Infectious Diseases - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Infectious Diseases

Unit 5Slide2

5.1 Key Terms & Essential Questions

Antibody

Aseptic Technique

Bacillus

BacteriaB Lymphocyte (B Cell) CoccusContagiousFungusGram StainHelminthesImmunity InfectionMicrobiologyPhagocytePrionProtozoanSpirillumT Lymphocyte (T Cells) TransmissionVirus

How are infectious diseases spread through a population?

What is aseptic technique?

How can an unknown sample of bacteria be identified?

How does the immune system function to protect the human body from foreign invaders?Slide3

Infectious diseases

C

aused

by the entrance and reproduction of an infectious agent in a

bodyBacteria or virusThe medical examiner who performed Anna Garcia’s autopsy pulled copies of Anna’s medical records before proceeding with the autopsy. Interestingly, the medical examiner discovered that Anna had been hospitalized just ten days prior to her death for a sickle cell crisis and subsequently was treated for an infection that was most likely acquired during her hospital stay. The medical examiner then noted that a page of the medical history is missing. Throughout this lesson, YOU will play the role of medical detectives in order to investigate Anna’s mystery infection. Ultimately, YOU will need to identify the exact pathogen, or infectious agent, responsible for Anna’s illness. Slide4

Influenza Outbreak (1918-1919)

Death and Devastation

Deadliest in modern history

More died from the flu than from World War I

More than 25% of the U.S. population became sick675,000 Americans died during the pandemicAll age groups were affected, not just the young and elderlySlide5

Spread of the Disease

F

irst

observed in Europe, the U.S. and parts of Asia

Swiftly spread around the worldHighest impact was along shipping and trade routesSpread quickly due to worldwide travel of troops returning from WW1Estimates put the worldwide death toll at 21,642,274Slide6

Cause of Death

E

xtensive hemorrhaging in the lungs

Patients literally drowned in fluids

Researchers later discovered what made the pandemic so deadlyIn many victims, the influenza virus had invaded their lungs and caused pneumoniaSlide7

Prevention

Quarantine of infected individuals

Mandatory use of face masks by all individuals when out in publicSlide8

Public Service Announcements:

An important part of preventionSlide9

Public Service Announcements:

An important part of preventionSlide10

How are the diseases spread

?

From person-to-person

P

otential to become epidemics. Flu, colds, measles, small pox, and the plagueFrom animal-to-personZoonoticRabies, brucellosis (also known as undulant fever), staphylcoccosis, and streptococcosis. Through contaminated food, soil, water, or other materialBy disease vectors including:MosquitoesFleasTicksSlide11

How are people infected?

Contact

with infected body fluids.

Mucous from a cough or

sneeze, blood, fecesAir, water, or food borne infectious agentContaminated surfaceDoor knobTelephoneSlide12

Long term effects of

infection

Bacterial

and viral infections can damage the heart

tissueViral infections can cause nerve damagesuspected as a factor in the development of chronic neuromuscular syndromes includingMultiple sclerosisFibromyalgiaChronic Fatigue SyndromeBoth can lead to deathSlide13

5.1.1

Contagious: Are you patient zero? Slide14

5.1.2: Infectious Disease Agents

B

egin

your detective work by exploring the different types of pathogens as well as examining specific examples of each type in order to identify what is plaguing

AnnabacteriavirusesfungiprotozoahelminthesprionsInvestigate a variety of diseases caused by infectious agents and use this information to determine the tests you will need to perform in the subsequent activities to fill in the missing pieces from Anna’s medical historySlide15

What are Viruses?

Non-living particles that infect cells and cause disease

Requires antivirals, antibiotics have no effect

Very specific

Must be able to attach to a cell to infect itContain genetic material that mutateCauses a change in the characteristics of the virusAllowing the virus to attach to new types of cellsSlide16

Living Things

Viruses

Use and need energy

They don’t use neither need energy

The have a life span They don’t have life spanThey grow They don’t' grow They reproduce REPLICATION, not reproduction (inside another organism) They develop They don’t develop They are organize They aren’t organized They are made up of cells They are made up normally from a genetic material and a capsidThey adapt to the environment They adapt to the environment

Viruses are not ALIVE!!!Slide17

How Viruses Work

NPR videoSlide18

What are bacteria?

All are unicellular

All

are prokaryotic - cells that lack nucleus (no nuclear envelope) (PRO = NO

nucleus)All have cell walls Reproduce via fission or buddingCan live in both aerobic (with O2) and anaerobic (without O2) environmentsMuch larger than virusesUsually have one of three different cell shapes: coccus, sprillum, baciliSlide19

Cell Membrane

Cell

Wall

Genetic Material

FlagellaCytoplasmEndosymbiotic theorySlide20

Coccus

(Sphere-shaped)

Ex: Streptococcus

Bacilli

(rod-shaped)Ex: LactobacillusSpirillum(Spiral-shaped)Ex: SpirilliumSlide21

coccus

bacillus

spirillum

coccus

spirillumbacillusWhat shape?Slide22

5.1.2: Infectious Disease Agents

:

Type of Infectious Agent

Disease Examples

Modes of TransmissionDoes the Agent Require a Host for Reproduction?How the Agent is TreatedBacteria     Viruses     Fungus 

Protozoa

Helminthes

Prions

 Slide23

Tuberculosis (TB)

Type of Infectious Agent

Bacteria

Name of Infectious Agent

Mycobacterium tuberculosisSymptoms of DiseaseThe symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the bacteria are growing. Usually, TB bacteria grow in the lungs where they cause a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer, pain in the chest, and coughing up blood or the phlegm from deep inside the lungs. Other symptoms include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, no appetite, chills, fever, and sweating at night.

Diagnosis of Disease

Skin test, blood test, chest X-ray, and sputum culture.

Transmission of Disease

TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.

Treatment of Disease

Antibiotic treatment with isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), or

rifapentine

(RPT).

Disease CardsSlide24

Strep Throat

Type of Infectious Agent

Bacteria

Name of Infectious Agent

Streptococcus pyogenesSymptoms of DiseaseGeneral symptoms include throat pain, difficulty swallowing, red and swollen tonsils that often have white patches or streaks of pus on them, tiny red spots on the soft or hard palate, swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck, fever, headache, rash, and fatigue.Diagnosis of Disease

Throat culture, rapid antigen test, and/or rapid DNA test.

Transmission of Disease

Streptococcal bacteria are highly contagious. They can spread through airborne droplets when someone with the infection coughs or sneezes, or through shared food or drinks. You can also pick up the bacteria from a doorknob or other surface and transfer them to your nose or mouth.

Treatment of Disease

Oral antibiotic treatment with penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, or azithromycin.Slide25

Syphilis

Type of Infectious Agent

Bacteria

Name of Infectious Agent

Treponema pallidumSymptoms of DiseasePrimary syphilis – small sore on genitalsSecondary syphilis – Rash that begins on trunk and covers entire body and may be accompanied by wart-like sores in the mouth or gential area. Muscle aches, fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes are also common.Latent syphilis – No symptomsTertiary or late syphilis – Brain, nerve, eye, heart, blood vessel, liver, bone, and joint damage.

Diagnosis of Disease

Blood test for presence of antibodies, fluid culture from sores, or spinal tap.

Transmission of Disease

Spread through contact with an infected person's sore during sexual activity. The bacteria enter your body through minor cuts or abrasions in your skin or mucous membranes. Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages, and sometimes in the early latent period. It is also spread through direct unprotected close contact with an active lesion or through an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth.

