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Slide2Using Boundless Presentations
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About Boundless
Slide4]
Wording the Speech
Wording the Speech
Understanding Language
Variations in Language
Using Language Effectively
Deploying Style Effectively
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Understanding Bias in Language
Slide5The Importance of Language
Ways of Thinking About Language
Understanding Language
Wording the Speech
> Understanding Language
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Slide6Variations in Directness
Variations in Abstraction
Variations in Objectivity Variations in Orality Variations in Accuracy
Variations in Language
Wording the Speech
>
Variations in Language
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Slide7Choosing Clear Words and Phrasing
Choosing Vivid Words
Choosing Appropriate Words Matching Personal Style Using Language Effectively
Wording the Speech
>
Using Language Effectively
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Slide8Alliteration
Antithesis
Hyperbole Onomatopoeia Personification Repetition and Parallelism
Simile and Metaphor Deploying Style Effectively
Wording the Speech
>
Deploying Style Effectively
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Slide9Gender Bias
Culture Bias
Understanding Bias in Language
Wording the Speech
> Understanding Bias in Language
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Appendix
Slide11Key terms
abstract Difficult to understand; abstruse.Accuracy
Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.alliteration The repetition of consonants at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals.antithesis A device by which two contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in parallel form.
baseline A datum used as the basis for calculation or for comparison.bias An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection.bias An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection.delimit To mark or fix the limits of.direct
Straight, constant, without interruption.dissect To analyze an idea in detail by separating it into its parts.
gender The sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the categories of "male" and "female," with each having associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc.hyperbole
Extreme exaggeration or overstatement; especially as a literary or rhetorical device.
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Wording the Speech
Slide12inflection
A change in pitch or tone of voice.Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate, and perceive the world around them.
language A form of communication using words either spoken or gestured with the hands and structured with grammar, often with a writing system.meaning The objects or concept that a word or phrase denotes, or that which a sentence says.
metaphor The use of a word or phrase to refer to something that it isn't, invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase used and the thing described, but without the words like or as, which would imply a simile.metaphor The use of a word or phrase to refer to something that it isn't, invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase used and the thing described, but without the words like or as, which would imply a simile.monotony Tedium as a result of repetition or a lack of variety.Objective
not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence.objectivity The state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudicesonomatopoeia
A word that sounds like what it represents, such as "gurgle" or "hiss."orality The quality of being spoken or verbally communicated
pandering The act of expressing one's views in accordance with the likes of a group to which one is attempting to appeal. The term is most notably associated with politics. In pandering, the views one is verbally expressing are merely for the purpose of drawing support and votes and do not necessarily reflect one's personal values.
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Wording the Speech
Slide13Parallelism
the juxtaposition of two or more identical or equivalent syntactic constructions, especially those expressing the same sentiment with slight modifications, introduced for rhetorical effect.personification A figure of speech, prosopopeia, in which an inanimate object or an abstraction is given human qualities.
primary orality Primary orality' refers to thought and its verbal expression within cultures "totally untouched by any knowledge of writing or print."prosopopoeia A prosopopoeia (Greek: π) is a rhetorical device in which a speaker or writer communicates to the audience by speaking as another person or object.repetition
the act or an instance of repeating or being repeated.simile A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using like or as.simile A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using like or as.subjective The state of being formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment.
venue A place, especially the one where a given event is to happen.weasel phrases Phrases that often precede statements and that lack substantive quality.
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Wording the Speech
Slide14Appropriate Words
When choosing the appropriate words for your speech, it helps to fully understand the context of your speech, including the audience and venue.
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Wikimedia.
"Valedictorian's speech."
CC BY-SA
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valedictorian's_speech.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide15Using Clear Words
It's important to convey your message to the audience in the clearest way possible.
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Wikimedia.
"President Reagan giving Campaign speech in Austin, Texas 1984."
Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:President_Reagan_giving_Campaign_speech_in_Austin,_Texas_1984.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide16Metaphor
Using descriptive language adds variety and creativity to your speech.
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Flickr.
"I Am [Metaphor] | Flickr - Photo Sharing!."
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wrestlingentropy/405308094/
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Wording the Speech
Slide17Ladder of Abstraction
A good speaker will be able to manoeuvre along the ladder of abstraction.
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Flickr.
"Color ladder abstraction | Flickr - Photo Sharing!."
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/27384147@N02/4580091430/
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Wording the Speech
Slide18Gender Bias
The late Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan, faced gender and cultural bias in her two brief terms as a world leader.
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Wikimedia.
"Benazir bhutto 1988."
Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benazir_bhutto_1988.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide19Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that imitates a sound.
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Flickr.
"All sizes | SLAM!| Flickr - Photo Sharing!."
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevensnodgrass/7170907255/sizes/l/
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Wording the Speech
Slide20Antithesis
Anthesis is a way of presenting contrast. Black is the antithesis of white and vice-versa.
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Flickr.
"salt and pepper | Flickr - Photo Sharing!."
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/striatic/166766499/
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Wording the Speech
Slide21Hyberbole
Hyperbole is a form of exaggeration. Do you really think these are THE most touching records EVER made?
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Flickr.
"Hyperbole | Flickr - Photo Sharing!."
CC BY-SA
http://www.flickr.com/photos/intrepidingrid/5316252719/
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Wording the Speech
Slide22Alliteration
The game of Tic-Tac-Toe is a perfect example of alliteration. Each word in the game's name begins with the letter "T."
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Wikimedia.
"File:Tic tac toe.svg - Wikimedia Commons."
Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tic_tac_toe.svg&page=1
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Wording the Speech
Slide23Personification
Anthropomorphism is a form of personification. It associates human qualities and characteristics with non-human animals.
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Wikimedia.
"Donald Duck - The Spirit of '43 (cropped version)."
Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Duck_-_The_Spirit_of_'43_(cropped_version).jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide24Why Language Matters
The words you choose and how you deliver the words are critical to get your message across in a speech.
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Wikimedia.
"Obama healthcare speech draft."
Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Obama_healthcare_speech_draft.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide25Finding a Balance
You should strive for a balance between subjectivity and objectivity in your speech.
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Wikimedia.
"Chancellor Merkel gives keynote speech hires."
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chancellor_Merkel_gives_keynote_speech_hires.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide26Thinking about Language
What lasting impression do you want to leave with your audience? What are the goals and objectives of your speech?
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Wikimedia.
"Audience enjoy Stallman's jokes."
CC BY
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Audience_enjoy_Stallman's_jokes.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide27Directness
Knowing when and how to use directness in your speech can strengthen the impact on the audience.
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Wikimedia.
"Booker t washington atlanta compromise speech."
Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Booker_t_washington_atlanta_compromise_speech.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide28Orality
Modern scholarship has shown that orality is a complex and tenacious social phenomenon.
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Wikipedia.
"Orality."
GNU FDL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orality
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Wording the Speech
Slide29Accuracy
Accuracy is vital for a speech to be successful. Make sure your facts are correct!
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Wikimedia.
"High school students."
Public domain
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/STUDENTS_AND_TEACHER_IN_A_CLASSROOM_AT_CATHEDRAL_HIGH_SCHOOL_IN_NEW_ULM,_MINNESOTA._THE_TOWN_IS_A_COUNTY_SEAT_TRADING..._-_NARA_-_558214.jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide30William Shakespeare
When lacking vivid words, Shakespeare created his own. He invented over 1,700 words and phrases in his body of works.
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Wikimedia.
"Hw-shakespeare."
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hw-shakespeare.png
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Wording the Speech
Slide31What's your personal style?
Don't be afraid to let your personal style come through in your speech. Steve Jobs does it well here with his signature black turtleneck.
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Wikimedia.
"Steve Jobs and Bill Gates (522695099)."
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_(522695099).jpg
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Wording the Speech
Slide32Repetition and Parallelism
Repetition and parallelism of ideas and concepts can really emphasize the point of a speech to an audience, while establishing balance in the argument.
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Flickr.
"IMGP7012.JPG | Flickr - Photo Sharing!."
CC BY-SA
http://www.flickr.com/photos/crimsonninjagirl/1106322878/
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Wording the Speech
Slide33Cultural Biases
To be effective speakers, we must recognize, acknowledge, and move beyond cultural biases.
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Wikimedia.
"Wang Qishan ,Obama Basketball S&ED."
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Wording the Speech
Slide34Your Own Style
Your speech is a reflection of who you are. Be sure to add your own personal style.
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Dan Quayle.
"Quayle_at_Pascagoula%2C_1984_%281%29.JPEG."
Public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quayle_at_Pascagoula,_1984_(1).JPEG
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Wording the Speech
Slide35Attribution
Wiktionary.
"subjective." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective
Wiktionary. "objectivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objectivity
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"Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Author
Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Researching." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Wikibooks.
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Wikibooks.
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"dissect."
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"baseline." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baselineWiktionary. "delimit." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delimitWikipedia. "Antithesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis
Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Glossary." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Glossary
Wiktionary.
"antithesis."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antithesis
Project Gutenberg.
"The Art of Public Speaking by Dale Carnegie and J. Berg Esenwein."
Public domain
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm
Wikipedia.
"Aliteration."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliteration
Wiktionary.
"alliteration."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alliteration
Wikipedia.
"Prosopopeia."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopopeia
Wiktionary.
"personification."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/personification
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Wording the Speech
Slide36Wikipedia.
"prosopopoeia."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prosopopoeia
Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Glossary." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Glossary%23P
Wikipedia.
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Wiktionary. "hyperbole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperbole
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CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperboleWikipedia. "Parallelism (grammar)."
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism_(grammar)Wikipedia. "Parallelism."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism
Wiktionary. "repetition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repetition
Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Exposition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Exposition%23Start_Writing
Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Rhetorical Analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Project Gutenberg.
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Public domain
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm
Wikipedia.
"Onomatopoeia."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia
Wiktionary.
"onomatopoeia."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/onomatopoeia
Wiktionary.
"Objective."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Objective
Wiktionary.
"venue."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/venue
Wikibooks.
"Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Author
Wikibooks.
"Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical Framework."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical_Framework
Wikibooks.
"Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical Framework."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical_Framework
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Wording the Speech
Slide37Wikibooks.
"Writing Better University Essays/Defining key terms."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Defining_key_terms
Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Sciences." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Writing_in_the_Sciences
Wikibooks.
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Wikipedia. "Accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy
Wikibooks.
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Researching
Wikibooks.
"Writing Better University Essays/Referencing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/ReferencingProject Gutenberg.
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http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htmWikipedia.
"abstract." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/abstractWikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Description." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/DescriptionWikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Description." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Teacher%27s_Handbook/Description
Project Gutenberg. "The Art of Public Speaking by Dale Carnegie and J. Berg Esenwein."
Public domain
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm
Wiktionary.
"direct."
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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/direct
Wikipedia.
"pandering."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pandering
Wikibooks.
"Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Author
Wikibooks.
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Boundless Learning.
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Wikibooks.
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CC BY-SA 3.0
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Wikibooks.
"Writing Better University Essays/Main part."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Main_part
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Wording the Speech
Slide38Wikibooks.
"Writing Better University Essays/Defining key terms."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Defining_key_terms
Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/The structure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/The_structure
Project Gutenberg.
"The Art of Public Speaking by Dale Carnegie and J. Berg Esenwein." Public domain
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm
Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Description." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Wiktionary.
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CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metaphor
Wiktionary.
"simile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simileWiktionary.
"monotony." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monotonyWikibooks.
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Wording the Speech
Slide39Wikibooks.
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Slide40Wiktionary.
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Wording the Speech