Grade Health Mrs Eggler Infectious Diseases AKA Communicable Diseases Infectious Diseases caused by organisms that are so small you need a microscope to see them Microorganisms are the organisms that are so small you need a microscope to see them ID: 935806
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Slide1
Infectious Diseases
9th Grade HealthMrs. Eggler
Slide2Infectious Diseases
A.K.A., Communicable DiseasesInfectious Diseases caused by organisms that are so small you need a microscope to see them.Microorganisms are the organisms that are so small you need a microscope to see them.
Pathogens
microorganisms and viruses that cause disease.
Pathogens can cause an infectious disease when they enter your body and multiply
.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xi2Nc1UicQ
Slide3Infectious Diseases
4. Types of microorganisms and viruses.Bacteria simple, single-celled microorganisms 1). live in air, soil, food, and in and on the bodies of plants and animals. 2
). most are not
pathogens.
https
://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxM_9DL2GYw
Slide4Infectious Diseases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qO6FyfoAtYAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QQvhFPZedM3) some
bacteria injure cells by giving off poisons called toxins
.
a). some in food cause food
poisoning.
b
). some in soil cause tetanus.
(2). Can grow inside deep wounds.
(1).
Damages the nervous system causing uncontrollable muscle contractions, paralysis, and even death
.
Slide5Viruses
Smallest of all pathogens and are 100 times smaller than bacteria.1). Virus must enter a living cell to multiply.2). Different viruses invade different region of the body.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ
Slide6Fungi
Organisms such as yeast, molds, and mushrooms.1). Grow best in warm, dark, moist places.2). Examples: athletes foot and ringworm.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWy_61LyWbE
Slide7Protozoan
Single-celled organisms that are much larger and more complex than bacteria.1). Move through fluids in search of food.2). Examples: Malaria caused by protozoan that infects red blood cells.
Amebic
Dysentery
stomach
pains and diarrhea
.
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dGzPStaBVs
Slide8Other Pathogens
Mites, lice, and certain wormsExample: trichina worm in muscle tissue of animals like pigs
Slide9How Pathogens Spread
Can be spread through contact with an infected person, an infected animal, contaminated object, or contaminated food, soil or water.1. Infected people – many infectious diseases are spread through direct contact with a person who has the disease.
a
. Infectious disease can also be
spread through
indirect
contact
(
i.e.,cough
or
sneeze)
Slide10How Pathogens Spread
2. Infected animals – can be spread by bites of infected animals. a. Rabies a deadly disease of the nervous system. b. Malaria
from
mosquito bites.
c.
Lyme Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
spread
through tick bites.
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=RACjltHrQUM
Slide11How Pathogens
Spread3. Contaminated objects – some pathogens can survive for a period of time outside a person’s body. a. Can be spread while on door knobs, needles, towels, eating utensils.4. Contaminated food, soil, and water. a. Some pathogens are naturally present in food and soil.
Slide12How Pathogens Spread
Tetanusfound in soil
Cholera
contaminated drinking water
-Causes
severe diarrhea
.
-Common after floods/earthquakes
.
Examples:
Salmonella bacteria
live in poultry and eggs, and causes food poisoning
E. coli
lives in beef.
Botulism
In properly processed canned foods.
Slide13Defense Against Disease
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYCELyq7NtoPhysical and chemical barriers – the body’s
1
st
line
of defense against infectious disease that prevent pathogens entering the body
Skin – both physical and chemical barriers
.
Slide14Defense Against Disease
cont’Surface cells – hard and have no gaps.Acid in sweat also kills bacteria.Mucous MembranesOpenings into your body such as mouth, eyes, and nose are covered by protective linings.
Secrete liquid called mucus which trap pathogens and wash them away.
Cilia – tiny hair-like structures that line mucous membranes.
Saliva and tears – traps pathogens.
Also contains chemical to attack pathogens.
Slide15Defense Against Disease cont
’Digestive System1. Acids in your stomach kill many pathogens.2. Food also moves through the system which also eliminates pathogens.
4.
Bacteria
that normally live in your stomach also kill pathogens.
Slide16Defense Against Disease
cont’Inflammation – 2nd line of defense and is your body’s general response to all kinds of injury from cuts and scrapes to internal damage.
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQZ33X7IGxY
Slide17Defense Against Disease
cont’Phagocytes – white blood cells that leak out of enlarged vessels within seconds after your body is injured.Surrounds and destroys the pathogens.The infected area becomes red, swollen, and sore – inflamed.Healing – fluids, phagocytes, and dead cells that accumulate at the injury site often form a thick, white liquid called puss.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4a9xJ-KvoE
Slide18Defense Against Disease
cont’ The immune system – 3rd and last line, and the most sophisticated line of defense.
1. The Immune Response – when a pathogen enters your body for the first time it often causes disease.
a. It will build up its arsenal of weapons against the new pathogen.
1). Process takes time while the pathogen is multiplying and causing disease.
2). Once the immune system builds up its arsenal it will kill the pathogens and your body will gradually recover. You are immune to the disease
.
Slide19Defense Against Disease
cont’Lymphocytes – white blood cells that carry out most of the immune systems function.If the same pathogen enters your body again, your immune system will quickly recognize it and launch an immediate attack.
Slide20Immune System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw27_jMWw10Immunity – your body’s ability to destroy pathogens that it has previously encountered before it can get you sick.There
are
2
types
of lymphocytes:
T-Cells
&
B-Cells
.
Slide21Immune System cont
’T-Cells1. Killer T-Cells – destroy any body cell that has been infected.2. Helper T-Cells
– produce chemicals that stimulate other T-cells and
B-Cells
to fight off infection.
3.
