
What is the difference between and infectious disease and noninfectious disease?How are disease transmitted ?
Disease
Slide2Disease Query
Go around the room and find someone who knows someone or has ever had one of these diseases.
Put their initial in the square.
You can only fill one square.
Slide3Disease
Infectious
Disease
Noninfectious Disease
Slide4Disease
Any condition that abnormally effects the function of an organism.
Causes include pathogens (germs), environmental, and genetics.
Slide5Noninfectious Diseases
Non-infectious diseases
(also called
Non-communicable diseases
) are those diseases that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be shared from one person to another.
Non-infectious diseases may be caused by either
the environment-
: chemical exposure, carcinogens, air pollution, water pollution, food safety
nutritional deficiencies-
Overnutrition- is frequent overconsumption of food.
Leads to
obesity
.
Malnutrition- when your body does not get enough nutrients
.
lifestyle choices-
diet, exercise, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and stress
genetic inheritances-
inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses.
Slide6Infectious Disease
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
A pathogen is a microorganism that causes a disease such as a virus, bacteria,
protist
or fungi.
Pathogens are transmitted through direct contact and indirect contact with an infected person, an infected animal, a contaminated object or food, water and soil.
A
vector
is an organism that passes a disease to humans.
Slide7How are Pathogens Spread?
The 4 Ways Pathogens Spread:
Infected People
Infected Animals
Contaminated Object
Soil, Food, and Water
Slide8Infected People
Pathogens pass from one person to another person…Directly - Kissing, Shaking Hands, etc. andIndirectly - Sneezing, Coughing, etc.
Slide9Infected Animals
Infected animals can bite a person and pass the pathogen to them.Example: Ticks can transmit Bacteria to humans when they bite, giving the humans Lyme Disease.
Slide10Vectors
Vectors - The hosts or carriers that spread pathogens and disease.Examples: Mosquitos, Ticks, Dogs
Slide11Vector-borne Diseases
Vector-borne Disease
– Any diseases that is spread to humans through direct contact with an infected animal.
Examples: Rabies from a dog bite, Lyme disease from a Tick, Malaria from a Mosquito
Slide12Contaminated Object
Pathogens that can survive outside the body are transferred from infected person, to an object, and then to another person.
Slide13Soil, Food, and Water
Some pathogens occur naturally in the environment and can be transferred to people through soil, food and water.
Examples: Cholera and Dysentary are two deadly diseases that spread through food and water.
Slide14Classwork
Using the links on your desk identify the following diseases as either infectious or noninfectious.
Choose a row or column to complete.
Slide15The Germ Theory
States that specific germs/ pathogens cause specific diseases.
Slide16Protists
Entamoeba histolytica Causes dysentery, a severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach pain, bloody stools, and fever.
Plasmodium, a one-celled parasite transmitted by a mosquito.
Causes malaria, which causes flu-like symptoms and intestinal problems.
Plasmodium
attacking a red blood cell
Slide17Bacteria
Streptococcus BacteriumCauses strep throat, a painful sore throat and fever.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes tuberculosis, a highly contagious respiratory disease.
Slide18Viruses
Orthomyxoviridae – Influenza virusCauses the flu, which is a respiratory infection that often causes the infected person to have a fever, headache, and body aches.
Retroviridae
-
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is a deadly disease that attacks the human immune system.
Slide19What is an Infectious Disease?
Infectious Disease - A disease that is caused by pathogens entering your body.Pathogen - Any organism that causes a disease.
Slide20Pathogens
Major Human Pathogens:ParasitesBacteriaVirusesFungiProtozoans
Slide21How are Pathogens Spread?
The 4 Ways Pathogens Spread:
Infected People
Infected Animals
Contaminated Object
Soil, Food, and Water
Slide22Infected People
Pathogens pass from one person to another person…Directly - Kissing, Shaking Hands, etc. andIndirectly - Sneezing, Coughing, etc.
Slide23Infected Animals
Infected animals can bite a person and pass the pathogen to them.Example: Ticks can transmit Bacteria to humans when they bite, giving the humans Lyme Disease.
Slide24Vectors
Vectors - The hosts or carriers that spread pathogens and disease.Examples: Mosquitos, Ticks, Dogs
Slide25Vector-borne Diseases
Vector-borne Disease
– Any diseases that is spread to humans through direct contact with an infected animal.
