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Boundless Lecture Slides - PPT Presentation

Free to share print make copies and changes Get yours at wwwboundlesscom Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix ID: 784931

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Slide1

Boundless Lecture Slides

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

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Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform

Slide2

Using Boundless Presentations

The Appendix

The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience.

Free to edit, share, and copy

Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own.

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Boundless Teaching Platform

Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources.

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Slide3

Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website,

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apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com.

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About Boundless

Slide4

]

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotic Diversity

Structure of Prokaryotes

Prokaryotic Metabolism

Bacterial Diseases in Humans

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Beneficial Prokaryotes

Slide5

Classification of Prokaryotes

The Origins of Archaea and Bacteria

Extremophiles and Biofilms Prokaryotic Diversity

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

>

Prokaryotic Diversity

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Slide6

Basic Structures of Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Reproduction

Structure of Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

> Structure of Prokaryotes

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Slide7

Energy and Nutrient Requirements for Prokaryotes

The Role of Prokaryotes in Ecosystems

Prokaryotic Metabolism

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

> Prokaryotic Metabolism

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Slide8

History of Bacterial Diseases

Biofilms and Disease

Antibiotics: Are We Facing a Crisis? Bacterial Foodborne Diseases Bacterial Diseases in Humans

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

>

Bacterial Diseases in Humans

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Slide9

Symbiosis between Bacteria and Eukaryotes

Early Biotechnology: Cheese, Bread, Wine, Beer, and Yogurt

Prokaryotes and Environmental Bioremediation Beneficial Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

>

Beneficial Prokaryotes

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Slide10

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Appendix

Slide11

Key terms

abiotic nonliving, inanimate, characterized by the absence of life; of inorganic matteralkaliphile

any organism that lives and thrives in an alkaline environment, such as a soda lake; a form of extremophileantibiotic any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganismsarchaea a taxonomic domain of single-celled organisms lacking nuclei, formerly called archaebacteria, but now known to differ fundamentally from bacteria

binary fission the process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cellsbiofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganismsbioremediation the use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from soil or polluted waterbiotechnology the use of living organisms (especially microorganisms) in industrial, agricultural, medical, and other technological applications

biotransformation the changes (both chemical and physical) that occur to a substance (especially a drug) by the actions of enzymes within an organismbotulism

poisoning caused by the toxin from Clostridium botulinum, a type of anaerobic bacteria that grows in improperly-prepared foodcarbon cycle the physical cycle of carbon through the earth's biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere that includes such processes as photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and carbonification

chemotroph an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron-donating molecules in the environment

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide12

conjugation

the temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproductiondomain in the three-domain system, the highest rank in the classification of organisms, above kingdom: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

extremophile an organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity, etc; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditionsfermentation an anaerobic biochemical reaction, in yeast, for example, in which enzymes catalyze the conversion of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxidegram-positive

that is stained violet by Gram's method due to the presence of a peptidoglycan cell wallhalophile an organism that lives and thrives in an environment of high salinity, often requiring such an environment; a form of extremophileindel either an insertion or deletion mutation in the genetic codelegume a large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees that bear nodules on the roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteriamacronutrient

any of the elements required in large amounts by all living thingsmicronutrient a mineral, vitamin, or other substance that is essential, even in very small quantities, for growth or metabolism

nitrogen cycle the natural circulation of nitrogen, in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen oxides and deposited in the soil, where it is used by organisms or decomposed back to elemental nitrogennitrogen fixation

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide13

nitrogen fixation

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plantsnosocomial contracted in a hospital, or arising from hospital treatment

nucleoid the irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localizedosmotic pressure the hydrostatic pressure exerted by a solution across a semipermeable membrane from a pure solventpathogen

any organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungipilus a hairlike appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteriaplague an epidemic or pandemic caused by any pestilenceplasmid a circle of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes, which is found in bacteria and protozoaprokaryote an organism whose cell (or cells) are characterized by the absence of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles

sacculus a small sacserotype

a group of microorganisms characterized by a specific set of antigensstromatolite a laminated, columnar, rock-like structure built over geologic time by microorganisms such as cyanobacteria

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide14

transduction

horizontal gene transfer mechanism in prokaryotes where genes are transferred using a virustransformation the alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from another, especially if pathogenic

zoonosis an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide15

Carbon cycle

Prokaryotes play a significant role in continuously moving carbon through the biosphere.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Metabolism. October 16, 2013."

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide16

Products made using prokaryotes

Some of the products derived from the use of prokaryotes in early biotechnology include (a) cheese, (b) wine, (c) beer and bread, and (d) yogurt.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Beneficial Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide17

MRSA, a superbug

This scanning electron micrograph shows methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly known as MRSA. S. aureus is not always pathogenic, but can cause diseases such as food poisoning and skin and respiratory infections.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide18

Microbial mat

This (a) microbial mat, about one meter in diameter, grows over a hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean in a region known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire." The mat helps retain microbial nutrients. Chimneys, such as the one indicated by the arrow, allow gases to escape. (b) In this micrograph, bacteria are visualized using fluorescence microscopy.

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"OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Diversity. October 16, 2013."

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide19

Table 1. Carbon and energy sources in prokaryotes

This table summarizes the types of energy and carbon sources for different types of prokaryotes.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide20

Prokaryotic cell structure

The features of a typical prokaryotic cell are shown.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide21

Stromatolites

(a) These living stromatolites are located in Shark Bay, Australia. (b) These fossilized stromatolites, found in Glacier National Park, Montana, are nearly 1.5 billion years old.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide22

Location of Nitrogen Fixation

Soybean (Glycine max) is a legume that interacts symbiotically with the soil bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum to form specialized structures on the roots called nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide23

Filaments of photosynthetic cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are an example of phototrophic prokaryotes.

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Wikipedia.

"Bacteria."

CC BY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide24

Prokaryotes in extreme environments

Certain prokaryotes can live in extreme environments such as the Morning Glory pool, a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. The spring's vivid blue color is from the prokaryotes that thrive in its very hot waters.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide25

Halophile habitats

(a) The Dead Sea is hypersaline. Nevertheless, salt-tolerant bacteria thrive in this sea. (b) These halobacteria cells can form salt-tolerant bacterial mats.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide26

Modes of prokaryote reproduction

Besides binary fission, there are three other mechanisms by which prokaryotes can exchange DNA. In (a) transformation, the cell takes up prokaryotic DNA directly from the environment. The DNA may remain separate as plasmid DNA or be incorporated into the host genome. In (b) transduction, a bacteriophage injects DNA into the cell that contains a small fragment of DNA from a different prokaryote. In (c) conjugation, DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a mating bridge that connects the two cells after the pilus draws the two bacteria close enough to form the bridge.

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"OpenStax College, Structure of Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide27

Domains of life

Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes, but differ enough to be placed in separate domains. An ancestor of modern Archaea is believed to have given rise to Eukarya, the third domain of life. Archaeal and bacterial phyla are shown; the evolutionary relationship between these phyla is still open to debate.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide28

Plasma membrane structure

Archaeal phospholipids differ from those found in Bacteria and Eukarya in two ways. First, they have branched phytanyl sidechains instead of linear ones. Second, an ether bond instead of an ester bond connects the lipid to the glycerol.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide29

Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria are divided into two major groups: gram-positive and gram-negative. Both groups have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan: in gram-positive bacteria, the wall is thick, whereas in gram-negative bacteria, the wall is thin. In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Porins, proteins in this cell membrane, allow substances to pass through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide30

Bubonic plague

The (a) Great Plague of London killed an estimated 200,000 people, or about twenty percent of the city's population. The causative agent, the (b) bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium from the class Gamma Proteobacteria. The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea, which is infected by a rodent. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, seizure, vomiting of blood, and (c) gangrene.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide31

Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped gamma protobacterium. Typhoid fever, which is spread through feces, causes intestinal hemorrhage, high fever, delirium and dehydration. Today, between 16 and 33 million cases of this re-emerging disease occur annually, resulting in over 200,000 deaths. Carriers of the disease can be asymptomatic. In a famous case in the early 1900s, a cook named Mary Mallon unknowingly spread the disease to over fifty people, three of whom died. Other Salmonella serotypes cause food poisoning.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide32

Bioremediation in the Exxon Valdez oil spill

(a) Cleaning up oil after the Valdez spill in Alaska, workers hosed oil from beaches and then used a floating boom to corral the oil, which was finally skimmed from the water surface. Some species of bacteria are able to solubilize and degrade the oil. (b) One of the most catastrophic consequences of oil spills is the damage to fauna.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide33

Regions of bacterial disease emergence

The map shows regions where bacterial diseases are emerging or reemerging.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide34

The Five Stages of Biofilm Development

Stage 1: initial attachment; stage 2: irreversible attachment; stage 3: maturation I; stage 4: maturation II; stage 5: dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a photomicrograph of a developing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown at the same scale.

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Wikipedia.

"Biofilm."

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide35

Nitrogen cycle

Prokaryotes play a key role in the nitrogen cycle.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide36

Bacteria and radiation tolerance

Deinococcus radiodurans, visualized in this false color transmission electron micrograph, is a prokaryote that can tolerate very high doses of ionizing radiation. It has developed DNA repair mechanisms that allow it to reconstruct its chromosome even if it has been broken into hundreds of pieces by radiation or heat.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide37

Biofilm Development

Five stages of biofilm development are shown. During stage 1, initial attachment, bacteria adhere to a solid surface via weak van der Waals interactions. During stage 2, irreversible attachment, hairlike appendages called pili permanently anchor the bacteria to the surface. During stage 3, maturation I, the biofilm grows through cell division and recruitment of other bacteria. An extracellular matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides holds the biofilm together. During stage 4, maturation II, the biofilm continues to grow and takes on a more complex shape. During stage 5, dispersal, the biofilm matrix is partly broken down, allowing some bacteria to escape and colonize another surface. Micrographs of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in each of the stages of development are shown.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide38

Bacterial illnesses from food

(a) Vegetable sprouts grown at an organic farm were the cause of an (b) E. coli outbreak that killed 32 people and sickened 3,800 in Germany in 2011. The strain responsible, E. coli O104:H4, produces Shiga toxin, a substance that inhibits protein synthesis in the host cell. The toxin (c) destroys red blood cells, resulting in bloody diarrhea. Deformed red blood cells clog the capillaries of the kidney, which can lead to kidney failure, as happened to 845 patients in the 2011 outbreak. Kidney failure is usually reversible, but some patients experience kidney problems years later.

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide39

Attribution

Wikipedia.

"archaea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/archaea

Wiktionary. "domain." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domain

Wiktionary.

"prokaryote." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prokaryote

Wikipedia. "Prokaryote." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44602/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"sacculus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacculusWiktionary.

"gram-positive." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gram-positiveWiktionary.

"stromatolite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stromatolite

Wiktionary. "indel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indel

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wikipedia. "Archaea." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

Wiktionary.

"alkaliphile."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alkaliphile

Wiktionary.

"halophile."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halophile

Wiktionary.

"extremophile."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extremophile

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"osmotic pressure."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmotic_pressure

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide40

Wiktionary.

"plasmid."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmid

Wiktionary. "nucleoid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleoid

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary. "binary fission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary_fission

Wiktionary.

"pilus."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilus

Wiktionary.

"conjugation."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjugationWiktionary. "transduction."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transductionWiktionary. "transformation."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transformation

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary. "chemotroph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemotroph

Wiktionary. "micronutrient." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/micronutrient

Wiktionary.

"macronutrient."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macronutrient

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"nitrogen cycle."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_cycle

Wiktionary.

"nitrogen fixation."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_fixation

Wiktionary.

"carbon cycle."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbon_cycle

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"zoonosis."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoonosis

Wiktionary.

"plague."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plague

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide41

Wiktionary.

"pathogen."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathogen

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary. "nosocomial." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nosocomial

Wiktionary.

"biofilm."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm

Wikiversity.

"Bacterial biofilm."

CC BY-SA http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bacterial_biofilmOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. November 7, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary. "antibiotic." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibioticOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary. "serotype." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serotype

Wiktionary.

"botulism."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/botulism

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"nitrogen fixation."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_fixation

Wiktionary.

"legume."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legume

Wiktionary.

"abiotic."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abiotic

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"biotechnology."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotechnology

Wiktionary.

"fermentation."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fermentation

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Slide42

Wikipedia.

"Bread."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread%23Bacteria

Wikipedia. "Cheese." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary. "biotransformation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotransformation

Wiktionary.

"bioremediation."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bioremediation

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."

CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea