Important Terms. Emerging . infectious disease- . An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. ID: 672785
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Presentations text content in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Slide1
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Slide2
Important Terms
Emerging
infectious disease-
An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
.
Re-emerging infectious disease-
diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming public health problems for a significant proportion of the population.
Infectious
diseases-
are
caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
Zoonotic diseases-
are
infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans.
Slide3
introduction
In developing countries where much of the population lives in conditions of extreme poverty, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death
In the U.S., prevention and control of infectious diseases have been so successful in the past half century that many people view infectious diseases as either a thing of the past or minor illnesses easily treated and cured
(first outbreaks in 1976 and the discovery of the virus in 1977
)
HIV/AIDS
(virus first isolated in 1983
)
Hepatitis
C
(first identified in 1989, now known to be the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis worldwide
)
Influenza
A(H5N1) virus
(well known pathogen in birds but first isolated from humans in 1997
)
Slide8
Examples of emerging infectious diseases
Legionella
pneumophila
(first outbreak in 1976 as Legionnaire disease and since associated with similar outbreaks linked to poorly maintained air conditioning systems)
E
. coli O157:H7
(first detected in 1982, often transmitted through contaminated food, has caused outbreaks of hemolytic uremic syndrome
)
Borrelia
burgdorferi
(first detected in 1982 and identified as the cause of Lyme disease
)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
(first detected in 2003 in Asia
); the first emerging infectious disease of the 21
st
century
Swine Flu Influenza A (H1N1)
(first observed in 2009 in Mexico)
Slide9
ebola
Has a fatality rate of 50-90%
Experts
continue the fight to control the Ebola
haemorrhagic
outbreak in western Uganda. The outbreak, now in its second week, has claimed at least 16 lives out of 53 cases reported. Ebola is caused by one of the most virulent pathogens known to
humankind (WHO, 2012).
No specific treatment or vaccine is yet available for EHF. New drug therapies have shown promising results in laboratory studies and are currently being evaluated. Several vaccines are being tested but it could be several years before any are available.
Slide10
e. Coli 0157:h7
E. coli 0157:H7-
More deadly strain appeared in 1982
passed
from person to person (in
feces
)
contaminated food, contaminated water or other liquid
Raw milk
In 1993 Washington State
Jack –in-the-Box hamburgers
Outbreak killed 4 children and
700 persons became ill
As of March 21, 2012, 58 persons infected with the outbreak strain of
E. coli
O157:H7
(associated with Romaine Lettuce) were
reported from 9 states. The number of ill persons identified in each state was as follows: Arizona (1), Arkansas (2), Illinois (9), Indiana (2), Kansas (2), Kentucky (1), Minnesota (2), Missouri (38), and Nebraska (1). This particular outbreak appears to be over and consumers are not being advised to avoid eating any specific foods at this time.
Slide11
Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases
Unprecedented worldwide population growth, urbanization
Increased international travel
Increased worldwide transport, migration, and relocation of animals and food products
Changes in food processing, handling, and agricultural practices
Changes in human behaviour, technology and industry
Human encroachment on wilderness habitats that are reservoirs for insects and animals that harbour infectious agents
Slide12
Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases
Microbial evolution and the development of resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial
drugs
Changes in ecology and
climate
Modern medicine (e.g. immunosuppression
), human susceptible to infection
Inadequacy of public infrastructure and vaccination
programs
Social unrest and civil
wars
Bioterrorism
Virulence-enhancing mechanism of pathogens (the mobile bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons)
Slide13
Infectious diseases on the rise
Many diseases thought to be adequately controlled appear to be making a “comeback”
In developed countries, public health measures such as sanitation, sewage treatment, vaccination programs, and access to good medical care have virtually eliminated “traditional” diseases such as:
Diptheria
, whooping cough, and tuberculosis
Many of these diseases are becoming a public health problem once again, as immunization programs and other public standards are enforced less vigorously and, as antibiotic resistant pathogens evolve
Slide14
Infectious diseases on the rise
Strains of pneumonia-caused by Staphylococcus
aureus
are resistant to all of the currently available drug treatments
Among the diseases “reemerging” as a consequence of microbial resistance are:
Tuberculosis, and malaria, leading causes of death from infectious diseases worldwide
Slide15
Infectious diseases on the rise
Global spread of AIDS
Resurgence
of tuberculosis
Appearance of new enemies (hantavirus, hepatitis C and E, Ebola virus, Lyme disease, cryptosporidiosis and E. coli O157:H7
Bird
flu which attacks the Southeast Asia
Prion
disease of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Antibiotic
resistance Staphylococcus bacteria
Several
major multistate foodborne
outbreaks
Whooping cough (pertussis)
A
new strain of drug resistance tuberculosis
Slide16
Whooping cough (pertussis)
Whooping cough—or pertussis—is a very serious respiratory (in the lungs and breathing tubes) infection caused by bacteria. It causes violent coughing you can’t stop. Whooping cough is most harmful for young babies and can be deadly.
Among vaccine-preventable diseases, (the
DTaP
vaccine protects against whooping
cough), pertussis
is one of the most commonly occurring ones in the United States.
In
Washington, there have been 3,285 cases reported statewide through
July
28, 2012, compared to 253 reported cases in 2011 during the same
time
period. There were 965 cases reported statewide in 2011 compared
to
608 reported cases in 2010. Visit the Washington State Department of
Health
for the most recent information
.
In 2011 and the start of 2012, an increase in pertussis cases has been reported in Argentina1, Colombia2, Chile3, Canada and the USA,4 with cases predominantly in adolescents and newborns.
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DownloadNote - The PPT/PDF document "Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Dise..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Presentations text content in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Slide2Important Terms
Emerging
infectious disease-
An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
.
Re-emerging infectious disease-
diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming public health problems for a significant proportion of the population.
Infectious
diseases-
are
caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
Zoonotic diseases-
are
infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans.
Slide3introduction
In developing countries where much of the population lives in conditions of extreme poverty, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death
In the U.S., prevention and control of infectious diseases have been so successful in the past half century that many people view infectious diseases as either a thing of the past or minor illnesses easily treated and cured
Slide4http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db115_fig4.png
Slide5http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html
CAUSES OF DEATH IN HIGH- INCOME COUNTRIES (
2012)
Slide6http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html
CAUSES OF DEATH IN LOW-
INCOME
COUNTRIES (
2012)
Slide7Examples of emerging infectious diseases
Ebola
virus
(first outbreaks in 1976 and the discovery of the virus in 1977
)
HIV/AIDS
(virus first isolated in 1983
)
Hepatitis
C
(first identified in 1989, now known to be the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis worldwide
)
Influenza
A(H5N1) virus
(well known pathogen in birds but first isolated from humans in 1997
)
Slide8Examples of emerging infectious diseases
Legionella
pneumophila
(first outbreak in 1976 as Legionnaire disease and since associated with similar outbreaks linked to poorly maintained air conditioning systems)
E
. coli O157:H7
(first detected in 1982, often transmitted through contaminated food, has caused outbreaks of hemolytic uremic syndrome
)
Borrelia
burgdorferi
(first detected in 1982 and identified as the cause of Lyme disease
)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
(first detected in 2003 in Asia
); the first emerging infectious disease of the 21
st
century
Swine Flu Influenza A (H1N1)
(first observed in 2009 in Mexico)
Slide9ebola
Has a fatality rate of 50-90%
Experts
continue the fight to control the Ebola
haemorrhagic
outbreak in western Uganda. The outbreak, now in its second week, has claimed at least 16 lives out of 53 cases reported. Ebola is caused by one of the most virulent pathogens known to
humankind (WHO, 2012).
No specific treatment or vaccine is yet available for EHF. New drug therapies have shown promising results in laboratory studies and are currently being evaluated. Several vaccines are being tested but it could be several years before any are available.
Slide10e. Coli 0157:h7
E. coli 0157:H7-
More deadly strain appeared in 1982
passed
from person to person (in
feces
)
contaminated food, contaminated water or other liquid
Raw milk
In 1993 Washington State
Jack –in-the-Box hamburgers
Outbreak killed 4 children and
700 persons became ill
As of March 21, 2012, 58 persons infected with the outbreak strain of
E. coli
O157:H7
(associated with Romaine Lettuce) were
reported from 9 states. The number of ill persons identified in each state was as follows: Arizona (1), Arkansas (2), Illinois (9), Indiana (2), Kansas (2), Kentucky (1), Minnesota (2), Missouri (38), and Nebraska (1). This particular outbreak appears to be over and consumers are not being advised to avoid eating any specific foods at this time.
Slide11Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases
Unprecedented worldwide population growth, urbanization
Increased international travel
Increased worldwide transport, migration, and relocation of animals and food products
Changes in food processing, handling, and agricultural practices
Changes in human behaviour, technology and industry
Human encroachment on wilderness habitats that are reservoirs for insects and animals that harbour infectious agents
Slide12Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases
Microbial evolution and the development of resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial
drugs
Changes in ecology and
climate
Modern medicine (e.g. immunosuppression
), human susceptible to infection
Inadequacy of public infrastructure and vaccination
programs
Social unrest and civil
wars
Bioterrorism
Virulence-enhancing mechanism of pathogens (the mobile bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons)
Slide13Infectious diseases on the rise
Many diseases thought to be adequately controlled appear to be making a “comeback”
In developed countries, public health measures such as sanitation, sewage treatment, vaccination programs, and access to good medical care have virtually eliminated “traditional” diseases such as:
Diptheria
, whooping cough, and tuberculosis
Many of these diseases are becoming a public health problem once again, as immunization programs and other public standards are enforced less vigorously and, as antibiotic resistant pathogens evolve
Slide14Infectious diseases on the rise
Strains of pneumonia-caused by Staphylococcus
aureus
are resistant to all of the currently available drug treatments
Among the diseases “reemerging” as a consequence of microbial resistance are:
Tuberculosis, and malaria, leading causes of death from infectious diseases worldwide
Slide15Infectious diseases on the rise
Global spread of AIDS
Resurgence
of tuberculosis
Appearance of new enemies (hantavirus, hepatitis C and E, Ebola virus, Lyme disease, cryptosporidiosis and E. coli O157:H7
Bird
flu which attacks the Southeast Asia
Prion
disease of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Antibiotic
resistance Staphylococcus bacteria
Several
major multistate foodborne
outbreaks
Whooping cough (pertussis)
A
new strain of drug resistance tuberculosis
Slide16Whooping cough (pertussis)
Whooping cough—or pertussis—is a very serious respiratory (in the lungs and breathing tubes) infection caused by bacteria. It causes violent coughing you can’t stop. Whooping cough is most harmful for young babies and can be deadly.
Among vaccine-preventable diseases, (the
DTaP
vaccine protects against whooping
cough), pertussis
is one of the most commonly occurring ones in the United States.
In
Washington, there have been 3,285 cases reported statewide through
July
28, 2012, compared to 253 reported cases in 2011 during the same
time
period. There were 965 cases reported statewide in 2011 compared
to
608 reported cases in 2010. Visit the Washington State Department of
Health
for the most recent information
.
In 2011 and the start of 2012, an increase in pertussis cases has been reported in Argentina1, Colombia2, Chile3, Canada and the USA,4 with cases predominantly in adolescents and newborns.
Slide17Key Tasks in Dealing with Emerging Diseases
Surveillance at national, regional, global
level
epidemiological
laboratory
ecological
anthropological
Investigation and early control measures
Implement prevention measures
behavioural, political, environmental
Monitoring, evaluation
Slide18Possible Solutions
Public health surveillance & response systems
Rapidly detect unusual, unexpected, unexplained disease patterns
Track & exchange information in real time
Response effort that can quickly become globalContain transmission swiftly & decisively
Slide19Questions??