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Boundless Lecture Slides - PowerPoint Presentation

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Boundless Lecture Slides - PPT Presentation

Free to share print make copies and changes Get yours at wwwboundlesscom Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix ID: 777357

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Slide1

Boundless Lecture Slides

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

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Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform

Slide2

Using Boundless Presentations

The Appendix

The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience.

Free to edit, share, and copy

Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own.

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Boundless Teaching Platform

Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources.

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/teaching-platform

Slide3

Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website,

iOS

apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com.

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About Boundless

Slide4

]

Special Senses

Special Senses

The Vertebrate Visual System

Taste and Olfaction

Hearing and Equilibrium

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Slide5

Anatomy of the Eye

Transduction of Light

Visual Processing The Vertebrate Visual System

Special Senses

>

The Vertebrate Visual System

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Slide6

Tastes and Odors

Reception and Transduction

Taste and Olfaction

Special Senses

> Taste and Olfaction

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Slide7

Sound

The Vestibular System

Reception of Sound Transduction of Sound Hearing and Equilibrium

Special Senses

>

Hearing and Equilibrium

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Slide8

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Appendix

Slide9

Key terms

amplitude measure of a wave from its highest point to its lowest point; heard as volumecochlea

the complex, spirally coiled, tapered cavity of the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulsescone cell located near the center of the retina that is weakly photosensitive and is responsible for color vision in relatively bright lightfrequency characterized as a periodic vibration that is audible; property of sound that most determines pitch and is measured in hertz

incus small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear; connects the malleus to the stapesmalleus small hammer-shaped bone of the middle earodorant any substance that has a distinctive smell, especially one added to something (such as household gas) for safety purposesolfactory concerning the sense of smell

optic chiasma found at the base of the brain and coordinates information from both eyesossicle a small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear

papilla a nipple-like anatomical structurepinna

the visible, cartilaginous part of the ear that resides outside of the head and collects sound waves

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Special Senses

Slide10

receptor

a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functionsretina the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain

rhodopsin a light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina; it consists of an opsin protein bound to the carotenoid retinalrod a rod-shaped cell located in the outer retina of the eye that is extremely sensitive to lightstapes

small stirrup-shaped bone of the middle earstereocilium any of many nonmotile cellular structures resembling long microvilli; those of the inner ear are responsible for auditory transductionsuperior colliculus the primary area of the brain where eye movements are coordinated and integrated with auditory informationsuprachiasmatic nucleus cluster of cells that is considered to be the body's internal clock, which controls our circadian (day-long) cycletastant

any substance that stimulates the sense of tastetonic activity when photoreceptors become slightly active even when not stimulated by lighttransduce

to convert energy from one form to anothertympanum innermost part of the outer ear; the eardrum

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Special Senses

Slide11

ultrasound

sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hzumami one of the five basic tastes, the savory taste of foods such as seaweed, cured fish, aged cheeses and meats

vestibular system the sensory system in mammals that contributes to movement, sense of balance, and spatial orientationvestibulocochlear of or pertaining to the vestibular and cochlear nerves

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Special Senses

Slide12

Retina

(a) The human eye is shown in cross section. The human eye contains structures, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and fovea, that process light so it can be deciphered by the retina. Other structures like the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor help maintain the shape of the eye. (b) A blowup shows the layers of the retina. The retina contains photoreceptive cells. In the retina, light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_02.png

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Special Senses

Slide13

Rods and cones

Rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods respond in low light and can detect only shades of gray. Cones respond in intense light and are responsible for color vision.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_03.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide14

Human olfactory system

In the human olfactory system, (a) bipolar olfactory neurons extend from (b) the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the olfactory bulb.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Taste and Smell. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/Figure_36_03_01.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide15

Taste buds

(a) Foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae are located on different regions of the tongue. (b) Foliate papillae are prominent protrusions on this light micrograph.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Taste and Smell. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/Figure_36_03_03.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide16

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC)

The presence of light and darkness influences circadian rhythms and related physiology and behavior through the SCN.

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Wikipedia.

"Suprachiasmatic nucleus."

GNU FDL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus

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Special Senses

Slide17

Vestibular labrynth

The structure of the vestibular labyrinth is made up of five vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear: the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular canals.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/Figure_36_04_04.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide18

Amplitude

For sound waves, wavelength corresponds to pitch. The amplitude of the wave corresponds to volume. The sound wave shown with a dashed line is softer in volume than the sound wave shown with a solid line.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/Figure_36_04_01.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide19

Uniform distribution of taste receptors (the myth of the tongue map)

Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, this traditional tongue map is no longer valid.

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Wikispaces.

"ehumanbiofield - Sense of Taste WikiPage NLL."

CC BY-SA

https://ehumanbiofield.wikispaces.com/Sense+of+Taste+WikiPage+NLL

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Special Senses

Slide20

Uniform Distribution of Taste Receptors

Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, the traditional tongue map is no longer valid.

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Wikimedia Commons.

"The Tongue."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1402_The_Tongue.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide21

Rod and cone cells

Human rod cells and the different types of cone cells each have an optimal wavelength. However, there is considerable overlap in the wavelengths of light detected.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_06.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide22

Rhodopsin

(a) Rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts: the trans-membrane protein opsin and retinal. When light strikes the retinal, it changes shape from (b) a cis to a trans form. The signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin, triggering a series of downstream events.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_04.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide23

Hyperpolarized visual receptors

When light strikes rhodopsin, the G-protein transducin is activated, which in turn activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to GMP, thereby closing sodium channels. As a result, the membrane becomes hyperpolarized. The hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to the bipolar cell.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Vision. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/Figure_36_05_05.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide24

Human ear

Sound travels through the outer ear to the middle ear, which is bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three bones called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window, the exterior boundary of the inner ear.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/Figure_36_04_02.jpg

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Special Senses

Slide25

Inner ear

The inner ear can be divided into three parts: the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea, all of which are located in the temporal bone.

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Wikimedia.

"Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png."

Public domain

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png

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Special Senses

Slide26

Transduction

In the human ear, sound waves cause the stapes to press against the oval window. Vibrations travel up the fluid-filled interior of the cochlea. The basilar membrane that lines the cochlea gets continuously thinner toward the apex of the cochlea. Different thicknesses of membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound. Sound waves then exit through the round window. In the cross section of the cochlea (top right figure), note that in addition to the upper canal and lower canal, the cochlea also has a middle canal. The organ of Corti (bottom image) is the site of sound transduction. Movement of stereocilia on hair cells results in an action potential that travels along the auditory nerve.

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OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013."

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Special Senses

Slide27

Diagram of the middle ear

The middle ear exists between the tympanic membrane (the boundary with the outer ear) and the oval window (the boundary with the inner ear) and consists of three bones: the malleus (meaning hammer), the incus (meaning anvil), and the stapes (meaning stirrup).

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Wikimedia.

"Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png."

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png

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Special Senses

Slide28

Attribution

Wiktionary.

"receptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor

Wiktionary. "umami." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umami

Wiktionary.

"olfactory." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/olfactory

virtualgardneranatphys Wikispace. "Smell Fall 2011." CC BY-SA 3.0

https://virtualgardneranatphys.wikispaces.com/Smell+Fall+2011

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"papilla." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papillaWiktionary.

"tastant." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tastantWiktionary.

"odorant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/odorant

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "frequency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frequency

Wiktionary. "amplitude." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amplitude

Boundless Learning.

"Boundless."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/ultrasound

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"incus."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incus

Wiktionary.

"pinna."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pinna

Boundless Learning.

"Boundless."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tympanum

Wiktionary.

"malleus."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malleus

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Special Senses

Slide29

Wiktionary.

"stapes."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stapes

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"ossicle." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossicle

Wiktionary. "transduce." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduce

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. June 26, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/contents/45f94050-f136-4699-9779-b2953173b7bf@5

Wiktionary.

"cochlea."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cochleaWiktionary. "stereocilium."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stereociliumWiktionary. "vestibulocochlear."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vestibulocochlear

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/vestibular-system

OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary. "rod." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rod

Wiktionary.

"cone."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cone

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Wiktionary.

"retina."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retina

Wikibooks.

"Ophthalmology/Anatomy of the Eye."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ophthalmology/Anatomy_of_the_Eye

Wiktionary.

"transduction."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduction

Wiktionary.

"rhodopsin."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhodopsin

Boundless Learning.

"Boundless."

CC BY-SA 3.0

http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tonic-activity

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."

CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

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Special Senses

Slide30

Boundless Learning.

"Boundless."

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/suprachiasmatic-nucleus

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/optic-chiasma

OpenStax CNX.

"OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0

http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/superior-colliculus

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

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Special Senses