Treatment of Disease

Antibiotic treatment with penicillin.Slide26

Giardiasis

Type of Infectious Agent

Protozoa

Name of Infectious Agent

Giardia lamblia parasiteSymptoms of DiseaseA gastrointestinal disease with water, sometimes foul-smelling diarrhea that may alternate with soft, greasy stools, fatigue, abdominal cramps and bloating, belching gas with a bad taste, nausea, and weight loss.Diagnosis of Disease

The infection is diagnosed with a stool sample.

Transmission of Disease

Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Before the microscopic parasites are passed in stool, they become encased within hard shells called cysts, which allows them to survive outside the intestines for months. Once inside a host, the cysts dissolve and the parasites are released. Infection occurs when you accidentally ingest the parasites. This can occur by swallowing contaminated water, by eating contaminated food, or through person-to-person contact.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of medications specific to giardia infection (including metronidazole,

tinidazole

,

nitazoxanide

, and

paromomycin

).Slide27

Malaria

Type of Infectious Agent

Protozoa

Name of Infectious Agent

Plasmodium parasiteSymptoms of DiseaseMalaria causes damage to red blood cells which can cause serious and sometimes fatal complications. The disease is characterized by recurrent attacks with moderate to severe shaking chills, high fever, profuse sweating as the body temperature falls, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.Diagnosis of Disease

Blood test for the parasite.

Transmission of Disease

Microscopic parasites transmit the disease from person to person. A mosquito becomes infected by feeding on a person who has malaria and then transmits the malaria parasites to the next person the mosquito bites. Malaria can also be transmitted from mother to unborn child, through infected blood transfusions, and by sharing infected needles.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of antimalarial drugs.Slide28

Cryptosporidiosis

Type of Infectious Agent

Protozoa

Name of Infectious Agent

Cryptosporidium parvum parasiteSymptoms of DiseaseA gastrointestinal disease whose symptoms include watery diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, stomach cramps or pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting.Diagnosis of Disease

The infection can be diagnosed with an acid-staining test which identifies cryptosporidium under the microscope or a stool culture.

Transmission of Disease

The infection begins when you ingest the parasite which then travels to your intestinal tract and settles into the walls of your intestines. You can become infected with cryptosporidium by touching anything that has come in contact with contaminated feces. Methods of infection include swallowing or putting something contaminated in your mouth, drinking contaminated water, swimming in contaminated water and accidentally swallowing some of it, touching your hand to your mouth if you had comes into contact with a contaminated surface, or having close contact with other infected people or animals.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of anti-parasitic drug, anti-motility agents to slow down the movements of the intestines, and fluid replacement therapy.Slide29

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

Type of Infectious Agent

Prion

Name of Infectious Agent

CJD PrionSymptoms of DiseaseCJD is marked by rapid mental deterioration, usually within a few months. Initial signs and symptoms typically include personality changes, anxiety, depression, memory loss, impaired thinking, blurred vision, insomnia, difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, and sudden jerky movements. As the disease progresses, mental symptoms worsen and people eventually lapse into a coma.Diagnosis of Disease

Doctors commonly use an EEG, MRI, spinal fluid tests, and/or tonsil biopsies to diagnose the disease.

Transmission of Disease

CJD disease is caused by an abnormal version of a kind of protein called a prion. Normally the proteins are harmless, but when they’re misshapen they become infectious and can cause major problems on normal biological processes. Most people with CJD develop the disease for no apparent reason, but others who develop the disease have a family history of the disease or test positive for a genetic mutation associated with CJF. A small number of people have developed CJD after being exposed to infected human tissue during a medical procedure. This happens because standard sterilization methods do not destroy abnormal prions.

Treatment of Disease

No effective treatment exists for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or any of its variants.Slide30

Ascariasis

Type of Infectious Agent

Helminth

Name of Infectious Agent

Ascariasis wormSymptoms of DiseaseAfter the ascariasis eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines and sometimes migrate through the bloodstream or lymphatic system into the lungs. An intestinal infection can cause abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or blood stools, and/or fatigue. A lung infection can cause persistent cough, shortness of breath, and/or wheezing.

Diagnosis of Disease

Infection is identified by stool tests, blood tests, and/or imaging tests.

Transmission of Disease

A person must come into contact with soil mixed with human feces that contains ascariasis eggs.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of anti-parasite medications.Slide31

Trichinosis

Type of Infectious Agent

Helminth

Name of Infectious Agent

Trichinella roundwormSymptoms of DiseaseWhen a person swallows trichinella larvae encased in a cyst, the digestive juices dissolve the cyst, releasing the parasite into the body. The larvae then penetrate the intestine, where they mature into adult worms and mate. At this stage, symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and malaise. Later the adult female worms produce larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall, enter the bloodstream, and burrow into muscle or other tissue. This causes high fever, muscle pain and tenderness, swelling of the eyelids or face, weakness, headache, and sensitivity to light.

Diagnosis of Disease

Initial diagnosis relies on physical examination of the classic signs and symptoms, blood samples, and a muscle biopsy.

Transmission of Disease

People get trichinosis when they eat undercooked meat — such as pork, bear, walrus, or horse — that is infected with the immature form (larvae) of the trichinella roundworm.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of anti-parasite (anti-helminthic) medication.Slide32

Tapeworm

Type of Infectious Agent

Helminth

Name of Infectious Agent

TapewormSymptoms of DiseaseIntestinal infections cause nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss and inadequate absorption of nutrients from food. Invasive infections result in fever, cystic masses or lumps, allergic reactions to the larvae, bacterial infections, and neurological symptoms including seizures.Diagnosis of Disease

Stool sample analysis, blood test, and/or imaging exam.

Transmission of Disease

Consumption of food or water contaminated with feces from a person or animal with tapeworm or ingestion of larvae cysts in meat or muscle tissue of an animal with a tapeworm infection.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of oral medications that are toxic to the adult tapeworm (including

praziquantel

,

albendazole

, and

nitazoxanide

).Slide33

Common Cold

Type of Infectious Agent

Virus

Name of Infectious Agent

RhinovirusSymptoms of DiseaseSymptoms include: runny or stuffy nose, itchy or sore throat, cough, congestion, slight body aches or a mild headache, sneezing, watery eyes, a low-grade fever, and mild fatigue.Diagnosis of Disease

Physical examination.

Transmission of Disease

The virus enters your body through your mouth or nose. The virus can spread through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes, or talks. But it also spreads by hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold or by using shared objects, such as utensils, towels, toys, or telephones. If you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth after such contact or exposure, you're likely to "catch" a cold.

Treatment of Disease

There is no cure for the common cold. Over-the-counter cold treatments do not treat the cold but can sometimes relieve symptoms. These include pain relievers, decongestants, and cough syrups.Slide34

Flu

Type of Infectious Agent

Virus

Name of Infectious Agent

InfluenzaSymptoms of DiseaseSymptoms include fever, aching muscles (especially in the back, arms, and legs), chills and sweats, headache, dry cough, fatigue and weakness, and nasal congestion.Diagnosis of Disease

Physical examination.

Transmission of Disease

Flu viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly, or you can pick up the germs from an object — such as a telephone or computer keyboard — and then transfer them to your eyes, nose, or mouth.

Treatment of Disease

Bed rest and hydration is usually the only treatment needed. Antiviral medications can be prescribed if taken soon after symptoms begin. These drugs may shorten the illness by a day or so and help prevent serious complications.Slide35

Rotavirus

Type of Infectious Agent

Virus

Name of Infectious Agent

RotavirusSymptoms of DiseaseSymptoms begin with a fever, followed by three to eight days of watery diarrhea and vomiting. The infection can cause abdominal pain as well. In adults who are otherwise healthy, a rotavirus infection may cause only mild signs and symptoms — or none at all.Diagnosis of Disease

Diagnosed via a physical exam. Stool sample may be analyzed to confirm the diagnosis.

Transmission of Disease

Rotavirus is present in an infected person's stool several days before symptoms appear and for up to 10 days after symptoms subside. The virus spreads easily through hand-to-mouth contact throughout this time — even if the infected person doesn't have symptoms. Not washing your hands after using the toilet or changing a child’s diaper can cause the virus to spread to anything you touch, including food, toys, and utensils. If another person touches your unwashed hands or a contaminated object and then touches his or her mouth, an infection may follow. Sometimes rotavirus spreads through contaminated water or infected respiratory droplets coughed or sneezed into the air.

Treatment of Disease

There is no treatment for a rotavirus infection. The infection usually resolves within three to eight days. Primary treatment involves the prevention of dehydration.Slide36

Histoplasmosis

Type of Infectious Agent

Fungus

Name of Infectious Agent

Histoplasma capsulatumSymptoms of DiseaseSeveral types of histoplasmosis exist. The mildest form produces no signs or symptoms, but severe infections can be life-threatening. Symptoms of the infection include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, dry cough, and chest discomfort. Sometimes the infection causes joint pain and a rash.Diagnosis of Disease

Inspection of lung secretions, blood or urine, biopsied lung tissue, and/or bone marrow.

Transmission of Disease

Histoplasmosis is caused by the reproductive cells (spores) of the fungus. The histoplasmosis fungus thrives in damp soil that's rich in organic material, especially the droppings from birds and bats The spores are extremely light and float into the air when dirt or other contaminated material is disturbed, so infection is most commonly transmitted during cleanup or demolition projects and to farmers and landscapers.

Treatment of Disease

Treatment usually isn't necessary if you have a mild case of

histoplasmosis

. But if your symptoms are severe or if you have the chronic or disseminated forms of the disease, you'll likely need treatment with one or more antifungal drugs.Slide37

Ringworm (Tinea corporis)

Type of Infectious Agent

Fungus

Name of Infectious Agent

DermatophytesSymptoms of DiseaseA circular rash on the skin that’s red and inflamed around the edge and healthy looking in the middle; slightly raised expanding rings of red, scaly skin on the trunk or face; and/or a round, flat patch of itchy skin.Diagnosis of Disease

Skin scrapings or samples from the infected area are taken and looked at under a microscope.

Transmission of Disease

Ringworm is contagious and can be spread in the following ways: direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person; touching an animal with ringworm; contact with objects or surfaces that an infected person or animal has recently touched or rubbed against; or contact with infected soil.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of a prescription-strength topical antifungal or oral medication. Slide38

Athlete’s Foot (Tinea pedis)

Type of Infectious Agent

Fungus

Name of Infectious Agent

DermatophytesSymptoms of DiseaseSymptoms include itching, stinging, and burning between the toes; itching, stinging, and burning on the soles of the feet; itchy blisters; cracking and peeling skin, especially between the toes and on the soles of the feet; excessive dryness of the skin on the bottoms or sides of the feet; and/or toenails that are thick, crumbly, ragged, discolored, or pulling away from the nail bed.Diagnosis of Disease

Skin scrapings or samples from the infected area are taken and viewed under a microscope.

Transmission of Disease

Athlete's foot thrives in thick, tight shoes that squeeze the toes together and create warm, moist areas between them. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions also favor the organisms' growth. The fungus is transmitted by sharing clothes or shoes with someone who has the fungal infection or walking barefoot in public areas where the infection can spread.

Treatment of Disease

Administration of antifungal medication.Slide39

Public Service Announcements

Choose a communicable disease

HPV

, TB, HIV/AIDS, Flu, etc.

Or a related causeWash your hands, childhood immunizations, flu vaccinePoster series, Website, PowerPoint, Game, Brochure, Song, Dance, etc.You MUST be able to advertise for your PSAE.g., a poster with your URL or link to your YouTube videoPSAs Due FridayMonday: Representatives from the Green River District Health Department will select a few to post in their lobby!Slide40

Outbreak: Anatomy of an epidemicSlide41

Infection & Disease

Pathogen- infectious agent

responsible for

disease

Infection- pathogen invades and begins growing within a host Disease- occurs if and when the invasion and growth of a pathogen impair bodily functions To cause disease pathogens must Enter the host bodyAdhere to specific cells Invade and colonize tissuesInflict damageSlide42

Enter through openings

to the

body: mouth, eyes, nose, genital openings, breaks

in the

skinCause disease byDestroying cells of infected organisms by breaking the cells down for food Releases toxins (poisons) which destroy cells of infected organismMust have access to new hosts to spreadSlide43

Highly contagious and virulentSlide44

5.1.3: Isolating Bacteria

Patient samples contain a mix of bacteria

Bacteria grow in groups called

colonies

On a growth media called agarIsolation of individual colonies is necessary to study all of the possible pathogenic organisms for identification testsSlide45

5.1.3 Colony Morphology

http

://

www.microbelibrary.org/images/shoeb/colonial%20morphology.html

ShapeMarginOptical PropertiesPigmentElevationTextureSlide46

Colony

ShapeSlide47

Colony

MarginSlide48

Optical PropertiesSlide49

Colony Pigment

Colony ElevationSlide50

Colony Texture

Soft

Granular

Tenacious

MucoidSlide51

Bacterial Isolation

A sample of

each colony type streaked

onto an agar plate

to physically separate the coloniesYou will isolate bacterial colonies from four samples, including Anna’s, and then complete a gross examination of the colonies from Anna’s sampleSlide52
Slide53

5.1.3 Bacterial Isolation

Streak 4 plates Using aseptic techniques

Gross examination for identification test

View

and record results @ 24 hoursView and record results @ 48 hoursSlide54

Kocuria

rhizophila

Coccoid

halotolerant

(acid tolerant)Gram-positive mammalian skin, soil, fermented foods, clinical specimens, fresh water and marine sedimentsSlide55

Kocuria

rosea

Gram-positive bacteria

Widespread

in nature Commonly found along with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. on the skin of humans and mammals.Slide56

Stigmatella

aurantiaca

Rod shaped

T

ypically measuring about 5–8 μm long and 0.7–0.8 μm wideGram negativeFruiting bodiesFound on rotting wood or fungi and soilSlide57

5.1.3 Bacterial Morphology Results

Species

Size

Margins

ElevationColorAnna’s Sample K. rhizophiliaK. roseus

S.

aurantiacaSlide58

Kocuria

rosea

Kocuria

rhizophila

Stigmatella

aurantiaca

Anna’s SampleSlide59

Today

Epidemiologist

Any format, due Wednesday April 22th

Complete 5.1.3

Begin 5.1.4 Part 1No microscopyNew Gram Stain presentation link onlineDo the virtual labComplete to step 11Due Tuesday April 21stSlide60

5.1.4 Gram Staining: Gram (+) & Gram (-)

Bacteria can divided into 2 main groups

Based on reaction to Gram stain (set of dyes)

Hans Christian Gram (1800s)

Remains first step in classifying bacteriaPurple- Gram positivePink- Gram negativeSlide61

Gram Stain Process

Heat fix the slide so that bacterial cells are fixed to the slide.

Flood the slide with crystal violet dye.

The individual crystal violet ions penetrate the thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell as well as the plasma membrane.

Rinse with water.Flood the slide with iodine.(+) The iodine ions penetrate the cell wall and bind with the crystal violet.(-) The iodine ions and crystal violet react, forming a crystal violet-iodine complex that is a very large molecule and is insoluble in water.Slide62

Rinse

with water.

Decolorize

the slide with alcohol.

(+) The alcohol causes water to leave the cell wall. Because of its larger size, the crystal violet-iodine complex is blocked from moving easily through the cell wall and thus is prevented from leaving the cell.(-) The alcohol disrupts and dissolves the outer membrane. Therefore the big crystal violet-iodine complex is able to leave the cell.Rinse with water.(+) The crystal violet-iodine complex is still stuck inside the cell. The cell is therefore stained purple.(-) The crystal violet-iodine complex is washed away, leaving colorless, unstained cells.Flood the slide with Safranin dyeSlide63

Based on the ability of the bacterial cell wall to retain the crystal violet dye

It is retained or not is dependent on the type of bacterial cellSlide64

5.1.4 Gram Staining

Cells Alive Website: Examine bacterial structure

Draw and label bacteria cell

Include function

Skip.Completed.Completed.Slides: Cocci Gram positive, Cocci Gram negative, bacillus, salmonella spp.Sketch: Always label and include name and magnificationSlides: E. coli, Streptococci spp.Sketch and Record Shape and Gram StatusSlide65
Slide66

Gram positive bacteria differ from Gram negative bacteria in the structure of their cell walls. The cell walls of Gram positive bacteria are made up of 20x more peptidoglycan, a polymer made of sugar and amino acids- which absorbs

and retains crystal violet dyeSlide67
Slide68

Gram

(+) BacteriaSafranin

penetrates the cell, but since it is a lighter color than the crystal violet-iodine complex, it is not visualized over the purple color of the crystal violet-iodine

Gram (-)

BacteriaSafranin penetrates the cell and stains the cell a reddish-pink colorSlide69

Design your own Bacteria Experiment

In your journal…

Write your research question

Antibacterial soap

Hand sanitizerTest different surfacesWrite your hypothesisDescribe your experimentEach person has 1 petri dish and 2 sterile swabsCan work alone or with a partnerInclude a data tableHow will you measure your results?What data will you collect?Get my OKProceed!!!Slide70

Bacteria Experiment: Record Growth

After 24 hours

Diagram each dish/section

Draw exactly what it looks like

Include measurements of each colonyTake notes on appearanceAfter 72 hoursReturn to diagram after 24 hoursAdd additional growth and measurements in a different colorSlide71

5.1.5

Bacterial Identification

I

dentification based

on many factors Cell and colony morphologyChemical composition of cell walls Biochemical activitiesNutritional requirementsMost definitive way to identify bacterial speciesDetermine what growth media the bacteria will grow onIdentify the end products of their metabolic processesWastes they excreteMany tests are performedAnna’s bacterial sample is a Gram negative rod-shaped bacteriaYou will analyze the results of various biochemical tests To identify the unknown bacterial speciesSlide72

Biochemical Tests Performed on Anna’s Sample

Type of test performed:

Result:

Ornithine Decarboxylase Test

PositiveCitrate TestPositiveVP testPositiveOxidase TestNegativeLysine Decarboxylase TestPositiveH2S TestNegativePigmentationRedGlucose Fermentation TestPositiveLactose FermentationNegativeIndole Test

Negative

Urease Test

Negative

Nitrate Reduction

Positive

Arabinose Test

Negative

Motility Test

Positive

Gelatin Hydrolysis

Positive

Catalase Test

PositiveSlide73

Serratia

marcescensIt is motile

Discovered by Bartolomeo

Bizio

in 1819. Named after Italian physicist named Serratia.Found in places such as dirt, supposedly “sterile” places, and the subgingival biofilm of teeth.pH levels 5-9Commonly found in patients with catheters.Look on wikipedia lolSlide74

I

nvestigate the basic structure and function of the immune systemWith

a team of three or four, create a board game or a children’s book that showcases what happens when an

antigen

(foreign invader) enters the body and how the body’s immune system fights off this invasion. Make sure, at minimum, to include the following terms in your book or game. Non-specific defenseSpecific defenseSkinNose hairMucusInflammationB-cellsAntibodiesT-cellsPhagocytes