Examples: Rabies from a dog bite, Lyme disease from a Tick, Malaria from a Mosquito
Slide26Contaminated Object
Pathogens that can survive outside the body are transferred from infected person, to an object, and then to another person.
Slide27Soil, Food, and Water
Some pathogens occur naturally in the environment and can be transferred to people through soil, food and water.
Examples: Cholera and
Dysentary
are two deadly diseases that spread through food and water.
Slide28Non-Infectious Diseases and your Health
Slide29Brainstorm…
What things affect your health?
In your opinion, what affects your health the most…
Lifestyle choices?
Environmental factors?
Genetics?
Slide30Noninfectious Diseases
Diseases that are not caused by pathogens and not transmitted from person to person. *Also known as Non-communicable diseasesOver history, infectious diseases have decreased, noninfectious have increased.Examples: diabetes, heart disease, cancer
Slide31Causes of Noninfectious Diseases
Lifestyle Choices
: diet, exercise, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and stress
Environmental Factors
: chemical exposure, carcinogens, air pollution, water pollution, food safety
Genetics
: inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses.
Slide32Lifestyle choices
Diet: Eating a healthy diet can reduce the risk of certain diseases.
Slide33Diet (lifestyle choice)
Digestion
is the process that allows your body to get the nutrients and energy it needs from the food you eat.
Overnutrition
- is frequent overconsumption of food.
Leads to
obesity
.
Malnutrition
- when your body does not get enough nutrients.
Slide34Diseases related to Diet and Exercise
Diseases:HypertensionHeart DiseaseType II Diabetes
Causes:
High salt in diet
High Saturated Fat and Cholesterol
Sugary Diet, Excess weight, Inactivity
Slide35Tobacco (lifestyle choice)
Tobacco products contain carcinogens and the addictive substance nicotine.Tobacco use and/or secondhand exposure increases risk of cancer, heart disease, asthma, and emphysema.
Slide36Alcohol (lifestyle choice)
Overuse of alcohol can lead to cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and heart disease.Pregnant women who drink may cause their baby to be born with fetal alcohol syndrome. FAS babies may have mental disabilities, physical deformities, and other birth defects.
Slide37Environmental Factors
Radon gas: lung cancerAir pollution: asthma and cancerWater pollution: cancer and birth defectsUV radiation: skin cancer
Slide38What is Cancer?
Cancer- abnormal cells divide out of control (uncontrolled mitosis)Carcinogens – Chemicals that cause cancer
Slide39Genetics
Genetics play a factor in a person’s susceptibility to certain diseases.This explains why some people can smoke their whole lives and do not get cancer and some people smoke for a year and get cancer. Example: Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a Genetic Mutation in a person’s DNA
Slide40Virus, Bacteria, Fungus and Protists
Essential QuestionsIdentify unique characteristics for each type of microbes.Compare and Contrast these three groups of microbes.
Slide41Viruses
Viruses are a tiny, nonliving particle that enters and then reproduces inside a living cell.A virus is composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat.
Slide42Viruses
Viruses are specific to certain host cells.A bacteriaphage is a virus that infects bacteria.
Slide43Viruses
A virus must infect a host cell in order to use the cells materials to reproduce more viruses.Viruses can cause disease.
Slide44Viruses
Active vs. Hidden virusesActive viruses multiply immediately after injecting its genetic material into the host cell. Example- Influenza virusHidden viruses can wait to multiply even after injecting its genetic material into the host. Example- Cold Sore
Slide45Viruses
Diseases caused by viruses include: Influenza, polio, chicken pox, Ebola, and AIDS Treatments: antiviral medications
Slide46Bacteria
Bacteria are single celled organisms but can form chains or clumps of independent cells.Shapes include rod, sphere, and spiral.They are prokaryotes, the genetic material is not found in a nucleus, but floats freely in the cytoplasm. Bacteria do NOT contain organelles other than ribosome’s.
Slide47Bacteria
Bacteria can reproduce through sexual and asexual reproduction.Asexual- called Binary fission- A cell first duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two identical cells.Sexual- called Conjugation- Bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another bacterium through a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells.
Slide48Bacteria
Bacteria may have simple, single stranded flagella that rotates and allows the bacteria to move.Bacteria can cause disease but are also useful in oxygen and food production, environmental recycling and medicine production.Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacterial cells.
Slide49Bacteria
Examples: :Rabies, Lyme Disease and Leprosy.Treatments: antibiotics such as Penicillin, amoxicillin, or others
Slide50Protists
Most protists are single celled organisms, but some are multi cellular.Protists are eukaryotes; they have a distinct nucleus containing genetic material.Protists have a variety of other organelles including vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.)Protists may contain flagella or cilia that allow the cell to move. Some contain pseudopods which are temporary bulges of the cell used for movement and trap food.
Slide51Protists
Many Protists are carried by a vector, a carrier of a disease that passes it on to a human host ie. mosquito, tick.Diseases caused by Protists include: Malaria (Plasmodia) Amoebic Dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica) Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)
Slide52Protists
There are 3 types of protists:Plantlike forms (Euglena) that get energy through photosynthesis are autotrophes.
Slide53Protists
Animal-like forms (Amoeba and Paramecium) that move through their environment and eat other organisms or decaying parts of other organisms are heterotrophes.
Slide54Protists
Fungus-like (Slime mold) that absorb nutrients from their environment are heterotrophes.
Slide55Types of Pathogens
Describe the characteristics of different types of pathogens.Classify pathogens by their characteristics.
Slide56Viruses
Viruses are a tiny, nonliving particle that enters and then reproduces inside a living cell.A virus is composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat.
Slide57Slide58Viruses
Viruses are specific to certain host cells.A bacteriaphage is a virus that infects bacteria.A virus must infect a host cell in order to use the cells materials to reproduce more viruses.Viruses can cause disease.
Slide59Viruses
Active vs. Hidden virusesActive viruses multiply immediately after injecting its genetic material into the host cell. Example- Influenza virusHidden viruses can wait to multiply even after injecting its genetic material into the host. Example- Cold Sore
Slide60Viruses
Slide61Bacteria
Bacteria are single celled organisms but can form chains or clumps of independent cells.Shapes include rod, sphere, and spiral.They are prokaryotes, the genetic material is not found in a nucleus, but floats freely in the cytoplasm. Bacteria do NOT contain organelles other than ribosome’s.
Slide62Bacteria
Bacteria can reproduce through sexual and asexual reproduction.Asexual- called Binary fission- A cell first duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two identical cells.Sexual- called Conjugation- Bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another bacterium through a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells.
Slide63Bacteria
Bacteria may have simple, single stranded flagella that rotates and allows the bacteria to move.Bacteria can cause disease but are also useful in oxygen and food production, environmental recycling and medicine production.Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacterial cells.
Slide64Protist
Most protists are single celled organisms, but some are multi cellular.Protists are eukaryotes; they have a distinct nucleus containing genetic material.Protists may contain flagella or cilia that allow the cell to move. Some contain pseudopods which are temporary bulges of the cell used for movement and trap food.
Slide65Fungus
Most fungi are eukaryotes, they have a distinct nucleus.They obtain energy from their environment, meaning they are heterotrophes.They live in wet, moist environments.
Slide66Fungus
Reproduction: They reproduce through both sexual and asexual reproduction.Asexual reproduction- similar to mitosis and binary fission certain fungi go through budding or create spores. Sexual reproduction- fungi will exchange DNA and produce spores with the new DNA.
Slide67Fungus
Examples of Fungal infections are ringworm, and Athlete’s foot (Tinea).Treatments include antifungal medications.
Slide68Classwork
PathogenCard #ReasonVirusBacteriaProtist
On page 83 of your notebook:
Slide69Classwork
1. Using the Cards at your desk classify each microorganism based on their description.
Virus
Bacteria
Protist
Slide70Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
Let’s Review
How are infectious diseases spread?
Contaminated people
Contaminated objects
Animals
Soil, water and food
Slide71Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
Your body’s Resistance
The human body resists disease in a variety of ways
Barriers (First Line of Defense)
Your Skin
oils and sweat on the skin help kill pathogens
Pathogen may fall off or be washed off
Pathogen also has to get through a layer of dead skin cells on the surface of the skin
Breathing Passage (Respiratory System)
Nose pharynx, trachea and bronchi contain mucus and cilia
Together the mucus and cilia will trap and remove most pathogens
Slide72Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
Mouth and Stomach
Saliva in your mouth contains destructive chemicals that help destroy pathogens
Stomach-produces acids that can destroy pathogens
The Inflammatory Response (Second line of defense)
When cells in your body get damaged-your body triggers an inflammatory response
White blood cells begin to fight the pathogens
This is the second line of defense and is sometimes referred to as the body’s general defense response
Slide73Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
White Blood Cells (The Disease Fighters)
The type of white blood cell involved in destroying pathogens are called phagocytes
These cells surround and engulf pathogens
Inflammation
During the inflammation process blood vessels
widen in the area of the affected area. This
allows more blood flow to the impacted area.
Slide74Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
More blood flow means more white blood cells can get to the effected area
Fever
Sometimes in the inflammatory process a fever occurs. You may feel bad from a fever this actually helps your body fight the infection.
Slide75Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
The Immune System (Third Line of Defense)
This is a directed attach on specific pathogens
The white blood cells that can distinguish between different pathogens are called lymphocytes
Two types T cells and B cells
T cells-identify and distinguish between pathogens
Each different T cell recognize a different pathogen by identifying that pathogens unique antigen.
Antigens are markers that are specific to each pathogen and have different chemical structures
Think of antigens as different athletic uniforms
Slide76Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, and immunity
B cellsB cells produce proteins that help destroy pathogensThese proteins are called antibodiesAntibodies are specific to a specific pathogenThe antibody and the antigen fit together like puzzle pieces
Slide77Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
Preventing Infectious Diseases
Immunity-the body’s ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease.
Active Immunity
The first time your body is attached by a pathogen your body makes antibodies to that pathogen. All proceeding times your body is attached by that pathogen, the antibodies made the first time are still present and will destroy the pathogen this second time.
Slide78Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
A person acquires active immunity when their own immune system produces antibodies to fight the pathogen.
T cells and B cells keep their “memory” of the first time they fought that pathogen
Active immunity can last for several years and sometimes for life
Vaccination
The second way to acquire active immunity
Vaccination is a way harmless way that antigens are introduced to the body
Slide79Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
The vaccine is the part of the vaccination process that contains the weakened pathogen containing the antigen which triggers the active immune response to produce antibodies to the pathogenAntibiotics (Used for bacterial infections only)Antibiotics are given to fight bacterial infections
Structure of the basic penicillin backbone
Slide80Disease Prevention Your Body’s disease fighting mechanisms and vaccines, immunity
Passive Immunity
This occurs when antibodies are given to a person—the body does not make them.
Passive immunity typically does not last much longer than a few months
Example-rabies vaccines
Slide81Notes: Spread, Treatment, and Prevention of Disease
Slide82What is a disease outbreak?
A disease
outbreak
happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or
region
, or during a
season
.
An outbreak may occur in one
community
or even extend to several
countries
. It can last from days to
years
. Sometimes a
single
case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak. This may be true if it is an
unknown
disease, is new to a community, or has been
absent
from a population for a long time. An outbreak can be considered an
epidemic
or pandemic.
Slide83How do diseases spread?
Infectious diseases
spread
in many ways.
Pathogens
can be found in many places including food,
air
,
water
, surfaces.
Contact with
insects
and other animals
Insects and animals can also carry
organisms
that cause disease.
Ex.
Lyme
Disease is caused by
bacteria
that inhabit ticks.
Rabies, a deadly central
nervous
system infection is caused by a
virus
and is found in the
saliva
of infected animals, such as
bats
, raccoons, etc.
Slide84Person-to-Person Contact
Most of the
illnesses
you have had have probably been passed to you by another
person
.
To avoid giving/receiving pathogens, you should wash your hands.
Slide85What are Carriers and Vectors?
Carriers and vectors can spread
disease
, but generally do not get
sick
themselves.
Carrier
: a person or animal that has a disease and can
pass it on
, but does not show any
symptoms
.
Vector
: an organism (like a mosquito or tick) that
carry
pathogens from one organism to
another
.
Slide86How do we treat and prevent diseases?
Diseases caused by
bacteria
can be treated with medicines that contain
antibiotics
.
The first antibiotics were discovered in
1928
by a scientist named
Flemming
.
Antimicrobial: something that kills
germs
(includes hand sanitizer,
antibiotics
, etc.)
Slide87How do we treat and prevent diseases? (cont.)
Scientists continue efforts to
prevent
and
treat
illness.
Vaccine
: a substance that contains a
weakened
or
killed
pathogen, such as a bacterium or
virus
, that stimulates
antibody
production or cellular
immunity
against the pathogen but cannot cause
severe
infection. Vaccines
prevent
illnesses (not
treat
them!). The use of vaccines has made some diseases nearly
extinct
.
Brainpop
Slide88Antibiotics fight
pathogens
(bacteria), but they can also lead to
changes
in them.
When an antibiotic is used too
often
, bacteria can develop
resistance
, meaning it is no longer
affected
by the antibiotic.
Brainpop
The next time those bacteria
invade
your body, that particular antibiotic will not
stop
the disease.
Slide89What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Epidemic and
pandemic
refer to the spread of
infectious
diseases among a population.
Epidemic: when a disease spreads to a
large
number of people, but remains in a specific,
local
area.
Pandemic: when a disease spreads to
numerous
places around the
world
. A widespread epidemic. In the most extreme case, the entire
global
population would be affected by a pandemic.
Slide90Epidemic vs. Pandemic (cont.)
The terms epidemic and pandemic usually refer to the
rate
of infection, the
area
that is affected or both.
An
epidemic
is defined as an illness or health-related issue that is showing up in
more
cases than would normally be expected. It occurs when an infectious disease spreads
rapidly
to many people. In
2003
, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (
SARS
) epidemic took the lives of nearly
800
people worldwide.
Slide91Epidemic vs. Pandemic
An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people. In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide.
Slide92Epidemic vs. Pandemic
Epidemic and pandemic are similar terms that refer to the spread of infectious diseases among a population.
There are two main differences between epidemic and pandemic:
A
Pandemic
effects a
far higher number
of people than an epidemic.
A
Pandemic
also refers to a much
larger region
being affected. In extreme cases, the entire global population would be affected by a pandemic.
Slide93In the case of a pandemic, even more of the
population
is affected than in an epidemic. A pandemic typically is in a
widespread
area (usually worldwide) rather than being confined to a particular
location
or region and affect global populations. An epidemic is not
worldwide
. For example, malaria can reach
epidemic
levels in regions of
Africa
but is not a threat globally.
Slide94Epidemic vs. Pandemic (cont.)
However, a
flu
strain can begin
locally
(epidemic) but eventually spread
globally
(pandemic). This is not unusual for a
new
virus, because if people have not been
exposed
to the virus before, their immune systems are not ready to
fight
it off, and more people become ill.
Swine flu
started in Mexico city, and it was feared to lead to
epidemic
proportions in North America. Now that the flu has been found in New Zealand, Israel, Scotland and many other
countries
, it has become
pandemic
.
Slide95The 1918
Spanish flu
and the Black Plague are extreme examples of pandemics. Keep in mind, though, that a pandemic doesn't necessarily mean millions of
deaths
—it means a geographically
widespread
epidemic.
Slide96Influenza Pandemics
Influenza
pandemics have occurred more than once. Spanish influenza killed
40-50
million people in
1918
. The Asian influenza killed
2
million people in 1957. The Hong Kong influenza killed
1
million people in 1968.
An influenza
pandemic
occurs when a new
subtype
of
virus
arises. This means humans have little or no
immunity
to it; therefore,
everyone
is at risk. The virus spreads easily from
person
to person, such as through
sneezing
or coughing.
Slide97As it spreads, the virus can begin to cause
serious
illness worldwide. With past flu pandemics, the virus reached all parts of the
globe
within
six
to
nine
months. With the speed of
air
travel today, public health experts believe an influenza pandemic could spread much more
quickly
. A pandemic can occur in
waves
, and all parts of the world may not be affected at the same
time
.
Brainpop
Slide98Extreme Pandemic
The 1918 Spanish flu and the Black Plague are extreme examples of pandemics. Keep in mind, though, that a pandemic doesn't necessarily mean millions of deaths - it means a geographically widespread epidemic.
Slide99Epidemic vs. Pandemic
How can an Epidemic become a Pandemic?
When people travel to different continents they can spread infectious diseases.
Ways it can spread to other continents…
Travel by Airplane
Travel by Boat
Migrating Animals
Slide100Epidemic vs. Pandemic
Keep in mind,
an epidemic is not worldwide
.
For example, Malaria can reach epidemic levels in regions of Africa but is not a threat globally. Whereas a flu strain can begin locally (epidemic) but eventually spread globally (pandemic).