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Slide4]
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Diversity
Structure of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic Metabolism
Bacterial Diseases in Humans
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Beneficial Prokaryotes
Slide5Classification of Prokaryotes
The Origins of Archaea and Bacteria
Extremophiles and Biofilms Prokaryotic Diversity
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
>
Prokaryotic Diversity
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Slide6Basic Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Reproduction
Structure of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
> Structure of Prokaryotes
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Slide7Energy and Nutrient Requirements for Prokaryotes
The Role of Prokaryotes in Ecosystems
Prokaryotic Metabolism
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
> Prokaryotic Metabolism
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Slide8History of Bacterial Diseases
Biofilms and Disease
Antibiotics: Are We Facing a Crisis? Bacterial Foodborne Diseases Bacterial Diseases in Humans
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
>
Bacterial Diseases in Humans
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Slide9Symbiosis between Bacteria and Eukaryotes
Early Biotechnology: Cheese, Bread, Wine, Beer, and Yogurt
Prokaryotes and Environmental Bioremediation Beneficial Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
>
Beneficial Prokaryotes
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Appendix
Slide11Key terms
abiotic nonliving, inanimate, characterized by the absence of life; of inorganic matteralkaliphile
any organism that lives and thrives in an alkaline environment, such as a soda lake; a form of extremophileantibiotic any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganismsarchaea a taxonomic domain of single-celled organisms lacking nuclei, formerly called archaebacteria, but now known to differ fundamentally from bacteria
binary fission the process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cellsbiofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganismsbioremediation the use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from soil or polluted waterbiotechnology the use of living organisms (especially microorganisms) in industrial, agricultural, medical, and other technological applications
biotransformation the changes (both chemical and physical) that occur to a substance (especially a drug) by the actions of enzymes within an organismbotulism
poisoning caused by the toxin from Clostridium botulinum, a type of anaerobic bacteria that grows in improperly-prepared foodcarbon cycle the physical cycle of carbon through the earth's biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere that includes such processes as photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and carbonification
chemotroph an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron-donating molecules in the environment
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Slide12conjugation
the temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproductiondomain in the three-domain system, the highest rank in the classification of organisms, above kingdom: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
extremophile an organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity, etc; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditionsfermentation an anaerobic biochemical reaction, in yeast, for example, in which enzymes catalyze the conversion of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxidegram-positive
that is stained violet by Gram's method due to the presence of a peptidoglycan cell wallhalophile an organism that lives and thrives in an environment of high salinity, often requiring such an environment; a form of extremophileindel either an insertion or deletion mutation in the genetic codelegume a large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees that bear nodules on the roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteriamacronutrient
any of the elements required in large amounts by all living thingsmicronutrient a mineral, vitamin, or other substance that is essential, even in very small quantities, for growth or metabolism
nitrogen cycle the natural circulation of nitrogen, in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen oxides and deposited in the soil, where it is used by organisms or decomposed back to elemental nitrogennitrogen fixation
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants
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Slide13nitrogen fixation
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plantsnosocomial contracted in a hospital, or arising from hospital treatment
nucleoid the irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localizedosmotic pressure the hydrostatic pressure exerted by a solution across a semipermeable membrane from a pure solventpathogen
any organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungipilus a hairlike appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteriaplague an epidemic or pandemic caused by any pestilenceplasmid a circle of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes, which is found in bacteria and protozoaprokaryote an organism whose cell (or cells) are characterized by the absence of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles
sacculus a small sacserotype
a group of microorganisms characterized by a specific set of antigensstromatolite a laminated, columnar, rock-like structure built over geologic time by microorganisms such as cyanobacteria
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Slide14transduction
horizontal gene transfer mechanism in prokaryotes where genes are transferred using a virustransformation the alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from another, especially if pathogenic
zoonosis an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans
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Slide15Carbon cycle
Prokaryotes play a significant role in continuously moving carbon through the biosphere.
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Slide16Products made using prokaryotes
Some of the products derived from the use of prokaryotes in early biotechnology include (a) cheese, (b) wine, (c) beer and bread, and (d) yogurt.
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Slide17MRSA, a superbug
This scanning electron micrograph shows methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly known as MRSA. S. aureus is not always pathogenic, but can cause diseases such as food poisoning and skin and respiratory infections.
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Slide18Microbial mat
This (a) microbial mat, about one meter in diameter, grows over a hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean in a region known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire." The mat helps retain microbial nutrients. Chimneys, such as the one indicated by the arrow, allow gases to escape. (b) In this micrograph, bacteria are visualized using fluorescence microscopy.
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Slide19Table 1. Carbon and energy sources in prokaryotes
This table summarizes the types of energy and carbon sources for different types of prokaryotes.
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Slide20Prokaryotic cell structure
The features of a typical prokaryotic cell are shown.
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Slide21Stromatolites
(a) These living stromatolites are located in Shark Bay, Australia. (b) These fossilized stromatolites, found in Glacier National Park, Montana, are nearly 1.5 billion years old.
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Slide22Location of Nitrogen Fixation
Soybean (Glycine max) is a legume that interacts symbiotically with the soil bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum to form specialized structures on the roots called nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs.
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Slide23Filaments of photosynthetic cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are an example of phototrophic prokaryotes.
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Wikipedia.
"Bacteria."
CC BY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Slide24Prokaryotes in extreme environments
Certain prokaryotes can live in extreme environments such as the Morning Glory pool, a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. The spring's vivid blue color is from the prokaryotes that thrive in its very hot waters.
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Slide25Halophile habitats
(a) The Dead Sea is hypersaline. Nevertheless, salt-tolerant bacteria thrive in this sea. (b) These halobacteria cells can form salt-tolerant bacterial mats.
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Slide26Modes of prokaryote reproduction
Besides binary fission, there are three other mechanisms by which prokaryotes can exchange DNA. In (a) transformation, the cell takes up prokaryotic DNA directly from the environment. The DNA may remain separate as plasmid DNA or be incorporated into the host genome. In (b) transduction, a bacteriophage injects DNA into the cell that contains a small fragment of DNA from a different prokaryote. In (c) conjugation, DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a mating bridge that connects the two cells after the pilus draws the two bacteria close enough to form the bridge.
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Slide27Domains of life
Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes, but differ enough to be placed in separate domains. An ancestor of modern Archaea is believed to have given rise to Eukarya, the third domain of life. Archaeal and bacterial phyla are shown; the evolutionary relationship between these phyla is still open to debate.
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Slide28Plasma membrane structure
Archaeal phospholipids differ from those found in Bacteria and Eukarya in two ways. First, they have branched phytanyl sidechains instead of linear ones. Second, an ether bond instead of an ester bond connects the lipid to the glycerol.
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Slide29Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria are divided into two major groups: gram-positive and gram-negative. Both groups have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan: in gram-positive bacteria, the wall is thick, whereas in gram-negative bacteria, the wall is thin. In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Porins, proteins in this cell membrane, allow substances to pass through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane.
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Slide30Bubonic plague
The (a) Great Plague of London killed an estimated 200,000 people, or about twenty percent of the city's population. The causative agent, the (b) bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium from the class Gamma Proteobacteria. The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea, which is infected by a rodent. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, seizure, vomiting of blood, and (c) gangrene.
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Slide31Salmonella enterica serovar typhi
Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped gamma protobacterium. Typhoid fever, which is spread through feces, causes intestinal hemorrhage, high fever, delirium and dehydration. Today, between 16 and 33 million cases of this re-emerging disease occur annually, resulting in over 200,000 deaths. Carriers of the disease can be asymptomatic. In a famous case in the early 1900s, a cook named Mary Mallon unknowingly spread the disease to over fifty people, three of whom died. Other Salmonella serotypes cause food poisoning.
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Slide32Bioremediation in the Exxon Valdez oil spill
(a) Cleaning up oil after the Valdez spill in Alaska, workers hosed oil from beaches and then used a floating boom to corral the oil, which was finally skimmed from the water surface. Some species of bacteria are able to solubilize and degrade the oil. (b) One of the most catastrophic consequences of oil spills is the damage to fauna.
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Slide33Regions of bacterial disease emergence
The map shows regions where bacterial diseases are emerging or reemerging.
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Slide34The Five Stages of Biofilm Development
Stage 1: initial attachment; stage 2: irreversible attachment; stage 3: maturation I; stage 4: maturation II; stage 5: dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a photomicrograph of a developing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown at the same scale.
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Wikipedia.
"Biofilm."
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Slide35Nitrogen cycle
Prokaryotes play a key role in the nitrogen cycle.
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Slide36Bacteria and radiation tolerance
Deinococcus radiodurans, visualized in this false color transmission electron micrograph, is a prokaryote that can tolerate very high doses of ionizing radiation. It has developed DNA repair mechanisms that allow it to reconstruct its chromosome even if it has been broken into hundreds of pieces by radiation or heat.
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Slide37Biofilm Development
Five stages of biofilm development are shown. During stage 1, initial attachment, bacteria adhere to a solid surface via weak van der Waals interactions. During stage 2, irreversible attachment, hairlike appendages called pili permanently anchor the bacteria to the surface. During stage 3, maturation I, the biofilm grows through cell division and recruitment of other bacteria. An extracellular matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides holds the biofilm together. During stage 4, maturation II, the biofilm continues to grow and takes on a more complex shape. During stage 5, dispersal, the biofilm matrix is partly broken down, allowing some bacteria to escape and colonize another surface. Micrographs of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in each of the stages of development are shown.
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Slide38Bacterial illnesses from food
(a) Vegetable sprouts grown at an organic farm were the cause of an (b) E. coli outbreak that killed 32 people and sickened 3,800 in Germany in 2011. The strain responsible, E. coli O104:H4, produces Shiga toxin, a substance that inhibits protein synthesis in the host cell. The toxin (c) destroys red blood cells, resulting in bloody diarrhea. Deformed red blood cells clog the capillaries of the kidney, which can lead to kidney failure, as happened to 845 patients in the 2011 outbreak. Kidney failure is usually reversible, but some patients experience kidney problems years later.
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Slide39Attribution
Wikipedia.
"archaea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/archaea
Wiktionary. "domain." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domain
Wiktionary.
"prokaryote." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prokaryote
Wikipedia. "Prokaryote." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44602/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"sacculus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacculusWiktionary.
"gram-positive." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gram-positiveWiktionary.
"stromatolite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stromatolite
Wiktionary. "indel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indel
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia. "Archaea." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea
Wiktionary.
"alkaliphile."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alkaliphile
Wiktionary.
"halophile."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halophile
Wiktionary.
"extremophile."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extremophile
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"osmotic pressure."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmotic_pressure
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Slide40Wiktionary.
"plasmid."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmid
Wiktionary. "nucleoid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleoid
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "binary fission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary_fission
Wiktionary.
"pilus."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilus
Wiktionary.
"conjugation."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjugationWiktionary. "transduction."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transductionWiktionary. "transformation."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transformation
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "chemotroph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemotroph
Wiktionary. "micronutrient." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/micronutrient
Wiktionary.
"macronutrient."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macronutrient
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"nitrogen cycle."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_cycle
Wiktionary.
"nitrogen fixation."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_fixation
Wiktionary.
"carbon cycle."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbon_cycle
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"zoonosis."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoonosis
Wiktionary.
"plague."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plague
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Slide41Wiktionary.
"pathogen."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathogen
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "nosocomial." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nosocomial
Wiktionary.
"biofilm."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm
Wikiversity.
"Bacterial biofilm."
CC BY-SA http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bacterial_biofilmOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. November 7, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "antibiotic." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibioticOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "serotype." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serotype
Wiktionary.
"botulism."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/botulism
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"nitrogen fixation."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_fixation
Wiktionary.
"legume."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legume
Wiktionary.
"abiotic."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abiotic
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"biotechnology."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotechnology
Wiktionary.
"fermentation."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fermentation
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Slide42Wikipedia.
"Bread."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread%23Bacteria
Wikipedia. "Cheese." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "biotransformation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotransformation
Wiktionary.
"bioremediation."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bioremediation
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea