Free to share print make copies and changes Get yours at wwwboundlesscom Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix ID: 778722
Download The PPT/PDF document "Boundless Lecture Slides" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Boundless Lecture Slides
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform
Slide2Using Boundless Presentations
The Appendix
The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience.
Free to edit, share, and copy
Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Boundless Teaching Platform
Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources.
Get started now at:
If you have any questions or problems please email:
educators@boundless.com
http://
boundless.com
/teaching-platform
Slide3Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website,
iOS
apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
About Boundless
Slide4]
The Evolution of Populations
The Evolution of Populations
Population Evolution
Population Genetics
Adaptive Evolution
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Slide5Defining Population Evolution
Population Genetics
Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium Population Evolution
The Evolution of Populations
>
Population Evolution
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-evolution-of-populations-19/population-evolution-130/
Slide6Genetic Variation
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow and Mutation Nonrandom Mating and Environmental Variance Population Genetics
The Evolution of Populations
>
Population Genetics
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-evolution-of-populations-19/population-genetics-131/
Slide7Natural Selection and Adaptive Evolution
Stabilizing, Directional, and Diversifying Selection
Frequency-Dependent Selection Sexual Selection No Perfect Organism
Adaptive Evolution
The Evolution of Populations
>
Adaptive Evolution
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-evolution-of-populations-19/adaptive-evolution-132/
Slide8Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Appendix
Slide9Key terms
allele one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosomeassortative mating
between males and females of a species, the mutual attraction or selection, for reproductive purposes, of individuals with similar characteristicscline a gradation in a character or phenotype within a species or other groupcrossing over the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes
Darwinian fitness the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotypedirectional selection a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one directiondisruptive selection (or diversifying selection) a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate valuesfecundity
number, rate, or capacity of offspring productionfitness an individual's ability to propagate its genesfounder effect
a decrease in genetic variation that occurs when an entire population descends from a small number of foundersfounder effect a decrease in genetic variation that occurs when an entire population descends from a small number of founders
frequency-dependent selection the term given to an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide10gene flow
the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to anothergene flow the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to anothergene pool
the complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or populationgenetic diversity the level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a speciesgenetic drift an overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random sampling
genetic drift an overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random fluctuations in the frequencies of individual alleles of the genesgenetic hitchhiking a phenomenon in which a gene increases in a population because it lies near genes on the same chromosome that are advantageous to an organismgenetic hitchhiking changes in the frequency of an allele because of linkage with a positively or negatively selected allele at another locusgenetic variation
variation in alleles of genes that occurs both within and among populationsgenotype the combination of alleles, situated on corresponding chromosomes, that determines a specific trait of an individual, such as "Aa" or "aa"
handicap principle a theory that suggests that animals of greater biological fitness signal this status through a behavior or morphology that effectively lowers their chances of survivallinkage disequilibrium
a non-random association of two or more alleles at two or more loci; normally caused by an interaction between genes
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide11mutation
any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic materialmutation any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic materialnatural selection
a process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproducenatural selection a process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproducephenotype the appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees
phenotypic variation variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation); a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selectionpolygynous having more than one female as matepolymorphism the regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or populationrandom sampling a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) by chance
sexual dimorphism a physical difference between male and female individuals of the same speciessexual selection
a type of natural selection, where members of the sexes acquire distinct forms because members choose mates with particular features or because competition for mates with certain traits succeedsexual selection a mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide12stabilizing selection
a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide13ABO blood type in humans
In humans, each blood type corresponds to a combination of two alleles, which represent a the type of antigens displayed on the outside of a red blood cell. Human blood types are A, B, AB, and O.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"ABO Blood type."
Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system%23mediaviewer/File:ABO_blood_type.svg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide14The Founder Effect
The founder effect occurs when a portion of the population (i.e. "founders") separates from the old population to start a new population with different allele frequencies.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Founder effect with drift."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Founder_effect_with_drift.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide15Adaptive evolution in finches
Through natural selection, a population of finches evolved into three separate species by adapting to several difference selection pressures. Each of the three modern finches has a beak adapted to its life history and diet.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Evolution sm."
Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_value%23mediaviewer/File:Evolution_sm.png
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide16Micrurus fulvius, the eastern coral snake
The eastern coral snake is poisonous.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikipedia.
"Coral snake."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_009.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide17The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
When populations are in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the allelic frequency is stable from generation to generation and the distribution of alleles can be determined.If the allelic frequency measured in the field differs from the predicted value, scientists can make inferences about what evolutionary forces are at play.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Population Evolution. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44582/latest/Figure_19_01_01.png
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide18Evolution on earth
Evolution has resulted in living things that may be single-celled or complex, multicellular organisms. They may be plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea. This diversity results from evolution.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44575/latest/Figure_19_00_01.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide19Effect of genetic drift
Genetic drift in a population can lead to the elimination of an allele from that population by chance. In this example, the brown coat color allele (B) is dominant over the white coat color allele (b). In the first generation, the two alleles occur with equal frequency in the population, resulting in p and q values of .5. Only half of the individuals reproduce, resulting in a second generation with p and q values of .7 and .3, respectively. Only two individuals in the second generation reproduce and, by chance, these individuals are homozygous dominant for brown coat color. As a result, in the third generation the recessive b allele is lost.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_02.png
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide20Temperature-dependent sex determination
The sex of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. Eggs incubated at 30 degrees C produce females, and eggs incubated at 33 degrees C produce males.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_05.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide21Sexual dimorphism
Morphological differences between males and females of the same species is known as sexual dimorphism.These differences can be observed in (a) peacocks and peahens, (b) Argiope appensa spiders (the female spider is the large one), and (c) wood ducks.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Adaptive Evolution. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/Figure_19_03_03abc.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide22Mutation and natural selection
As mutations create variation, natural selection affects the frequency of that trait in a population. Mutations that confer a benefit (such as running faster or digesting food more efficiently) can help that organism survive and reproduce, carrying the mutation to the next generation.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikipedia.
"Mutation and selection diagram."
CC BY-SA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide23Genetic drift and gene fixation
In this simulation, there is fixation in the blue gene variation within five generations. Images these dots are beetles and some of them are destroyed by a wildfire. As the surviving population changes over time, some traits (red) may be completely eliminated from the population, leaving only the beetles with other traits (blue).
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikipedia.
"Random sampling genetic drift."
CC BY-SA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Random_sampling_genetic_drift.svg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide24Genetic drift over time
Ten simulations of random genetic drift of a single given allele with an initial frequency distribution 0.5 measured over the course of 50 generations, repeated in three reproductively synchronous populations of different sizes. In these simulations, alleles drift to loss or fixation (frequency of 0.0 or 1.0) only in the smallest population.Effect of population size on genetic drift: Ten simulations each of random change in the frequency distribution of a single hypothetical allele over 50 generations for different sized populations; first population size n=20, second population n=200, and third population n=2000.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Random genetic drift chart."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift%23mediaviewer/File:Random_genetic_drift_chart.png
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide25Geographic variation in moose
This graph shows geographical variation in moose; body mass increase positively with latitude. Bergmann's Rule is an ecologic principle which states that as latitude increases the body mass of a particular species increases. The data are taken from a Swedish study investigating the size of moose as latitude increases as shows the positive relationship between the two, supporting Bergmann's Rule.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Bergmann."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergmann's_Rule.svg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide26Polymorphism in the grove snail
Color and pattern morphs of the grove snail, Cepaea nemoralis.The polymorphism, when two or more different genotypes exist within a given species, in grove snails seems to have several causes, including predation by thrushes.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Polymorphism in Cepaea nemoralis."
CC BY-SA
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polymorphism_in_Cepaea_nemoralis.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide27Hardy-Weinberg proportions for two alleles
The horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q and the vertical axis shows the expected genotype frequencies.Each line shows one of the three possible genotypes.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Hardy-Weinberg."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy-Weinberg_principle%23mediaviewer/File:Hardy-Weinberg.svg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide28The Founder Effect
Here are three possible outcomes of the founder effect, each with gene pools separate from the original populations.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikipedia.
"Founder effect."
Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Founder_effect.png
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide29Mutation in a garden rose
A mutation has caused this garden moss rose to produce flowers of different colors. This mutation has introduce a new allele into the population that increases genetic variation and may be passed on to the next generation.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Portulaca grandiflora mutant1."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide30Galápagos with David Attenborough
Two hundred years after Charles Darwin set foot on the shores of the Galápagos Islands, David Attenborough travels to this wild and mysterious archipelago. Amongst the flora and fauna of these enchanted volcanic islands, Darwin formulated his groundbreaking theories on evolution. Journey with Attenborough to explore how life on the islands has continued to evolve in biological isolation, and how the ever-changing volcanic landscape has given birth to species and sub-species that exist nowhere else in the world.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide31Assortative mating in the American Robin
The American Robin may practice assortative mating on plumage color, a melanin based trait, and mate with other robins who have the most similar shade of color. However, there may also be some sexual selection for more vibrant plumage which indicates health and reproductive performance.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"American Robin Close-Up."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Robin%23mediaviewer/File:American_Robin_Close-Up.JPG
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide32Effect of a bottleneck on a population
A chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_03.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide33Frequency-dependent selection in side-blotched lizards
A yellow-throated side-blotched lizard is smaller than either the blue-throated or orange-throated males and appears a bit like the females of the species, allowing it to sneak copulations. Frequency-dependent selection allows for both common and rare phenotypes of the population to appear in a frequency-aided cycle.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Adaptive Evolution. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/Figure_19_03_02.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide34Lampropeltis elapsoides, the scarlet kingsnake
The scarlet kingsnake mimics the coloration of the poisonous eastern coral snake. Positive frequency-dependent selection reinforces the common phenotype because predators avoid the distinct coloration.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
WikiPedia.
"Lampropeltis elapsoides."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G-Bartolotti_SK.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide35Diversifying (or disruptive) selection
Diversifying selection occurs when extreme values for a trait are favored over the intermediate values.This type of selection often drives speciation.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. August 4, 2014."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide36Sexual selection in elk
This male elk has large antlers to compete with rival males for available females (intrasexual competition).Tn addition, the many points on his antlers represent health and longevity, and therefore he may be more desirable to females (intersexual selection).
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Bull elk bugling during the fall mating season."
Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_elk_bugling_during_the_fall_mating_season.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide37A male bird of paradise
This male bird of paradise carries an extremely long tail as the result of sexual selection.The tail is flamboyant and detrimental to the bird's own survival, but it increases his reproductive success.This may be an example of the handicap principle.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Ribbon-tailed Astrapia."
CC BY-SA 2.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird-of-paradise%23mediaviewer/File:Ribbon-tailed_Astrapia.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide38BBC Planet Earth - Birds of Paradise mating dance
Extraordinary Courtship displays from these weird and wonderful creatures. From episode 1 "Pole to Pole". This is an example of the extreme behaviors that arise from intense sexual selection pressure.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide39Gene flow
Gene flow can occur when an individual travels from one geographic location to another.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_04.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide40Low genetic diversity in the wild cheetah population
Populations of wild cheetahs have very low genetic variation. Because wild cheetahs are threatened, their species has a very low genetic diversity. This low genetic diversity means they are often susceptible to disease and often pass on lethal recessive mutations; only about 5% of cheetahs survive to adulthood.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikimedia.
"Cheetah genetic diversity."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_genetic_diversity.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide41Genetic variation in the shells of Donax variabilis
An enormous amount of phenotypic variation exists in the shells of Donax varabilis, otherwise known as the coquina mollusc. This phenotypic variation is due at least partly to genetic variation within the coquina population.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikipedia.
"Coquina variation3."
CC BY-SA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coquina_variation3.jpg
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide42The Evolution of the Peppered Moth
Typica and carbonaria morphs resting on the same tree.The light-colored typica (below the bark's scar) is nearly invisible on this pollution-free tree, camouflaging it from predators.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
Wikipedia.
"Peppered moth evolution."
GNU FDL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth_evolution
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide43Directional selection
Directional selection occurs when a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. August 4, 2014."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide44Stabilizing selection
Stabilizing selection occurs when the population stabilizes on a particular trait value and genetic diversity decreases.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. August 4, 2014."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide45Types of natural selection
Different types of natural selection can impact the distribution of phenotypes within a population.In (a) stabilizing selection, an average phenotype is favored.In (b) directional selection, a change in the environment shifts the spectrum of phenotypes observed.In (c) diversifying selection, two or more extreme phenotypes are selected for, while the average phenotype is selected against.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. November 9, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
View on Boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide46Attribution
Wiktionary.
"natural selection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natural_selection
Wiktionary. "genetic drift." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetic_drift
Wikipedia.
"Natural Selection." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/genetic-hitchhiking
Wikipedia.
"gene flow."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene%20flow
Wiktionary.
"mutation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutationWikipedia.
"fitness." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fitnessWikipedia.
"Evolution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%23Mechanisms
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44575/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "founder effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/founder_effect
Wiktionary. "gene pool." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene_pool
Wikpedia.
"Population Genetics."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics
Wiktionary.
"allele."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allele
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44582/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"phenotype."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenotype
Wiktionary.
"genotype."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genotype
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44582/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide47Wiktionary.
"genetic drift."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetic_drift
Wiktionary. "founder effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/founder_effect
Wikipedia.
"Genetic Drift." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_driftOpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"mutation."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutation
Wikipedia.
"gene flow."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene%20flowOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latestOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "assortative mating." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assortative_mating
Wikipedia. "Sexual Selection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection
Wiktionary. "cline." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cline
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"natural selection."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natural_selection
Wikipedia.
"Darwinian fitness."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian%20fitness
Wiktionary.
"fecundity."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fecundity
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia.
"disruptive selection."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/disruptive%20selection
Wikipedia.
"directional selection."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/directional%20selection
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide48Wikipedia.
"stabilizing selection."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stabilizing%20selection
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "polygynous." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polygynous
Wikipedia.
"frequency-dependent selection."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/frequency-dependent%20selection
WIKIPEDIA.
"Frequency-dependent selection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selectionWIKISPACES.
"Frequency-dependent selection." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://genetics-notes.wikispaces.com/Frequency-dependent+selectionOpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "sexual selection." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sexual_selectionWiktionary. "sexual dimorphism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sexual_dimorphism
Wikipedia. "Sexual Selection." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/handicap-principle
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"linkage disequilibrium."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linkage_disequilibrium
Wikipedia.
"Genetic Hitchhiking."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_draft
Wiktionary.
"polymorphism."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polymorphism
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia.
"Genetic Diversity."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity
Wikipedia.
"crossing over."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/crossing%20over
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations
Slide49Wikipedia.
"phenotypic variation."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phenotypic%20variation
Wikipedia. "genetic variation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic%20variation
Wikibooks.
"A-level Biology/Central Concepts/Classification, selection and evolution." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Biology/Central_Concepts/Classification,_selection_and_evolution
Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Organismic and Evolutionary Biology." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Organismic_and_Evolutionary_Biology
Wikibooks.
"Structural Biochemistry/Evolution of Populations."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Evolution_of_Populations%23Genetic_Variation
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 22, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at
www.boundless.com
The Evolution of Populations