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Slide2Using Boundless Presentations
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Slide4]
Invertebrates
Invertebrates
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
Superphylum Ecdysozoa
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Superphylum Deuterostomia
Slide5Phylum Porifera
Morphology of Sponges
Physiological Processes in Sponges Phylum Porifera
Invertebrates
>
Phylum Porifera
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Slide6Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa and Class Hydrozoa Phylum Cnidaria
Invertebrates
>
Phylum Cnidaria
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Slide7Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Rotifera Phylum Nemertea Phylum Mollusca Classification of Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Annelida Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
Invertebrates
>
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
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Slide8Superphylum Ecdysozoa
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Arthropoda Subphyla of Arthropoda Superphylum Ecdysozoa
Invertebrates
>
Superphylum Ecdysozoa
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Slide9Phylum Echinodermata
Classes of Echinoderms
Phylum Chordata Superphylum Deuterostomia
Invertebrates
>
Superphylum Deuterostomia
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Appendix
Slide11Key terms
acoelomate any animal without a coelom, or body cavityambulacrum
a row of pores for the protrusion of appendages such as tube feet.ampulla the dilated end of a ductblastopore the opening into the archenteroncaptacula
the foot of a Scaphalopod, modified into tentacles for capturing preycephalization an evolutionary trend in which the neural and sense organs become centralized at one end (the head) of an animalcephalothorax the fused head and thorax of spiders and crustaceanschaeta a chitinous bristle of an annelid wormchoanocyte
any of the cells in sponges that contain a flagellum and are used to control the movement of waterclitellum a glandular swelling in the epidermis of some annelid worms; it secretes a viscous fluid in which the eggs are depositedcnidocyte
a capsule, in certain cnidarians, containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing stingcnidocyte a capsule, in certain cnidarians, containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing sting
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Invertebrates
Slide12coelomate
any animal possessing a fluid-filled cavity within which the digestive system is suspended.ctenidium a respiratory system, in the form of a comb, in some molluscscuticle
a noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plantsdioecious having the male and female reproductive organs on separate parts (of the same species)diploblastic having two embryonic germ layers (the ectoderm and the endoderm)
dorsal nerve cord a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord, formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming a hollow tube.ecdysis the shedding of an outer layer of skin in snakes, crustaceans and insects; moultingectoparasite a parasite that lives on the surface of a host organismendosymbiont an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism
exoskeleton a hard outer structure that provides both structure and protection to creatures such as insects, Crustacea, and Nematodafissiparous of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two
forcipule a modified pincer-like foreleg in centipedes, capable of injecting venom
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Invertebrates
Slide13gemmule
a small gemma or bud of dormant embryonic cells produced by some freshwater spongeshermatypic of a coral that is a species that builds coral reefsholdfast
a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substratehydroid any of many colonial coelenterates that exist mainly as a polyp; a hydrozoanlophophore a feeding organ of brachiopods, bryozoans, and phoronids
madreporite a lightcolored calcerous opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinodermsmalpighian tubule a tubule that extends from the alimentary canal to the exterior of the organism, excreting water and wastes in the form of solid nitrogenous compoundsmantle the body wall of a mollusc, from which the shell is secretedmastax the pharynx of a rotifer which usually contains four horny pieces that work to crush the food
mesentery in invertebrates, it describes any tissue that divides the body cavity into partitionsmesohyl
the gelatinous matrix within a spongemetamerism the segmentation of the body into similar discrete units
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Invertebrates
Slide14nematocyst
a capsule, in certain cnidarians, containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing stingnephridium a tubular excretory organ in some invertebratesnotochord
a flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spineoocyte a cell that develops into an egg or ovum; a female gametocyteosculum an opening in a sponge from which water is expelled
ossicle a small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle earparazoan include only one phylum known as the spongespentaradial symmetry a variant of radial symmetry that arranges roughly equal parts around a central axis at orientations of 72° apartphagocytosis the process where a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm
pharyngeal slit filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environmentspodocyte cells that filter the bodily fluids in echinoderms
proboscis an elongated tube from the head or connected to the mouth, of an animal
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Invertebrates
Slide15proglottid
any of the segments of a tapeworm; they contain both male and female reproductive organsprotonephridia an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and removes metabolic wastes from an animal's body
pseudocoelomate any invertebrate animal with a three-layered body and a pseudocoelradula the rasping tongue of snails and most other mollusksrhopalia small sensory structures found within Scyphozoa that are characterized by clusters of neurons that can be used to sense light
rhynchocoel a cavity which mostly runs above the midline and ends a little short of the rear of the body of a nemertean and extends or retracts the proboscisscolex the structure at the rear end of a tapeworm which, in the adult, has suckers and hooks by which it attaches itself to a hostscyphistoma the polypoid form of scyphozoansspicule a sharp, needle-like piece
spiracle a pore or opening used (especially by spiders and some fish) for breathingspongin a horny, sulfur-containing protein related to keratin that forms the skeletal structure of certain classes of sponges
spongocoel the large, central cavity of sponges
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Invertebrates
Slide16tagma
a specialized grouping of arthropodan segments, such as the head, the thorax, and the abdomen with a common functionvisceral mass the soft, non-muscular metabolic region of the mollusc that contains the body organs
water vascular system a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration
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Invertebrates
Slide17Mollusk shells
Helix aspersa, a common land snail, has a calcium carbonate shell.
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Invertebrates
Slide18The Scaphopods
The Scaphopods ("boat feet") include the Antalis vulgaris, the shell of which is depicted here.
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Invertebrates
Slide19A "generalized mollusk"
An anatomical diagram of a hypothetical ancestral mollusk, showing features common to many mollusk types.
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Invertebrates
Slide20Empty shell of a bivalve
The empty shell of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas. Note the pair of shells that are hinged together, a characteristic of members of the class Bivalvia.
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Invertebrates
Slide21Chiton morphology
The underside of the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stellari, showing the foot in the center, surrounded by the gills and mantle. The mouth is visible to the left in this image.
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Invertebrates
Slide22Anthozoans
The sea anemone (a), like all anthozoans, has only a polyp body plan (b).
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Invertebrates
Slide23Cnidarian morphology
Cnidarians have two distinct body plans, the medusa (a) and the polyp (b). All cnidarians have two membrane layers, with a jelly-like mesoglea between them.
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Invertebrates
Slide24Types of polyps in Obelia
The sessile form of Obelia geniculate has two types of polyps: gastrozooids, which are adapted for capturing prey, and gonozooids, which bud to produce medusae asexually.
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Invertebrates
Slide25Cubozoans
The (a) tiny cubazoan jelly Malo kingi is thimble shaped and, like all cubozoan jellies, (b) has four muscular pedalia to which the tentacles attach. M. kingi is one of two species of jellies known to cause Irukandji syndrome, a condition characterized by excruciating muscle pain, vomiting, increased heart rate, and psychological symptoms. Two people in Australia, where Irukandji jellies are most-commonly found, are believed to have died from Irukandji stings. (c) A sign on a beach in northern Australia warns swimmers of the danger.
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Invertebrates
Slide26Sea stars
Star stars are among the most familiar of marine invertebrates. They are members of the phylum Echinodermata.
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Invertebrates
Slide27The water vascular system of the sea star
1. Pyloric stomach 2. Intestine 3. Rectal gland 4. Stone canal 5. Madreporite 6. Pyloric duct 7. Pyloric cecum 8. Cardiac stomach 9. Gonad 10. Ambulacral plates 11. Ampullae
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Invertebrates
Slide28Trematodes
Botulus microporus is a trematode that lives only in the intestinal tract of Lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox.
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Invertebrates
Slide29Cestodes
Taenia saginata, also known as Taeniarhynchus saginata or the beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans. It displays the long series of proglottid subunits characteristic of the species.
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Invertebrates
Slide30Lophotrochozoans
The Caribbean Reef Squid or Sepioteuthis sepioidea is a complex lophotrochozoan. Species in this group have bilateral symmetry.
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Invertebrates
Slide31Cnidocytes
Animals from the phylum Cnidaria have stinging cells called cnidocytes. Cnidocytes contain large organelles called (a) nematocysts that store a coiled thread and barb. When hairlike projections on the cell surface are touched, (b) the thread, barb, and a toxin are fired from the organelle.
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Invertebrates
Slide32Scyphozoans
For jellyfish (a), and all other scyphozoans, the medusa (b) is the most prominent of the two life stages.
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Invertebrates
Slide33Sea cucumbers
Sea cucumbers are a member of the phylum Echinodermata which are found on the sea floor worldwide. As with all echinoderms, sea cucumbers have an endoskeleton just below the skin, calcified structures that are usually reduced to isolated microscopic ossicles joined by connective tissue.
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Invertebrates
Slide34Sea urchins
Sea urchins do not have arms, but have rows of tube feet that can be extended out of pores of the internal shell.
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Invertebrates
Slide35Sea lilies
Sea lilies, like feather stars, have a mouth on their upper surface that is surrounded by arms used for feeding.
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Invertebrates
Slide36Trilobite fossil
Acadoparadoxides, possibly A. briareus, a large trilobite from about 500 million years ago from Morocco, North Africa (Middle Cambrian)
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Invertebrates
Slide37Book gills
The ventral side of a horseshoe crab showing the book gills located near the telson (tail). These gills flap back and forth bringing oxygen to the blood.
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Invertebrates
Slide38House centipede
The house centipede (Scutigera coleoptrata) is one of the 13,000 species of Myriapoda. They bear one pair of legs per segment and can inject venom. The Myriapods contain the millipedes and centipedes.
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Invertebrates
Slide39Turbellaria
Pseudobiceros bedfordi (Bedford's Flatworm), a member of the Turbellaria, is a marine species which uses the epidermis of its belly for locomotion.
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Invertebrates
Slide40Clitellum
The clitellum is the reproductive structure of an annelid. It creates mucus that aids in sperm transfer and gives rise to a cocoon within which fertilization occurs. It can be seen in this image as the enlarged band around the animal.
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Invertebrates
Slide41Gastropod foot
Gastropods, such as this Roman snail, have a large foot that is modified for crawling.
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Invertebrates
Slide42Cephalopods
Cephalopods ("head foot") include this octopus, which ejects a stream of water from a funnel in its body to propel itself through the water.
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Invertebrates
Slide43Insect showing wings and body segments
Protaetia fieberi in flight posture. Hexapods are characterized by having three distinct tagma, or body segments. This beetle is just one of over one million different species of insects that inhabit the Earth.
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Invertebrates
Slide44Rotifers
A bdelloid rotifer is a member of a class of rotifers found in fresh water and moist soil. The rotifer body consists of a head, a truck, and a foot. They eat by filtering food into the mouth by creating currents with the corona.
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Invertebrates
Slide45Types of sponges
(a) Clathrina clathrus belongs to class Calcarea, (b) Staurocalyptus spp. (common name: yellow Picasso sponge) belongs to class Hexactinellida, and (c) Acarnus erithacus belongs to class Demospongia.
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Invertebrates
Slide46Sponge Spicule
Sponges are classified based on the presence and types of spicules they contain.
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Invertebrates
Slide47Sponge morphology
The sponge's (a) basic body plan is a cylinder shape with a large central cavity. The specialized cell types in sponges (b) each perform a distinct function.
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Invertebrates
Slide48Lifecycle of a jellyfish
The lifecycle of a jellyfish includes two stages: the medusa stage and the polyp stage. The polyp reproduces asexually by budding,while the medusa reproduces sexually.
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Invertebrates
Slide49Hydrozoans
(a) Obelia, (b) Physalia physalis, known as the Portuguese Man O‘ War, (c) Velella bae, and (d) Hydra have different body shapes, but all belong to the family Hydrozoa.
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Invertebrates
Slide50Molting in arthropods
This cicada is in the middle of the molting process. The old cuticle splits and the insect climbs out. At this time, the insect's body is very soft. The cicada will then eat the old shell to replace nutrients that would otherwise be lost. This encourages the new shell to harden.
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Invertebrates
Slide51Nematode shape
Scanning electron micrograph of soybean cyst nematode and its egg. Nematodes are cylindrical in shape, often looking like thin hairs. They possess an exoskeleton that prevents them from drying out . It must be shed (a process called ecdysis) in order for them to grow.
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Invertebrates
Slide52Leeches
Unlike earthworms, leeches lack chaetae and have suckers at both ends of the body.
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Invertebrates
Slide53Mediterranean green Crab
This crab (Carcinus aestuarii) is one of the 67,000 species of crustaceans inhabiting the world's oceans. Most crustaceans are decapods, having ten legs.
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"Carcinus aestuarii 2009 G1."
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carcinus_aestuarii_2009_G1.jpg
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Invertebrates
Slide54Chelicera of spiders
This photo shows the chelicera of a spider being held open with a stick. Some chelicerae, such as those found in spiders, are hollow and contain (or are connected to) venom glands which are used to inject venom into prey or a (perceived) threat.
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Wikimedia.
"Solifugae Chelicera lateral aspect 2012 01 24 0999s."
CC BY
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solifugae_Chelicera_lateral_aspect_2012_01_24_0999s.JPG
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Invertebrates
Slide55Sea cucumbers
Sea cucumbers are the only echinoderms that demonstrate "functional" bilateral symmetry as adults, as they lie horizontally as opposed to the vertical axis of other echinoderms.
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Wikipedia.
"Conspicuous Sea Cucumber, Coconut Island, Hawaii."
Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber,_Coconut_Island,_Hawaii.JPG
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Invertebrates
Slide56Notochord
All chordates possess a notochord, or a type of flexible support rod, at some point in their development. In this dissected lungfish, which is a member of the chordates, tissues have been dissected away to display the notochord.
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Wikipedia.
"Lungs of Protopterus dolloi."
CC BY-SA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lungs_of_Protopterus_dolloi.JPG
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Invertebrates
Slide57Structures present in a tunicate larva
While tunicates are invertebrates and may seem very different from the more familiar members of Chordata, the tunicate larva possesses both a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord, although both are lost in adulthood.
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Wikimedia.
"Uroc004b Jon."
CC BY-SA
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Invertebrates
Slide58Water flow in a sponge
In a sponge, water enters through the body pores and exits in the direction of the osculum (direction of blue arrow). This diffusion of water through the body supports major functions in the sponge.
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Wikimedia.
"Porifera body structures 01."
GNU FDL
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porifera_body_structures_01.png
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Invertebrates
Slide59Internal structures of the Nemertini
This image shows the internal structures of a basic nemertean, including the proboscis and the rhynchocoel: 1: Proboscis 2: Rhynchocoel 3: Dorsal commissure of brain 4: Rhynchodeum 5: Proboscis pore 6: Ventral commissure of brain 7: Mouth 8: Foregut 9: Stomach
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Wikipedia.
"Nemertea Anopla n Enopla Head Sagittal."
CC BY-SA
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Invertebrates
Slide60Morphology of Nemertea
A terrestrial Geonemertes, a Nemertean, displaying the flat, ribbon-like body of the organism that is unsegmented.
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Wikipedia.
"Geonemertes sp., Mindanao, Philippines - 20110515-02."
CC BY-SA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geonemertes_sp.,_Mindanao,_Philippines_-_20110515-02.jpg
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Invertebrates
Slide61Attribution
Wiktionary.
"holdfast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/holdfast
Wiktionary. "parazoan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parazoan
Wiktionary.
"endosymbiont." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endosymbiont
Wiktionary. "spongin." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spongin
Wiktionary.
"spicule."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spicule
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. November 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44663/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWikipedia.
"Hexactinellida." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HexactinellidaWikipedia.
"Homoscleromorpha." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoscleromorpha
Wikipedia. "Porifera." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera%23Classes
Wikibooks. "Invertebrate Zoology/Sponges." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Invertebrate_Zoology/Sponges
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. November 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44663/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"spongocoel."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spongocoel
Wiktionary.
"choanocyte."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/choanocyte
Wikipedia.
"mesohyl."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mesohyl
Wiktionary.
"osculum."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osculum
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44663/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"oocyte."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oocyte
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Invertebrates
Slide62Wiktionary.
"gemmule."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gemmule
Wiktionary. "phagocytosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phagocytosis
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44663/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "cnidocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cnidocyte
Wikipedia.
"mesentery."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mesentery
Wiktionary.
"hermatypic."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hermatypicWikipedia. "Anthozoan."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnthozoanOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44664/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "nematocyst." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nematocyst
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/scyphistoma
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/rhopalia
Wiktionary.
"dioecious."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dioecious
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44664/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"hydroid."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydroid
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44664/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44664/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"proglottid."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proglottid
Wiktionary.
"scolex."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scolex
Wiktionary.
"ectoparasite."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ectoparasite
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Invertebrates
Slide63Wiktionary.
"acoelomate."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acoelomate
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44665/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia.
"pseudocoelomate." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pseudocoelomate
Wiktionary. "mastax." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mastax
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44665/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia.
"protonephridia."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/protonephridiaWiktionary. "rhynchocoel."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhynchocoelWiktionary. "proboscis."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proboscis
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44665/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia. "visceral mass." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/visceral%20mass
Wiktionary. "radula." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radula
Wiktionary.
"mantle."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mantle
Wikipedia.
"Mollusca."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44665/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"nephridium."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nephridium
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/captacula
Wiktionary.
"ctenidium."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ctenidium
WIKIPEDIA.
"Chiton."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitons
WIKIPEDIA.
"Bivalvia."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia
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Invertebrates
Slide64OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44665/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "metamerism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metamerism
Wiktionary.
"chaeta." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaeta
Wiktionary. "clitellum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clitellum
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44665/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"coelomate."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coelomateWiktionary. "ecdysis."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecdysisWiktionary. "cuticle."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuticle
Wikipedia. "Ecdysozoa." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44667/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "exoskeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exoskeleton
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44667/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"spiracle."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spiracle
Wiktionary.
"malpighian tubule."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malpighian+tubule
Wiktionary.
"tagma."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tagma
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44667/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"forcipule."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forcipule
Wiktionary.
"cephalothorax."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cephalothorax
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44667/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
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Invertebrates
Slide65Wikipedia.
"Water vascular system."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vascular_system
Wikipedia. "pentaradial symmetry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pentaradial%20symmetry
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/podocyte
Wiktionary. "ampulla." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ampulla
Wikipedia.
"madreporite."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/madreporite
Wikipedia.
"Echinoderm."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EchinodermWikipedia. "Madreporite."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MadreporiteOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44681/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "ossicle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossicle
Wiktionary. "fissiparous." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fissiparous
Wiktionary. "ambulacrum." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ambulacrum
Wikipedia.
"Sea cucumber."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber
Wikipedia.
"Crinoid."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid
Wikipedia.
"Sea urchins."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchins
Wikipedia.
"Brittle star."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_star
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44681/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia.
"pharyngeal slit."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pharyngeal%20slit
Wiktionary.
"notochord."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/notochord
Wikipedia.
"dorsal nerve cord."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dorsal%20nerve%20cord
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Invertebrates
Slide66Wikipedia.
"Chordate."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate
Wikibooks. "General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Eukaryotes/Animals/Phyla." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Biology/Classification_of_Living_Things/Eukaryotes/Animals/Phyla%23Phylum_Chordata
Wikibooks.
"GCSE Biology/Classification of Organisms." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Biology/Classification_of_Organisms%23Chordata
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44681/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"cnidocyte."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cnidocyte
Wiktionary.
"diploblastic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diploblasticOpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. November 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44664/latest/?collection=col11448/latestOpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 22, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44664/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "cephalization." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cephalizationWiktionary. "lophophore." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lophophore
Wiktionary. "blastopore." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blastopore
Wikipedia.
"Lophotrochozoa."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophotrochozoa
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44665/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
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Invertebrates