Suppressor
T-Cells
– produce chemicals that “turn off” other immune system cells when infection is under control.
Slide22Immune System
(B-Cells – produce antibodiesAntibodies – proteins that attach to the surface of pathogens or to toxins that are produced by pathogens.Keeps the pathogen or toxin from hurting the body.Once
infection is overcome, B-Cells stop producing antibodies, but do not “forget” how to produce them.
Slide23Lymphatic System
A network of vessels that collect fluid from your tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. Fluid flowing through the system is called lymph.System includes lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland
Slide24Lymphatic System
Main Functions . . .Fluid BalanceFat AbsorptionDefense
Slide25Lymphatic System
Differs from the circulatory system (circulates fluid to and from tissues) this system carries fluid in one directionLymphatic fluid is carried by lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic capillaries: tiny closed-ended vesselsMore permeable than blood capillaries
Slide26Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity – acquired by receiving antibodies from a source other than one’s own immune system.a. Temporary, not long lasting.b. Babies receive antibodies from mother.c. Can also be artificially acquired.
1). Rabies shot if bitten by a dog with rabies.
Slide27Active Immunity
Active Immunity – results from either having the disease or from receiving a vaccine.Immunizations – injections to protect you from infectious disease.Vaccine – the substance in an injected.
Vaccine
causes the body to produce antibodies against a pathogen.
Slide28Common Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Diseases1. Strep Throat – Streptococcus bacterium causes sore throat.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upkBSCXhXE4Usually
found in the nose and throat.
Spread
by contact with mucus of an infected person
Symptoms
: sore throat, swollen lymph nodes on the side of the neck, headache, and fever
.
Slide29Common Infectious Diseases
cont’Lyme Disease – bite from an infected tick.Symptoms – red rash at site of bite, fever, chills, and body aches.Protection
– in the woods wear
long sleeved shirts and long pants
, and tuck your pants into your socks
.
Slide30Common Infectious
Diseases cont’3. Bacterial Meningitis – infection of fluid in the spinal cord, and the fluid that surround the brain.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JEIuRFGlow
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ivt7JkGATFU
Symptoms
– high fever, headache, vomiting, and a stiff neck.
Two
types of meningitis – Bacterial and viral.
Bacterial
– more serious than viral.
Early
treatment critical to prevent serious illness and death
.
Slide31Common Infectious Diseases cont
’Tuberculosis (TB) – highly contagious infection of the lung.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBdC9H00BHYTransmitted by droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze.Symptoms
– fatigue, weight loss, mild fever, and constant cough.
May
take years to show up.
2
million people die each year from TB.
Slide32Common Infectious Diseases
Treating Bacterial Disease . . . Antibiotics – a drug that inhibits or kills bacteria.Given by prescription
Slide33Viral Diseases
Includes the common cold, influenza, pneumonia, and hepatitis.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHp6iYDi9kohttps://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=zh7S5_Kx2wg
Common
Cold – group of symptoms that are caused by a number of different viruses.
1-2
days after
exposure: sneezing
, sore throat, runny nose, coughing, chest congestion, fever, headaches, and muscle aches.
Usually lasts 3-7 days.
Influenza (Flu) – common viral infection of upper respiratory system.
Similar to common cold but more serious.
Slide34Viral Diseases
Pneumonia – people who are elderly, have heart disease, or breathing problems and get the flu, pneumonia could develop.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hat0_VDQACAVery serious infection of the lungs
Can
be caused by various bacteria or even fungi
.
Slide35Viral Disease
cont’Hepatitis – group of viruses that affect the liver(Inflammation of the Liver)
Symptoms
– fever, nausea, pain in the abdomen and jaundice or yellowing of the skin.
Most
common types are A, B, and
C.
Slide36Viral Disease
cont’Hepatitis A Transmitted in human waste and contaminated water and food.
Vaccine is available.
Takes
several weeks to recover
.
Hepatitis B
“More
serious” – transmitted in blood or during sexual contact, tattooing, or body piercing
Hepatitis C
Also
more serious than A – can be transmitted in blood, during sexual contact, or during tattooing or piercing.
#1 reason for liver transplants in the United
States
Slide37Treating Viral Diseases
In most cases, there is no medicine to cure a viral infectionBest treatments –rest, well balanced diet, and fluidsPrescription –can treat symptoms but does not cure infection
Slide38Getting & Staying Healthy
When to seek medical care:1. Extreme sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, or temperature of 1010 F that lasts for more than two days.2. Thick or yellowish green mucus from nose or throat.3. Difficulty breathing or severe pain anywhere.
4. Cut
, scrap, or sore that does not seem to be healing.
5. An
illness that last longer than usual.
Slide39Preventing infectious disease
Make sure that your immunizations are currentAvoid contact with pathogens
Slide40Healthy Behavior
1. Wash hands several times a day.2. Do not share items such as towels, eating utensils, cups, or hair brush.3. Cook and store food properly.4. Avoid contact with ill people.5. Stay
at home when sick.
6. Manage
stress.
7. Eat
well balanced meals.
8. Avoid
unhealthy substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs.
Slide41Emerging Infectious Diseases
An infectious disease that has become increasingly common in humans within the last 20 years or threatens to become more common in the near future.
Slide42Epidemic
An unusually high occurrence of a disease in a certain place during a certain time period.
Slide43Pandemic
When an epidemic affects many areas of the world at the same time as it did during the 1918 Flu Epidemic.
Slide44Why do Diseases Emerge?
Diseases emerge when humans come into contact with infected animals.Pathogens become resistance to existing drugs.Some diseases are caused by pathogens that can multiply, or change over time.People lack appropriate immunizations
Increased
frequency of international travel and global food supply can enable diseases to spread quickly
.