Period 4 Setting the stage By 1811 Madisonpolitical power to new generation BG GW AH JA JQA Jackson Calhoun Webster Van Buren Knew of AR from books stories No difficulty in being a patriot ID: 590794
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Slide1
1800 - 1844
Period 4Slide2
Setting the stageSlide3
By 1811 (Madison)…political power to new generation
BG, GW, AH, JA
JQA, Jackson, Calhoun, Webster, Van Buren
Knew of AR from books, stories
No difficulty in being a patriotLittle understanding of how war = division among AmericansSaw as glorious, logical conclusion to strugglesElevated GW, Constitution (God given)Theme of contradictionIdeal of equality v. reality that unequal (rights, wealth)
The Context of Period 4Slide4
Growth
Demographic
, economic,
territorial
Market economyFertile land of westIndustry/transportation advancesIncreased suffrageReform in schools, prisons, asylumsART, literature, philosophyExpansion + isolationismCONFLICTWith NAs, neighborsImmigration
prejudice, discrimination
Women, NAs, AA = no rightsSlaverySlide5
1801 - 1809
Thomas JeffersonSlide6
“Let us then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. . . But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
First Inaugural Address, 1801
Thomas JeffersonSlide7
Election of 1800
desire for peaceful transition from Fed to D-R control
TJ or Burr? The lesser of two evils for Federalist controlled Congress
Allegiance? Not parties, but constitutional government
Through Madison ( 1816) = Jeffersonian EraFederalists disappearD-R adopt positionsPeaceful political change, expand territory, war & victory, democratic/nat’l
spirit at a HIGH (
Era of Good Feelings)Enter
tjSlide8
Opposed strong federal government
Ward republics = town hall meetings
Still need state/fed. Government to administer gov.
Little federal spending
Urbanization, mechanization rob men of independenceDebt + factory workVs. agrarian democracy = independent, economic autonomy good, strong republicWhat does it mean to be Jeffersonian?Slide9
Belief in
Int’l commerce
Technology @ household level
S
tates’ rightsEducation informed citizenry wise rulers + consent of governedWomen- odds are “one in 14 that she [a woman] might marry a " 'blockhead' and thus have to survive by her own wits!" Moral Republican values, social harmonyJesus as moral teacher v. the TrinityMajority Optimism in human reason
Small farmers & ordinary citizens
= “God’s chosen people”Self-reliance civic virtueSlide10
Expansionist (territory)
Knew must promote shared principles more than land
Against government interference in daily life
Promote state gov. improve education
Worked against inheritance lawsSaw children, women as having “lack of reason” = not citizensDeplored aristocratic luxury1784-1789- indulged in FranceNA & whites = in mental, physical capacityExtermination if don’t assimilate or if resist expansionThe paradoxSlide11
Protector of civil rightsDenied rights to women, NA, AA
Slaves NOT = in mental, physical capacity
“lack of reason” = no citizenship
HATED slavery
Solution? Free slaves, colonize outside the USSlide12
TJ IN OFFICESlide13
1
st
term attempt to win allegiance of Feds
1
st Nat’l Bank maintainedDebt repayment plan keptNeutrality policies of GW, JARetain loyalty of D-R limited central governmentArmy/navy size reducedEliminate federal jobs
Repeal excise taxes
Nat’l debt loweredRepeal legislation (Alien Acts)
Cabinet only those who support his programs = patronage
Context- conflict in GW cabinet
Some Federalists remain, out with “mid-night appointees,” in with Republicans…but still, fairly moderate
PresidencySlide14
Louisiana Purchase
Why interest in MS River/New Orleans?
The Purchase
Constitutional issues?
EffectsMarbury v. MadisonFederalist court appointmentsWilliam Marbury v. James Madison (SOS)John Marshall = CJ of SCAdversary of TJJudiciary Act of 1789 judicial review
Significant events in 1803Slide15
1804- Federalist Conspiracy & Burr
Plan? Win Governor of NY
unite NE states secession from US
AH defeats AB DUEL! AH death
AB- trial for treat in 1806New plan? Seize Mexico, unite w/ LA territory arrest of AB, trialCJ of SC = John Marshall (Mv.M
) + lack of witnesses acquittal
Foreign PolicyBarbary Pirates, 1801 – 1805Challenges to neutrality
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
Embargo Act of 1807
The second termSlide16
1809-1817
James MadisonSlide17
Election of 1808
TJ follow GW precedent
Support to SOS Madison
Viewed as brilliant thinker, writer (Constitution)
D-R viewsWon vs. Charles Pinckney, D-R candidates (factions)Embargo Federalist gain seats in CongressMany unhappy w/ effects of actMadison’s presidencySlide18
Euro. problems dominate early
Napoleonic Wars
Diplomacy + economic pressure
Nonintercourse Act of 1809Embargo Act repealedUS trade w/ all EXCEPT GB/FranceMacon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)Nathaniel Macon- trade w/ GB/Fr if agree to US neutrality
Napoleon intend to revoke decrees, recognize neutrality
embargo on trade w/ GB since France “gave in”
No intention to fulfill promise = seizure of US ships
Commercial warfareSlide19
Free Seas & Trade
US = trading nation
No respect of neutral rights
GB impressment
Frontier PressureAmericans want to push out (Canada, Sp. Florida)NA issuesShawnee bros- Tecumseh & Prophet vs. W.H. Harrison (1810)Tippecanoe end efforts to form confedreacyGB blamed for NA rebellionsWar Hawks1810 election = new, young D-R from frontier into Congress
Eager for war vs. GB (honor, defend vs. NAs on frontier, gain Canada)
Henry Clay (KY), John C Calhoun (SC)
War of 1812Slide20
War declared
GB delay over neutral rights issues
US declaration of war…OOPS!
June 1812- GB had agreed to suspend blockade
Nation dividedLittle unitySouthern + western + PA/VT FOR warNY, NJ, New England AGAINSTSlide21
Election of 1812
Division of opinion on presidential election- similar to divide on issue of war
D-R strength in S, W overpower Fed strength, anti-war D-Rs in N
JM win v. De Witt Clinton
Opposition to war“Mr. Madison’s War”Role of war hawks in CongressNE merchants, Feds politicians, D-Rs against war (=Quids)NE= making $ from war effort, not bothered by impressment, sympathetic to GB (commercial, religious ties)Feds= war attempt by D-R to conquer Canada, FL, increase D-R influenceQuids= goes against D-R commitment to maintaining peaceSlide22
Military Defeats, Naval Victories
For win- need France to do well in Europe, land campaign vs. Canada
Invasion of Canada
3-part invasion (Detroit, Niagara, Lake Champlain) fought off by GB
Burning of York (1813) increase retaliationNaval BattlesUSS Constitution (“Old Ironsides”), 1812Lake Erie, 1813Lake Champlain, 1814Slide23
Chesapeake
Napoleon defeated in Europe (1814)
increase of GB navy
Summer- DC burned , attempt to take Baltimore (Fort McHenry)
SouthGen. Jackson break power of GB ally, Creek nationBattle of Horseshoe Bend (AL)- eliminate NA, open land in west (MS)Battle of New OrleansTreaty of Ghent1814- GB ready to be out of war, Madison know no decisive victory possibleCease-fire, return territory to prewar state, prewar boundary set for US/Canada
Nothing deals w/ neutrality rights, impressment
Ends in stalemate- no gain for GB or USSlide24
NE states prior to end of war
Radical Federalists
Want constitution amended- threaten to secede
Opposed to war, D-R gov. in DC
Convention held in Hartford, CT- Dec. 1814No secessionNeed 2/3 vote of Congress to declare warFeds come out looking unpatriotic Hartford conventionSlide25
US gain respect of other nations
US accept Canada as part of British empire
Fed. party ends as national force
Precedent of using threats of secession, nullification
NA forced to surrender to white settlementUS factories built, industry more self-sufficientWar heroes! Jackson, HarrisonSpirit of nationalism grows Era of Good FeelingsIdea that future of US was in west, away from Europe
LegacySlide26
1817-1825
James MonroeSlide27
1825-1829
John Quincy
adamsSlide28
1829-1837
Andrew Jackson