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About Boundless
Slide4]
Viruses
Viruses
Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Virus Infections and Hosts
Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
Prions and Viroids
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Slide5Discovery and Detection of Viruses
Evolution of Viruses
Viral Morphology Virus Classification Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Viruses
>
Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
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Slide6Steps of Virus Infections
The Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of Bacteriophages
Animal Viruses Plant Viruses Virus Infections and Hosts
Viruses
>
Virus Infections and Hosts
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Slide7Vaccines and Immunity
Vaccines and Anti-Viral Drugs for Treatment
Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
Viruses
> Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
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Slide8Prions and Viroids
Prions and Viroids
Viruses
>
Prions and Viroids
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Appendix
Slide10Key terms
anti-viral drug a class of medication, such as antibiotics, that inhibits the virus by blocking the actions of one or more of its proteinsbacteriophage
A virus that specifically infects bacteria.Baltimore classification a classification scheme that groups viruses into seven classes according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the viruscapsid the outer protein shell of a virus
devolution degeneration (as opposed to evolution)Ebola virus an extremely contagious virus of African origin that causes Ebola fever, spread through contact with bodily fluids or secretions of infected persons and by airborne particlesenvelope an enclosing structure or cover, such as a membranefilamentous Having the form of threads or filaments
glycoprotein a protein with covalently-bonded carbohydrateshorizontal transmission the transmission of an infectious agent, such as bacterial, fungal, or viral infection, between members of the same species that are not in a parent-child relationship
isometric of, or being a geometric system of three equal axes lying at right angles to each other (especially in crystallography)killed vaccine
(inactivated vaccine) consists of virus particles which are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as with heat or formaldehyde
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Viruses
Slide11latency
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell.live vaccine consists of an active microbe (virus or bacteria)lysogenic cycle
A form of viral reproduction involving the fusion of the nucleic acid of a bacteriophage with that of a host, followed by proliferation of the resulting prophage.lytic cycle The normal process of viral reproduction involving penetration of the cell membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, and lysis of the host cell.messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product.prion a self-propagating misfolded conformer of a protein that is responsible for a number of diseases that affect the brain and other neural tissueproteinaceous of, pertaining to, or consisting of proteinreceptor-mediated endocytosis a process by which cells internalize molecules (endocytosis) by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalizedretrovirus
a virus that has a genome consisting of RNAself-replicating able to generate a copy of itselfvaccination
inoculation in order to protect against a particular disease or strain of disease; causes a primary immune response without illness, allowing the secondary response to destroy subsequent infectionvertical transmission the transmission of an infection or other disease from the female of the species to the offspring
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Viruses
Slide12virion
a single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell)virion a single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell)virion
a single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell)viroid plant pathogens that consist of just a short section of RNA, but without the protein coat typical of virusesvirus a submicroscopic infectious organism, now understood to be a non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
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Viruses
Slide13Lytic versus lysogenic cycle
A temperate bacteriophage has both lytic and lysogenic cycles. In the lytic cycle, the phage replicates and lyses the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome, where it is passed on to subsequent generations. Environmental stressors such as starvation or exposure to toxic chemicals may cause the prophage to excise and enter the lytic cycle.
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Viruses
Slide14Example of viruses classified by caspid design
Viruses are classified based on their core genetic material and capsid design. (a) Rabies virus has a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) core and an enveloped helical capsid, whereas (b) variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) core and a complex capsid.
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Viruses
Slide15Examples of transmission electron micrographs of viruses
In these transmission electron micrographs, (a) a virus is dwarfed by the bacterial cell it infects, while (b) these E. coli cells are dwarfed by cultured colon cells.
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Viruses
Slide16The structure of the icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus
In the past, viruses were classified by the type of nucleic acid they contained, DNA or RNA, and whether they had single- or double-stranded nucleic acid.
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Viruses
Slide17Virus classification by capsid structure
Viruses can also be classified by the design of their capsids which are classified as naked icosahedral, enveloped icosahedral, enveloped helical, naked helical, and complex.
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Viruses
Slide18Example of a virus attaching to its host cell
The KSHV virus binds the xCT receptor on the surface of human cells. This attachment allows for later penetration of the cell membrane and replication inside the cell.
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Viruses
Slide19Bacteriophage
This transmission electron micrograph shows bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell.
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Viruses
Slide20Vaccinations
Vaccinations are designed to boost immunity to a virus to prevent infection.
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Viruses
Slide21Baltimore classification
The Baltimore classification scheme, the most commonly used, was developed by Nobel Prize-winning biologist David Baltimore in the early 1970s. The scheme groups viruses according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus, in addition to the differences in morphology and genetics.
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Viruses
Slide22Chicken pox virus
(a) Varicella-zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, has an enveloped icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph. Its double-stranded DNA genome incorporates into the host DNA and reactivates after latency in the form of (b) shingles, often exhibiting a rash.
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Viruses
Slide23Pathway to viral infection
In influenza virus infection, glycoproteins attach to a host epithelial cell. As a result, the virus is engulfed. RNA and proteins are made and assembled into new virions.
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Viruses
Slide24Common ancestor tree of life
This phylogenetic tree of the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) attempts to identify when various species diverged from a common ancestor. Finding a common ancestor for viruses has proven to be far more difficult, especially since they do not fossilize.
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Viruses
Slide25Examples of virus shapes
Viruses can be either complex in shape or relatively simple. This figure shows three relatively-complex virions: the bacteriophage T4, with its DNA-containing head group and tail fibers that attach to host cells; adenovirus, which uses spikes from its capsid to bind to host cells; and HIV, which uses glycoproteins embedded in its envelope to bind to host cells.
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Viruses
Slide26Adenovirus classification
Adenovirus (left) is depicted with a double-stranded DNA genome enclosed in an icosahedral capsid that is 90–100 nm across. The virus, shown clustered in the micrograph (right), is transmitted orally and causes a variety of illnesses in vertebrates, including human eye and respiratory infections.
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Viruses
Slide27Transmission electron micrograph of viruses
Transmission electron micrographs of various viruses show their structures. The capsid of the (a) polio virus is naked icosahedral; (b) the Epstein-Barr virus capsid is enveloped icosahedral; (c) the mumps virus capsid is an enveloped helix; (d) the tobacco mosaic virus capsid is naked helical; and (e) the herpesvirus capsid is complex.
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Viruses
Slide28Tamiflu
(a) Tamiflu inhibits a viral enzyme called neuraminidase (NA) found in the influenza viral envelope. (b) Neuraminidase cleaves the connection between viral hemagglutinin (HA), also found in the viral envelope, and glycoproteins on the host cell surface. Inhibition of neuraminidase prevents the virus from detaching from the host cell, thereby blocking further infection.
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Viruses
Slide29Example of the formation of a prion
(a) Endogenous normal prion protein (PrPc) is converted into the disease-causing form (PrPsc) when it encounters this variant form of the protein. PrPsc may arise spontaneously in brain tissue, especially if a mutant form of the protein is present, or it may occur via the spread of misfolded prions consumed in food into brain tissue. (b) This prion-infected brain tissue, visualized using light microscopy, shows the vacuoles that give it a spongy texture, typical of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
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Viruses
Slide30Virus classification by genome structure and core
The type of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and its structure (single- or double-stranded, linear or circular, and segmented or non-segmented) are used to classify the virus core structures.
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Viruses
Slide31HIV
HIV, an enveloped, icosahedral virus, attaches to the CD4 receptor of an immune cell and fuses with the cell membrane. Viral contents are released into the cell where viral enzymes convert the single-stranded RNA genome into DNA and incorporate it into the host genome.
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Viruses
Slide32Oak tree galls
Galls are abnormal plant growth or swellings comprised of plant tissue. Galls are usually found on foliage or twigs. These unusual deformities are caused by plant growth-regulating chemicals or stimuli produced by an insect or other arthropod pest species. The chemicals produced by these causal organisms interfere with normal plant cell growth.
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Viruses
Slide33Potatoes infected by a viroid
These potatoes have been infected by the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV). It is typically spread when infected knives are used to cut healthy potatoes, which are then planted.
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Viruses
Slide34Attribution
Wiktionary.
"virion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virion
Wiktionary. "virus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virus
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "devolution." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devolution
Wiktionary.
"self-replicating."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self-replicating
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary.
"isometric." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isometricWiktionary.
"filamentous." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filamentous
Wiktionary. "envelope." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/envelopeWiktionary. "capsid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capsid
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia.
"messenger RNA."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/messenger%20RNA
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/baltimore-classification
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. November 19, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"glycoprotein."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycoprotein
Wiktionary.
"retrovirus."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retrovirus
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Slide35Wiktionary.
"virion."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virion
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44597/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"lytic cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lytic_cycle
Wiktionary. "lysogenic cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lysogenic_cycle
Wiktionary.
"bacteriophage."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bacteriophage
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44597/latest/?collection=col11448/latestOpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44597/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWikipedia.
"receptor-mediated endocytosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/receptor-mediated%20endocytosis
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44597/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWikipedia. "vertical transmission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vertical%20transmission
Wikipedia. "horizontal transmission." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/horizontal%20transmission
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44597/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia.
"killed vaccine."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/killed%20vaccine
Wikipedia.
"live vaccine."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/live%20vaccine
Wiktionary.
"vaccination."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaccination
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44599/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"Ebola virus."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ebola_virus
Wiktionary.
"virion."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virion
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/anti-viral-drug
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Slide36OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
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Wiktionary. "proteinaceous." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proteinaceous
Wiktionary.
"viroid." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viroid
Wiktionary. "prion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prion
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44601/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44601/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
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