PDF-Why Does Unemployment

Differ Persistently Across Metro Areas By Jordan Rappaport U nemployment rates differ widely across US metropolitan ar eas In 2007 they ranged from 31 percent or less among the 25 lowest une. GDP has collapsed together with employment levels in the construction and retail sector Ireland has one of the highest levels of unemployment in the EU and one of the worst ratios of jobseekers to vacanc ies It is all reminiscent of the crisis of What are the . 4 types . of unemployment?. How are unemployment rates determined?. What is full . employment a. . underemployment?. . What. is a . discouraged worker?. "It's a recession when . your neighbor . . . Jarmo Hanninen, . Coop . Finland . NORDIC COOPERATIVE NETWORK CONFERENCE . OPEN SEMINAR: THE NORDIC CO-OPERATIVE MODEL . Reykjavík, Iceland – March 21, 2014. Thin. tradition of . worker. -. World’s Fiercest Enemy. Unemployment. Unemployment is the . the. . state. . of. . being out of work, . especially. . involuntarily. The Unemployment rate is determined by dividing all the unemployed by the people currently in the labor force. under-employment . from becoming structural. . G20 Task Force on Employment. Paris, 10-11 April 2014. Stefano Scarpetta,. Director. of . Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. OECD. Key challenges. Unemployment. occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work, but the person is without work.. How. to . define. u. nemployment. In USA . unemployment . is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS. Aims and Objectives. Aim:. Understand types of unemployment. Objectives: . Define 2 measures of unemployment. Explain current trends in UK & EU. Analyse causes of unemployment. Evaluate social costs of unemployment. Swings in the. Economic Pendulum . Instability in the . Growth . of Real . GDP: 1960-2013. Although real GDP in the . United States has . grown at an average rate of approximately 3%, the growth has been characterized by economic ups-and-downs. . You May Be Eligible . and Don’t Know It. Overview. Most temporary and probationary 10-month and Academic Year employees are eligible for unemployment benefits during the summer.. You may also be eligible if your time base is reduced but you are still working.. Swings in the. Economic Pendulum . Instability in the . Growth . of Real . GDP: 1960-2015. Although real GDP in the . United States has . grown at an average rate of approximately 3%, the growth has been characterized by economic ups-and-downs. 2. IS-MP. Y. Potential output = AF(K,L). Y. pot. u. Three key macro laws for the labor market. Okun’s Law: . unemployment moves inversely with Y (earlier in course). Beveridge Curve: . Unemployment moves inversely with vacancy rate (today). Important Clarifications. Unemployed Defined (U):. Persons in the . labor force. who made an effort to look for work within the last month. . Who is NOT included in the labor force. ? . . (click here for a video link). Employer paid tax (contributions). Calculated as a percentage of covered wages for each employee. Cannot be withheld from employee’s wages. State unemployment could have employee contributions. What is FUTA?. Status is ubiquitous in modern life, yet our understanding of its role as a driver of inequality is limited.  In Status, sociologist and social psychologist Cecilia Ridgeway examines how this ancient and universal form of inequality influences today’s ostensibly meritocratic institutions and why it matters. Ridgeway illuminates the complex ways in which status affects human interactions as we work together towards common goals, such as in classroom discussions, family decisions, or workplace deliberations. Ridgeway’s research on status has important implications for our understanding of social inequality. Distinct from power or wealth, status is prized because it provides affirmation from others and affords access to valuable resources. Ridgeway demonstrates how the conferral of status inevitably contributes to differing life outcomes for individuals, with impacts on pay, wealth creation, and health and wellbeing. Status beliefs are widely held views about who is better in society than others in terms of esteem, wealth, or competence. These beliefs confer advantages which can exacerbate social inequality. Ridgeway notes that status advantages based on race, gender, and class—such as the belief that white men are more competent than others—are the most likely to increase inequality by facilitating greater social and economic opportunities. Ridgeway argues that status beliefs greatly enhance higher status groups’ ability to maintain their advantages in resources and access to positions of power and make lower status groups less likely to challenge the status quo. Many lower status people will accept their lower status when given a baseline level of dignity and respect—being seen, for example, as poor but hardworking. She also shows that people remain willfully blind to status beliefs and their effects because recognizing them can lead to emotional discomfort. Acknowledging the insidious role of status in our lives would require many higher-status individuals to accept that they may not have succeeded based on their own merit many lower-status individuals would have to acknowledge that they may have been discriminated against. Ridgeway suggests that inequality need not be an inevitable consequence of our status beliefs. She shows how status beliefs can be subverted—as when we reject the idea that all racial and gender traits are fixed at birth, thus refuting the idea that women and people of color are less competent than their male and white counterparts. This important new book demonstrates the pervasive influence of  status on social inequality and suggests ways to ensure that it has a less detrimental impact on our lives.