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Slide2Using Boundless Presentations
The Appendix
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About Boundless
Slide4]
Special Senses
Special Senses
The Vertebrate Visual System
Taste and Olfaction
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Slide5Anatomy of the Eye
Transduction of Light
Visual Processing The Vertebrate Visual System
Special Senses
>
The Vertebrate Visual System
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Slide6Tastes and Odors
Reception and Transduction
Taste and Olfaction
Special Senses
> Taste and Olfaction
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Slide7Sound
The Vestibular System
Reception of Sound Transduction of Sound Hearing and Equilibrium
Special Senses
>
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Appendix
Slide9Key terms
amplitude measure of a wave from its highest point to its lowest point; heard as volumecochlea
the complex, spirally coiled, tapered cavity of the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulsescone cell located near the center of the retina that is weakly photosensitive and is responsible for color vision in relatively bright lightfrequency characterized as a periodic vibration that is audible; property of sound that most determines pitch and is measured in hertz
incus small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear; connects the malleus to the stapesmalleus small hammer-shaped bone of the middle earodorant any substance that has a distinctive smell, especially one added to something (such as household gas) for safety purposesolfactory concerning the sense of smell
optic chiasma found at the base of the brain and coordinates information from both eyesossicle a small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear
papilla a nipple-like anatomical structurepinna
the visible, cartilaginous part of the ear that resides outside of the head and collects sound waves
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Special Senses
Slide10receptor
a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functionsretina the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain
rhodopsin a light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina; it consists of an opsin protein bound to the carotenoid retinalrod a rod-shaped cell located in the outer retina of the eye that is extremely sensitive to lightstapes
small stirrup-shaped bone of the middle earstereocilium any of many nonmotile cellular structures resembling long microvilli; those of the inner ear are responsible for auditory transductionsuperior colliculus the primary area of the brain where eye movements are coordinated and integrated with auditory informationsuprachiasmatic nucleus cluster of cells that is considered to be the body's internal clock, which controls our circadian (day-long) cycletastant
any substance that stimulates the sense of tastetonic activity when photoreceptors become slightly active even when not stimulated by lighttransduce
to convert energy from one form to anothertympanum innermost part of the outer ear; the eardrum
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Special Senses
Slide11ultrasound
sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hzumami one of the five basic tastes, the savory taste of foods such as seaweed, cured fish, aged cheeses and meats
vestibular system the sensory system in mammals that contributes to movement, sense of balance, and spatial orientationvestibulocochlear of or pertaining to the vestibular and cochlear nerves
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Special Senses
Slide12Retina
(a) The human eye is shown in cross section. The human eye contains structures, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and fovea, that process light so it can be deciphered by the retina. Other structures like the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor help maintain the shape of the eye. (b) A blowup shows the layers of the retina. The retina contains photoreceptive cells. In the retina, light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain.
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"OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."
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Special Senses
Slide13Rods and cones
Rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods respond in low light and can detect only shades of gray. Cones respond in intense light and are responsible for color vision.
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Special Senses
Slide14Human olfactory system
In the human olfactory system, (a) bipolar olfactory neurons extend from (b) the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the olfactory bulb.
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"OpenStax College, Taste and Smell. October 17, 2013."
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Special Senses
Slide15Taste buds
(a) Foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae are located on different regions of the tongue. (b) Foliate papillae are prominent protrusions on this light micrograph.
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Special Senses
Slide16The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC)
The presence of light and darkness influences circadian rhythms and related physiology and behavior through the SCN.
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Wikipedia.
"Suprachiasmatic nucleus."
GNU FDL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus
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Special Senses
Slide17Vestibular labrynth
The structure of the vestibular labyrinth is made up of five vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear: the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular canals.
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Special Senses
Slide18Amplitude
For sound waves, wavelength corresponds to pitch. The amplitude of the wave corresponds to volume. The sound wave shown with a dashed line is softer in volume than the sound wave shown with a solid line.
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Special Senses
Slide19Uniform distribution of taste receptors (the myth of the tongue map)
Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, this traditional tongue map is no longer valid.
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Wikispaces.
"ehumanbiofield - Sense of Taste WikiPage NLL."
CC BY-SA
https://ehumanbiofield.wikispaces.com/Sense+of+Taste+WikiPage+NLL
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Special Senses
Slide20Uniform Distribution of Taste Receptors
Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, the traditional tongue map is no longer valid.
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Wikimedia Commons.
"The Tongue."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1402_The_Tongue.jpg
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Special Senses
Slide21Rod and cone cells
Human rod cells and the different types of cone cells each have an optimal wavelength. However, there is considerable overlap in the wavelengths of light detected.
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Special Senses
Slide22Rhodopsin
(a) Rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts: the trans-membrane protein opsin and retinal. When light strikes the retinal, it changes shape from (b) a cis to a trans form. The signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin, triggering a series of downstream events.
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Special Senses
Slide23Hyperpolarized visual receptors
When light strikes rhodopsin, the G-protein transducin is activated, which in turn activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to GMP, thereby closing sodium channels. As a result, the membrane becomes hyperpolarized. The hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to the bipolar cell.
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Special Senses
Slide24Human ear
Sound travels through the outer ear to the middle ear, which is bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three bones called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window, the exterior boundary of the inner ear.
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Special Senses
Slide25Inner ear
The inner ear can be divided into three parts: the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea, all of which are located in the temporal bone.
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Wikimedia.
"Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png."
Public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png
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Special Senses
Slide26Transduction
In the human ear, sound waves cause the stapes to press against the oval window. Vibrations travel up the fluid-filled interior of the cochlea. The basilar membrane that lines the cochlea gets continuously thinner toward the apex of the cochlea. Different thicknesses of membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound. Sound waves then exit through the round window. In the cross section of the cochlea (top right figure), note that in addition to the upper canal and lower canal, the cochlea also has a middle canal. The organ of Corti (bottom image) is the site of sound transduction. Movement of stereocilia on hair cells results in an action potential that travels along the auditory nerve.
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Special Senses
Slide27Diagram of the middle ear
The middle ear exists between the tympanic membrane (the boundary with the outer ear) and the oval window (the boundary with the inner ear) and consists of three bones: the malleus (meaning hammer), the incus (meaning anvil), and the stapes (meaning stirrup).
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Wikimedia.
"Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png."
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Special Senses
Slide28Attribution
Wiktionary.
"receptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor
Wiktionary. "umami." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umami
Wiktionary.
"olfactory." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/olfactory
virtualgardneranatphys Wikispace. "Smell Fall 2011." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://virtualgardneranatphys.wikispaces.com/Smell+Fall+2011
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"papilla." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papillaWiktionary.
"tastant." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tastantWiktionary.
"odorant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/odorant
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "frequency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frequency
Wiktionary. "amplitude." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amplitude
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/ultrasound
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"incus."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incus
Wiktionary.
"pinna."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pinna
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tympanum
Wiktionary.
"malleus."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malleus
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Special Senses
Slide29Wiktionary.
"stapes."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stapes
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"ossicle." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossicle
Wiktionary. "transduce." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduce
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. June 26, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/contents/45f94050-f136-4699-9779-b2953173b7bf@5
Wiktionary.
"cochlea."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cochleaWiktionary. "stereocilium."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stereociliumWiktionary. "vestibulocochlear."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vestibulocochlear
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/vestibular-system
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "rod." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rod
Wiktionary.
"cone."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cone
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary.
"retina."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retina
Wikibooks.
"Ophthalmology/Anatomy of the Eye."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ophthalmology/Anatomy_of_the_Eye
Wiktionary.
"transduction."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduction
Wiktionary.
"rhodopsin."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhodopsin
Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tonic-activity
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."
CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
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Special Senses
Slide30Boundless Learning.
"Boundless."
CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/suprachiasmatic-nucleus
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/optic-chiasma
OpenStax CNX.
"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/superior-colliculus
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Special Senses