Introduction The brain is a complex threedimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions Think of the brain as an organic computer However the brain is far more versatile than a computer ID: 775209
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Slide1
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide2Introduction
The brain is a complex three-dimensionalstructure that performs a bewildering array of functionsThink of the brain as an organic computerHowever, the brain is far more versatile than a computerThe brain is far more complex than the spinal cordThe brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons
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Slide3An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Embryology of the BrainThe CNS begins as a neural tubeThe lumen of the tube (neurocoel) is filled with fluidThe lumen of the tube will expand thus forming the various ventricles of the brainIn the fourth week of development, the cephalic area of the neural tube enlarges to form:ProsencephalonMesencephalonRhombencephalon
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Slide4Table
16.1 Development of the Human Brain
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Slide5An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Embryology of the Brain (continued)Prosencephalon eventually develops to form:Telencephalon forms:CerebrumDiencephalon forms:Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
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Slide6Table
16.1 Development of the Human Brain
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Slide7An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Embryology of the Brain (continued)MesencephalonDoes not subdivideBecomes the midbrain
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Slide8Table
16.1 Development of the Human Brain
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Slide9An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Embryology of the Brain (continued)RhombencephalonEventually develops to form:Metencephalon: forms the pons and cerebellumMyelencephalon: forms the medulla oblongata
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Slide10Table
16.1 Development of the Human Brain
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Slide11Figure 16.1
Major Divisions of the Brain
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Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Spinal
cord
Brain
stem
Left cerebral
hemisphere
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor
patterns
• Adjusts
output
of
other
somatic
motor
centers in brain and spinal cord
• Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
• Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus• Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
• Processing of visual and auditory data• Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses• Maintenance of consciousness
• Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
• Relay and processing centers for sensory information
• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions• Memory storage and processing• Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBRUM
Slide12An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Major Regions and LandmarksMedulla oblongataPonsMesencephalon (midbrain)Diencephalon CerebellumCerebrum (telencephalon)
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Slide13Figure
16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain
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Postcentral
gyrus
Central sulcus
Cingulate
gyrus
Parieto
-occipital sulcus
Fornix
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Aqueduct of midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Temporal lobe
Mesencephalon
Mamillary
body
Optic chiasm
Frontal lobe
Corpus callosum
Precentral
gyrus
Membranous portion
of
epithalamus
Corpora
Quadrigemina
Anterior
commissure
Interventricular
foramen
Septum
pellucidum
a
A sagittal
section
through
the brain
Slide14An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Major Regions and LandmarksMedulla oblongataRelays information to the thalamus and brain stemRegulates heart rate, blood pressure, and digestionPonsRelays information to the cerebellum and the thalamusRegulates somatic and visceral motor centers
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Slide15Figure 16.1
Major Divisions of the Brain
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Spinal
cord
Brain
stem
Left cerebral
hemisphere
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor
patterns
• Adjusts
output
of
other
somatic
motor
centers in brain and spinal cord
• Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
• Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus• Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
• Processing of visual and auditory data• Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses• Maintenance of consciousness
• Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
• Relay and processing centers for sensory information
• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions• Memory storage and processing• Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBRUM
Slide16An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Major Regions and LandmarksMesencephalon (midbrain)Processes visual and auditory dataMaintains consciousness and alertnessInvolved with reflexive somatic motor responses to stimuli
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Slide17Figure 16.1
Major Divisions of the Brain
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Spinal
cord
Brain
stem
Left cerebral
hemisphere
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor
patterns
• Adjusts
output
of
other
somatic
motor
centers in brain and spinal cord
• Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
• Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus• Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
• Processing of visual and auditory data• Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses• Maintenance of consciousness
• Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
• Relay and processing centers for sensory information
• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions• Memory storage and processing• Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBRUM
Slide18An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Major Regions and LandmarksDiencephalonEpithalamusContains the pineal glandThalamusRelays information to the cerebrumProcesses sensory informationHypothalamusInvolved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity
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Slide19Figure 16.1
Major Divisions of the Brain
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Spinal
cord
Brain
stem
Left cerebral
hemisphere
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor
patterns
• Adjusts
output
of
other
somatic
motor
centers in brain and spinal cord
• Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
• Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus• Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
• Processing of visual and auditory data• Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses• Maintenance of consciousness
• Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
• Relay and processing centers for sensory information
• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions• Memory storage and processing• Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBRUM
Slide20An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Major Regions and LandmarksCerebellumCoordinates somatic motor functionAdjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operationCerebrum (telencephalon)Conscious thought processesIntellectual functionsMemory storageConscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
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Slide21Figure 16.1
Major Divisions of the Brain
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Spinal
cord
Brain
stem
Left cerebral
hemisphere
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor
patterns
• Adjusts
output
of
other
somatic
motor
centers in brain and spinal cord
• Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
• Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus• Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
• Processing of visual and auditory data• Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses• Maintenance of consciousness
• Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
• Relay and processing centers for sensory information
• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions• Memory storage and processing• Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBRUM
Slide22An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Gray Matter and White Matter OrganizationThe cerebrum consists of:Inner region of gray matterSurrounded by tracts of white matterGray matter consists of cell bodies
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Slide23Figure
16.2d Ventricles of the Brain
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Septum
pellucidum
Inferior horn
of lateral
ventricles
Cerebellum
Lateral ventricles
in cerebral
hemispheres
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Ventricular System
of the Brain
Central canal
Diagrammatic coronal section showing
theinterconnections between the ventricles
d
Slide24An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
The Ventricular System of the BrainVentricles are fluid-filled cavitiesFilled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Fluid transports nutrients to the CNS and transports waste away from the CNSCSF also provides cushion for the CNS
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Slide25An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
The Ventricular System of the BrainThere are four ventriclesVentricles 1 and 2 (called lateral ventricles) Located in the cerebral hemispheres (separated by a partition called the septum pellucidum)Ventricle 3 is in the diencephalonVentricle 4 lies between the pons and the cerebellum
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Slide26Figure
16.2a Ventricles of the Brain
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Pons
Medulla oblongata
Central canal
Spinal cord
Anterior
horns
of lateral
ventricles
Cerebral
hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular
foramen
Posterior horns of
lateral ventricles
Inferior horns of
lateral ventricles
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellum
Third ventricle
Orientation and extent of the ventricles
as
seen
in a lateral view of a transparent brain
a
Slide27An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
The Ventricular System of the BrainLateral ventricles (ventricles 1 and 2)Main portion of the ventricle lies in the parietal lobesEach has an anterior horn extending into the frontal lobeEach has a posterior horn extending into the occipital lobeEach has an inferior horn extending into the temporal lobeEach communicates with the third ventricleThrough the interventricular foramen
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Slide28An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
The Ventricular System of the BrainThird ventricleCommunicates with the fourth ventricleThrough the aqueduct of the midbrainFourth ventricleCommunicates with the central canal of the spinal cord
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Slide29Figure
16.2a Ventricles of the Brain
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Pons
Medulla oblongata
Central canal
Spinal cord
Anterior
horns
of lateral
ventricles
Cerebral
hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular
foramen
Posterior horns of
lateral ventricles
Inferior horns of
lateral ventricles
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellum
Third ventricle
Orientation and extent of the ventricles
as
seen
in a lateral view of a transparent brain
a
Slide30Figure
16.2c Ventricles of the Brain
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Inferior horn
of lateral
ventricle
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Central canal
Lateral ventricles
in cerebral
hemispheres
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Longitudinal
fissure
Ventricular System
of the Brain
Anterior view of the ventricles as
if
seen
through a transparent brain
c
Slide31Protection and Support of the Brain
Protection involves:Bones of the skullParietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal bonesCranial meningesDura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia materCerebrospinal fluidBlood–brain barrier
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Slide32Protection and Support of the Brain
The Cranial MeningesThe cranial meninges surround the brain and the spinal cordThere are three layers of the meningesDura materMost superficial layer (outermost layer)Arachnoid materMiddle layerPia materDeepest (innermost layer)
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Slide33Figure
16.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges
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Dura mater
(
endosteal
layer)
Dural sinus
Dura mater
(meningeal
layer)
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
mater
Cranium
Cerebral
cortex
Pia
mater
Subarachnoid
space
Cerebral
cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
Lateral view of the brain showingits position in the cranium and theorganization of the meningeal coverings.
a
Slide34Figure
16.4 The
Cranial Meninges, Part
I
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Loose
connective
tissue and
periosteum
of cranium
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Scalp
Cranium
Dura mater
Subarachnoid
space
Arachnoid
mater
Cerebral
cortex
covered
by
pia
mater
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Slide35Protection and Support of the Brain
The Cranial Meninges The Dura MaterConsists of two layers Endosteal layer Outermost layer of the dura materThis is the layer felt within the anterior fontanel of a babyFused to the periosteum lining of the cranial bonesMeningeal layerInnermost layer of the dura materSpace between the two layers contains the dural sinus
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Slide36Figure
16.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges
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Dura mater
(
endosteal
layer)
Dural sinus
Dura mater
(meningeal
layer)
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
mater
Cranium
Cerebral
cortex
Pia
mater
Subarachnoid
space
Cerebral
cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
Lateral view of the brain showingits position in the cranium and theorganization of the meningeal coverings.
a
Slide37Protection and Support of the Brain
The Cranial MeningesFolds of the dura materThe meningeal layer forms folds called: Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelliTalx cerebelliDiaphragma sellae
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Slide38Protection and Support of the Brain
Folds of the Dura MaterFalx cerebriMeningeal layer that extends into the longitudinal fissureInferior/anterior portion attaches to the crista galliInferior/posterior portion attaches to the internal occipital crest and the tentorium cerebelliTentorium cerebelliSeparates the cerebellar hemispheres from the cerebral hemispheresExtends across the cranium at right angles to the falx cerebri
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Slide39Protection and Support of the Brain
Folds of the Dura Mater (continued)Falx cerebelliExtends from the tentorium cerebelli to separate the cerebellar hemispheresDiaphragma sellaeLines the sella turcica of the sphenoid boneIt anchors the dura mater to the sphenoid boneIt encases the pituitary gland
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Slide40Figure
16.5a
The Cranial Meninges, Part II
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Superior sagittal
sinus
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
granulation
Falx
cerebri
Subarachnoid
space
Cerebral cortex
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid
trabeculae
Pia
mater
Cranial
Meninges
Cerebral vein
Organization and relationship
of
the
cranial meninges to the brain.
a
Slide41Figure
16.3b Relationships
among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges
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Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Cranium
Dura Mater
Falx
cerebri
Tentorium
cerebelli
Diaphragma
sellae
Falx
cerebelli
Transverse sinus
Diaphragma
sellae
Pituitary gland
Sella
turcica
of sphenoid
A corresponding view of the cranial cavity
withthe brain removed showing the orientation andextent of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.
b
Slide42Protection and Support of the Brain
The Cranial MeningesThe Arachnoid MaterConsists of projections called arachnoid granulationsCSF flows through these to enter into venous circulationConsists of weblike material underlining the arachnoid layerThese collagenous fibers help anchor cerebral blood vessels
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Slide43Figure
16.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dura mater
(
endosteal
layer)
Dural sinus
Dura mater
(meningeal
layer)
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
mater
Cranium
Cerebral
cortex
Pia
mater
Subarachnoid
space
Cerebral
cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
Lateral view of the brain showingits position in the cranium and theorganization of the meningeal coverings.
a
Slide44Protection and Support of the Brain
The Cranial MeningesThe Pia MaterAttached to the surface of the brain Follows the sulci and gyri of the brainHelps to anchor the larger blood vessels of the cerebrum
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Slide45Figure
16.5a
The Cranial Meninges, Part II
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Superior sagittal
sinus
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
granulation
Falx
cerebri
Subarachnoid
space
Cerebral cortex
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid
trabeculae
Pia
mater
Cranial
Meninges
Cerebral vein
Organization and relationship
of
the
cranial meninges to the brain.
a
Slide46Figure
16.5b The Cranial Meninges, Part II
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Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Arachnoidtrabeculae
Pia mater
CranialMeninges
Cerebral vein
Perivascular space
Subduralspace
Subarachnoidspace
Cerebralcortex
A detailed view of the arachnoid mater,the subarachnoid space, and the piamater. Note the relationship betweenthe cerebral vein and the subarachnoidspace.
b
Slide47Protection and Support of the Brain
Blood–Brain BarrierThe lining of the blood vessels consists of endothelial cells that are highly interconnected by tight junctionsDue to this tight connection, only lipid-soluble material can pass from the blood to the cells of the brain and spinal cordWater-soluble material can only pass via the action of transport mechanismsThese transport mechanisms are very specific
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Slide48Protection and Support of the Brain
Blood–Brain BarrierThe blood-brain barrier is intact throughout the CNS except in three areasPortions of the hypothalamusPineal glandThe roof portions of the third and fourth ventricles
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Slide49Protection and Support of the Brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Prevents contact of neural tissue with the surrounding bonesProvides supportTransports nutrients to the CNS tissueTransports waste away from the CNS
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Slide50Protection and Support of the Brain
Formation of CSFProduced by the ependymal cells of the choroid plexusThey actively transport nutrients, vitamins, and ions into the CSFThey actively remove waste from the CSF
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Slide51Figure
16.6 The Choroid Plexus and Blood–Brain Barrier
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The location of the choroid plexus
in
each
of the four ventricles of the brain.
The structure and function of
the
choroid
plexus. The
ependymal
cells
are a selective barrier,
actively
transporting
nutrients,
vitamins,
and
ions into the CSF.
When
necessary
, these cells also activelyremove ions or compounds fromthe CSF to stabilize its composition.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN THIRD VENTRICLE
CHOROID PLEXUS
Tight junction
Capillary
Ependymalcells
INTERSTITIAL FLUID IN THALAMUS
Nutrients(especially glucose)Oxygen
Capillary
Endothelial cell
Tightjunction
CO2Waste products
Astrocyte
Neuron
Blood–brainbarrier
Choroidplexuscells
Waste productsIonsAmino acids(when necessary)
Ions(Na+, K+, Cl–, HCO3–, Ca2+, Mg2+)VitaminsOrganic nutrientsOxygen
b
a
Slide52Protection and Support of the Brain
Circulation of CSFCSF from the choroid plexus of the lateral ventriclesFlows through the interventricular foramenFlows into the third ventricleFlows into the aqueduct of the midbrainFlows into the fourth ventricleThrough the lateral aperture and median apertureMost flows into the subarachnoid space and a small amount enters the central canal of the spinal cordFlows around the brain and spinal cord eventually enters circulation via the arachnoid granulations
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Slide53Figure
16.7 Circulation
of Cerebrospinal
Fluid
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Extension
of
choroid plexus
into
lateral ventricle
Arachnoid
granulations
Superior
sagittal sinus
Cranium
Dura mater
(
endosteal
layer)
Arachnoid
granulation
Fluid
movement
Arachnoid
trabecula
Dura mater
(meningeal
layer)
Subdural
space
Arachnoid
mater
Subarachnoid
space
Pia
mater
Cerebral
cortex
Superior
sagittal
sinus
Central
canal
Spinal
cord
Filum
terminale
Choroid plexus
of third ventricle
Aqueduct of midbrain
Lateral aperture
Choroid plexus of
fourth ventricle
Median aperture
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Dura mater
Slide54The Medulla Oblongata
The medulla oblongata is continuous with the spinal cord to the brain stemAll communication between the brain and spinal cord passes through the medulla oblongataNuclei in the medulla oblongata are:Relay stations for sensory or motor pathwaysAssociated with cranial nerves connected to the medulla oblongataAssociated with the autonomic control of visceral organs
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Slide55The Medulla Oblongata
Relay StationsNucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatusPass somatic sensory information to the thalamusOlivary nucleiPass information from the cerebrum, spinal cord, diencephalon, and brain stem to the cerebellum
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Slide56Figure
16.8a The Medulla Oblongata
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Olivary
nucleus
Nucleus
cuneatus
Nucleus
gracilis
Reticular formation
Cardiovascular centers
Pons
Solitary nucleus
Olive
Pyramids
Spinal cord
Lateral white column
Anterior view
Medulla
oblongata
a
Slide57The Medulla Oblongata
Nuclei of Cranial NervesContains sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves:VIII, IX, X, XI, and XIIAutonomic NucleiMajor reflex centers include:Cardiovascular centers (cardiac and vasomotor)Respiratory centers (rhythmic breathing)
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Slide58Figure
16.8b The Medulla Oblongata
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior median sulcus
Posterior white columns
Lateral white column
Posterolateral
view
Olivary
nuclei
Cardiovascular centers
Respiratory rhythmicity centers
Nucleus
gracilis
Nucleus
cuneatus
Other nuclei/centers
Reticular formation
Attachment
to
membranous roof
of
fourth ventricle
Spinal
cord
b
Slide59The Pons
The pons is a prominent bulge superior tothe medulla oblongata and consists of:Sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves:V, VI, VII, and VIIINuclei involved with involuntary control of breathing:Consist of apneustic center and pneumotaxic centerNuclei that relay cerebellar commands:Consist of cerebellar pedunclesAscending, descending, and transverse tracts
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Slide60Figure
16.12a
The Hypothalamus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Corpus
callosum
Septum
pellucidum
Fornix
Anterior
cerebral artery
Frontal lobe
Anterior
commissure
Optic chiasm
Optic
nerve
Infundibulum
(cut)
Tuberal
area
Mamillary
body
Parietal
lobe
Choroid plexus in
epithalamus
Thalamus (surrounds
third ventricle)
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Aqueduct of
midbrain
Cerebellum
Fourth ventricle
Midsagittal
section through the brain. This view shows the major
features
of
the diencephalon and adjacent portions of the brain stem.
a
Slide61Figure
16.9 The Pons
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Cerebellum
Olivary
nucleus
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Descending tracts
Ascending tracts
Transverse fibers
Pneumotaxic
center
Apneustic
center
Reticular formation
Fourth
ventricle
Slide62The Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon (also called the midbrain)Consists of two pairs of nuclei collectively called corpora quadrigeminaResponsible for processing auditory and visual stimuliAuditory processing occurs in the inferior colliculusVisual processing occurs in the superior colliculusConsists of nuclei of the reticular formationInvolved in maintaining alertness
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Slide63Figure
16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain
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Postcentral
gyrus
Central sulcus
Cingulate
gyrus
Parieto
-occipital sulcus
Fornix
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Aqueduct of midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Temporal lobe
Mesencephalon
Mamillary
body
Optic chiasm
Frontal lobe
Corpus callosum
Precentral
gyrus
Membranous portion
of
epithalamus
Corpora
Quadrigemina
Anterior
commissure
Interventricular
foramen
Septum
pellucidum
a
A sagittal
section
through
the brain
Slide64The Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon (continued)Consists of:Red nucleusIntegrates information between the cerebrum and cerebellumSubstantia nigra Regulates motor output of the basal nucleiCerebral pedunclesHave ascending fibers that synapse in the thalamus and descending fibers of the corticospinal pathway
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Slide65Figure
16.10b The Mesencephalon
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pineal gland
Thalamus
Superior
colliculi
Inferior
colliculi
Substantia
nigra
Red nuclei
Reticular formation
Cerebral peduncles
Diagrammatic view of the diencephalon
and
brain stem
. This view is drawn as if
transparent,to show the positions of important nuclei.
b
Slide66The Diencephalon
The diencephalon consists of:EpithalamusThalamus Hypothalamus
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Slide67Figure
16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Postcentral
gyrus
Central sulcus
Cingulate
gyrus
Parieto
-occipital sulcus
Fornix
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Aqueduct of midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Temporal lobe
Mesencephalon
Mamillary
body
Optic chiasm
Frontal lobe
Corpus callosum
Precentral
gyrus
Membranous portion
of
epithalamus
Corpora
Quadrigemina
Anterior
commissure
Interventricular
foramen
Septum
pellucidum
a
A sagittal
section
through
the brain
Slide68The Diencephalon
The EpithalamusForms the roof of the third ventriclePosterior portion contains the pineal glandProduces the hormone melatoninRegulates our day-night cycles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide69The Diencephalon
The ThalamusForms the walls of the third ventricleThere is a right and a left thalamusThalamic nuclei are egg-shapedEach thalamic nucleus is divided into:Anterior nuclei: part of the limbic systemMedial nuclei: relay information to the frontal lobeVentral nuclei: relay information to the parietal lobesPosterior nuclei: relay information to the occipital lobeLateral nuclei: adjust activity in the cingulate gyrus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide70Figure
16.11a The Thalamus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral view of the brain
showing
the
positions of the major
thalamic
structures
. Functional areas ofcerebral cortex are also indicated,with colors corresponding to thoseof the associated thalamic nuclei.
Frontallobe
Parietal lobe
Occipitallobe
a
Slide71Figure
16.11b The Thalamus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enlarged view of the thalamic nuclei of the left side. The
color
of
each nucleus or group of nuclei matches the color of theassociated cortical region. The boxes either provide examplesof the types of sensory input relayed to the basal nuclei andcerebral cortex or indicate the existence of important feedbackloops involved with emotional states, learning, and memory.
Limbicsystem
Frontallobes
Parietal lobe andcingulate gyrus
Association areasof cerebral cortex
Anteriorgroup
Medial group
Lateral group
Posteriorgroup
Ventralgroup
Basalnuclei
Cerebellum
Generalsensoryinput
Visualinput
Auditoryinput
Pulvinar
Medialgeniculatenucleus
Lateralgeniculatenucleus
b
Slide72The Diencephalon
The HypothalamusForms the floor of the third ventricleConsists of numerous nucleiConsists of an infundibulum, which connects to the pituitary glandConsists of the mamillary body on the posterior wall of the hypothalamus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide73Figure
16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Postcentral
gyrus
Central sulcus
Cingulate
gyrus
Parieto
-occipital sulcus
Fornix
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Aqueduct of midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Temporal lobe
Mesencephalon
Mamillary
body
Optic chiasm
Frontal lobe
Corpus callosum
Precentral
gyrus
Membranous portion
of
epithalamus
Corpora
Quadrigemina
Anterior
commissure
Interventricular
foramen
Septum
pellucidum
a
A sagittal
section
through
the brain
Slide74The Diencephalon
The Hypothalamus (continued)Consists of nuclei to control:Subconscious control of skeletal musclesHeart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functionsSecretion of antidiuretic hormone and oxytocinEmotional and behavioral drives and thirst drivesCoordination between voluntary and autonomic functionsBody temperatureCircadian rhythm
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide75Figure
16.12b The Hypothalamus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enlarged view of
the
hypothalamus showing
the
locations of
major
nuclei
and
centers
.
Paraventricular
nucleus
Preoptic
area
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Tuberal
nuclei
Mamillary
bodies
Suprachiasmatic
nucleus
Supraoptic
nucleus
Pons
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Tuberal
area
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum
Posterior lobe of
pituitary gland
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Anterior lobe ofpituitary gland
b
Slide76The Cerebellum
The Cerebellum consists of:Two hemispheresFolia cerebelli Folds similar to gyri of the cerebrumAnterior and posterior lobesVermis (separates the hemispheres)Flocculonodular lobesArbor vitaeCerebellar peduncles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide77Figure
16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Postcentral
gyrus
Central sulcus
Cingulate
gyrus
Parieto
-occipital sulcus
Fornix
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Aqueduct of midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Temporal lobe
Mesencephalon
Mamillary
body
Optic chiasm
Frontal lobe
Corpus callosum
Precentral
gyrus
Membranous portion
of
epithalamus
Corpora
Quadrigemina
Anterior
commissure
Interventricular
foramen
Septum
pellucidum
a
A sagittal
section
through
the brain
Slide78Figure
16.15a The Cerebellum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior lobe
Vermis
Anterior lobe
Primary fissure
Cerebellum
Folia
Superior surface of the cerebellum. This view shows major anatomical landmarks and regions.
Left Hemisphere of Cerebellum
Right Hemisphere of Cerebellum
Left Hemisphere of Cerebellum
Right Hemisphere of Cerebellum
a
Slide79Figure
16.15b
The Cerebellum
(2
of
3)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dendrites projecting into
the
gray
matter of the cerebellum
Cell body of Purkinje cell
Axons of Purkinje cells
projecting into the white
matter of the cerebellum
Purkinje cells
Sagittal view of the cerebellum showing the arrangement of gray matterand white matter. Purkinje cells are seen in the photomicrograph; theselarge neurons are found in the cerebellar cortex.
LM 120
b
Slide80The Cerebellum
The CerebellumCerebellar cortex Subconscious coordination of movementsArbor vitaeConnects cerebellar cortex with cerebellar pedunclesCerebellar pedunclesSuperior: connect cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrumMiddle: communicate between cerebellum and ponsInferior: connect cerebellum with the medulla oblongata
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide81The Cerebrum
The cerebrum consists of:Two hemispheresSeveral lobesFrontal, parietal, occipital, and temporalGyri and sulciLongitudinal fissureCorpus callosumBasal nucleiLimbic system
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Slide82Figure
16.16a
The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Right
cerebral
hemisphere
Cerebral veins
and
arteries
covered
by
arachnoid
mater
Central sulcus
Parieto
-occipital
sulcus
Longitudinal
fissure
Left
cerebral
hemisphere
Cerebellum
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Superior view.
a
Slide83Figure
16.21c The Basal Nuclei
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal
section
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus
pallidus
Claustrum
Amygdaloid
body
Corpus
callosum
Lateral
ventricle
Septum
pellucidum
Insula
Lateral sulcus
Internal
capsule
Anterior
commissure
Tip of inferior
horn of lateral
ventricle
c
Slide84The Cerebrum
The Cerebral HemispheresThe hemispheres consist of:Gyri and sulciCentral sulcusLongitudinal fissureCerebral lobesLateral sulcus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide85The Cerebrum
The Cerebral HemispheresThe cerebral lobesFrontal lobeConscious control of skeletal musclesOccipital lobePerception of visual stimuliParietal lobeConscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and tasteTemporal lobeConscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide86Figure
16.17b
The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Postcentral
gyrus
Parietal Lobe
Cerebellum
Occipital lobe
Precentral
gyrus
Central sulcus
Frontal
lobe
of left cerebral
hemisphere
Lateral sulcus
Branches of middle
cerebral artery emerging
from lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Lateral view of intact brain after removal of
the
dura
mater and arachnoid mater
showing
superficial
surface anatomy of the left hemisphere.
b
Slide87The Cerebrum
The InsulaLies deep to the lateral sulcusConsists of olfactory cortex and gustatory cortex
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide88Figure
16.17a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parietal Lobe
Primary sensory
cortex
(
postcentral
gyrus
)
Somatic
sensory
association
area
Occipital Lobe
Visual association area
Visual cortex
Temporal Lobe
(retracted
to show olfactory cortex)
Auditory association area
Auditory cortex
Olfactory cortex
Major anatomical landmarks on the surface
of
the left cerebral
hemisphere. To expose
theinsula, the lateral sulcus has been pulled open.
Lateral sulcus
Insula
Gustatory cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Retractor
Primary motor cortex(precentral gyrus)
Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex)
Frontal Lobe (retracted to show insula)
Central sulcus
a
Slide89The Cerebrum
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebral CortexPrecentral gyrusAnterior to the central sulcusNeurons direct voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cordPostcentral gyrusPosterior to the central sulcusNeurons receive somatic sensory information for touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature from the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide90Figure
16.17b
The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Postcentral
gyrus
Parietal Lobe
Cerebellum
Occipital lobe
Precentral
gyrus
Central sulcus
Frontal
lobe
of left cerebral
hemisphere
Lateral sulcus
Branches of middle
cerebral artery emerging
from lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Lateral view of intact brain after removal of
the
dura
mater and arachnoid mater
showing
superficial
surface anatomy of the left hemisphere.
b
Slide91The Cerebrum
Higher-Order FunctionsCharacteristics of higher-order functionsThey are performed by the cerebral cortexThey involve communication between cerebral cortex areas and other areas of the brainThey involve conscious and unconscious information processingThe functions are subject to modifications and adjustments
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide92The Cerebrum
Integrative Regions of the Cerebral CortexThe centers of the various regions of the cerebral cortex do the following:Integrate complex sensory stimuliIntegrate complex motor responsesThe various centers are:General interpretive areaThe speech centerThe prefrontal cortexBrodmann’s areas
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide93Figure
16.18a Integrative Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal eye field
General interpretive
area (gnostic area)
Speech
center
(
Broca’s area)
Prefrontalassociationcortex
Higher-order integrative regions ofthe cerebral cortex
a
Slide94Figure
16.18b Integrative Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
44
40
39
6
4
1
42
18
17
41
Selected Brodmann’s areas of thecerebral cortex
b
Slide95The Cerebrum
Integrative Regions of the Cerebral CortexThe general interpretive areaFound only in one hemisphere, usually the leftAnalytical centerThe speech centerAlso called Broca’s areaA motor center that regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization for speech
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide96The Cerebrum
Integrative Regions of the Cerebral CortexThe prefrontal cortexPerforms complicated learning and reasoning functionsBrodmann’s areas and cortical functionAssigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structurePerhaps the various cellular structures can correlate with specific functions
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide97The Cerebrum
Hemispheric SpecializationLeft hemisphereSpeech center, writing, language, mathematicsRight hemisphereAnalysis by touch, spatial visualization
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide98Figure
16.19 Hemispheric Specialization
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
LEFT HAND
RIGHT HAND
Prefrontal
cortex
Prefrontal
cortex
Anterior commissure
Analysis by touch
Auditory cortex
(left ear)
Spatial visualization
and analysis
Visual cortex
(left visual field)
Visual cortex
(right visual field)
General interpretive
center
(language and mathematical
calculation)
Auditory cortex
(right ear)
Writing
Speech
center
Left Cerebral Hemisphere
Right Cerebral Hemisphere
C
O
R
P
U
S
C
A
L
L
O
S
U
M
Slide99The Cerebrum
The Central White MatterConsists of bundles called:Association fibersTracts that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a hemisphere (arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi)Commissural fibersTracts that connect the two hemispheres (anterior commissure and corpus callosum)Projection fibersTracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide100Figure
16.20a The Central White Matter
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arcuate
fibers
Longitudinal fasciculi
Lateral aspect of the
brain
showing
arcuate
fibers andlongitudinal fasciculi
a
Slide101Figure
16.20b The Central White Matter
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Longitudinal fissure
Internal capsule
Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
Projection fibers
Anterior view of the
brain
showing
orientation
of
the
commissural andprojection fibers
b
Slide102The Cerebrum
The Basal NucleiThese are masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter inferior to the lateral ventriclesGeneral function:Involved with subconscious control and integration of skeletal muscle toneInvolved with the coordination of learned movement patternsInvolved in the processing, integration, and relay of information from the cerebral cortex
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide103The Cerebrum
The Basal NucleiConsist of:Caudate nucleusAmygdaloid bodyClaustrumPutamenGlobus pallidus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide104Figure
16.21c The Basal Nuclei
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal
section
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus
pallidus
Claustrum
Amygdaloid
body
Corpus
callosum
Lateral
ventricle
Septum
pellucidum
Insula
Lateral sulcus
Internal
capsule
Anterior
commissure
Tip of inferior
horn of lateral
ventricle
c
Slide105The Cerebrum
The Basal NucleiCaudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidusControl the cycles of arm and leg movements whenwalkingClaustrumPlays a role in subconscious processing of visual informationAmygdaloid bodyComponent of the limbic system
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide106The Cerebrum
The Limbic SystemLocated between the cerebrum and the diencephalon just superior to the corpus callosumFunctions:Establishes emotional statesLinks the conscious functions with the unconscious autonomic functionsFacilitates memory storage and retrieval
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide107Figure
16.22a The Limbic System
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Interthalamic
adhesion
Central
sulcus
Cingulate
gyrus
(limbic lobe)
Pineal gland
Fornix
Corpus
callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Temporal lobe
Parahippocampal
gyrus
(limbic lobe)
Hippocampus
(within dentate
gyrus
)
Mamillary
body
Sagittal section through the cerebrum showing the corticalareas associated with the limbic system. The parahippocampaland dentate gyri are shown as if transparent so that deeperlimbic components can be seen.
a
Slide108The Cerebrum
The limbic system consists of:Cingulate gyrusDentate gyrusParahippocampal gyrusHippocampus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide109Figure
16.22b The Limbic System
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Additional details concerning
the
three-dimensional
structure of
the
limbic
system.
Anterior nucleus
of thalamus
Hypothalamic
nuclei
Olfactory
tract
Amygdaloid
body
Mamillarybody
Hippocampus(within dentate gyrus)
Parahippocampalgyrus
Corpuscallosum
Cingulategyrus
Fornix
b
Slide110The Cerebrum
The Limbic SystemThe fornix Tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with the hypothalamusMany fornix fibers extend to the mamillary bodiesMamillary bodies control reflex movements associated with eating
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide111Figure
16.22b The Limbic System
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Additional details concerning
the
three-dimensional
structure of
the
limbic
system.
Anterior nucleus
of thalamus
Hypothalamic
nuclei
Olfactory
tract
Amygdaloid
body
Mamillarybody
Hippocampus(within dentate gyrus)
Parahippocampalgyrus
Corpuscallosum
Cingulategyrus
Fornix
b
Slide112The Cranial Nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nervesThese nerves innervate the periphery emerging from the brain (not the spinal cord)These nerves are on the ventrolateral surface of the brainThey are numbered beginning at the anterior aspect of the brainThey are numbered CN I to CN XII
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide113Figure
16.23b Origins of the Cranial Nerves
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trochlear nerve (N IV)
Abducens
nerve (N VI)
Vagus
nerve (N X)
Accessory nerve (N XI)
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve (N II)
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum
Oculomotor
nerve (N III)
Trigeminal nerve (N V)
Facial nerve (N VII)
Hypoglossal nerve (N XII)
Olfactory bulb, termination
of olfactory nerve (N I)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (N IX)
Diagrammatic inferior view of the
human
brain
. Compare view with part (a).
b
Slide114Figure
16.23a
Origins of the Cranial Nerves
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trochlear nerve (N IV)
Abducens
nerve (N VI)
Vagus
nerve (N X)
Accessory nerve (N XI)
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve (N II)
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum
Oculomotor
nerve (N III)
Trigeminal nerve (N V)
Facial nerve (N VII)
Hypoglossal nerve (N XII)
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Pons
Vertebral
artery
Basilar
artery
Mamillary
body
Olfactory bulb, termination
of olfactory nerve (N I)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (N IX)
The inferior surface of the brain as
it
appears
on gross dissection. The roots
of
the
cranial nerves are clearly visible.
a
Slide115The Cranial Nerves
CN I: The Olfactory NerveFunctionSensory (smell)OriginOlfactory epitheliumForamenOlfactory foraminaDestinationOlfactory bulbs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide116Figure
16.24 The Olfactory Nerve
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Left olfactory bulb
(termination of
olfactory nerve)
Olfactory tract
(to olfactory cortex
of cerebrum)
Cribriform plate
of
ethmoid
Olfactory epithelium
OLFACTORY
NERVE (N I)
Olfactory
nerve
fibers
Slide117The Cranial Nerves
CN II: The Optic NerveFunctionSensory (vision)OriginRetina ForamenOptic canalDestinatio Diencephalon, then to occipital lobe
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide118Figure
16.25 The Optic Nerve
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Pituitary gland
Lateral geniculate
nucleus
(in thalamus)
Optic projection
fibers
Visual cortex
(in occipital lobes)
OPTIC NERVE
(N II)
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Mesencephalon
(cut)
Eye
Slide119The Cranial Nerves
CN III: The Oculomotor NerveFunction: controls extra-ocular eye musclesMotor functionSuperior, inferior, medial rectus, inferior obliqueLevator palpebrae superiorisOrigin MesencephalonForamenSuperior orbital fissureDestinationExtra-ocular eye muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide120Figure
16.26 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
oblique
muscle
Trochlea
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
muscle
Inferior
oblique
muscle
Inferior
rectus
muscle
Ciliary
ganglion
Medial
rectus
muscle
Lateral
rectus
muscle (cut)
ABDUCENS
NERVE (N VI)
Facial nerve
(N VII), cut
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
Trigeminalnerve (N V), cut
Superiorrectusmuscle
OPTICNERVE (N II)
Opticchiasm
OCULOMOTORNERVE (N III)
TROCHLEAR
NERVE
(N IV)
Slide121The Cranial Nerves
CN IV: The Trochlear NerveFunctionControls extra-ocular eye musclesMotor functionSuperior obliqueOriginMesencephalonForamenSuperior orbital fissureDestinationSuperior oblique muscle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide122Figure
16.26 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
oblique
muscle
Trochlea
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
muscle
Inferior
oblique
muscle
Inferior
rectus
muscle
Ciliary
ganglion
Medial
rectus
muscle
Lateral
rectus
muscle (cut)
ABDUCENS
NERVE (N VI)
Facial nerve
(N VII), cut
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
Trigeminalnerve (N V), cut
Superiorrectusmuscle
OPTICNERVE (N II)
Opticchiasm
OCULOMOTORNERVE (N III)
TROCHLEAR
NERVE
(N IV)
Slide123The Cranial Nerves
CN V: The Trigeminal NerveFunction Mixed (sensory and motor) functionOphthalmic: sensations from the forehead, eyelids, and noseMaxillary: sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheekMandibular: controls masticationOriginOphthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide124Figure
16.27 The Trigeminal Nerve
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Supraorbital
nerves
Ciliary
ganglion
Foramen
rotundum
Infra-orbital
nerve
Lingual nerve
Mental nerve
Submandibular
ganglion
Pons
TRIGEMINAL
NERVE (N V)
Maxillary branch
Foramen
ovale
Otic
ganglion
Mandibular branch
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Superior
orbital
fissure
Ophthalmic
branch
Semilunar
ganglion
Slide125The Cranial Nerves
CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve (continued)Foramen Ophthalmic: superior orbital fissureMaxillary: foramen rotundumMandibular: foramen ovaleDestination Ophthalmic and maxillary: PonsMandibular: mandibular muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide126The Cranial Nerves
CN VI: The Abducens Nerve FunctionControls eye movementsMotor functionOriginPonsForamenSuperior orbital fissureDestinationInnervates the lateral rectus eye muscle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide127Figure
16.26 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
oblique
muscle
Trochlea
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
muscle
Inferior
oblique
muscle
Inferior
rectus
muscle
Ciliary
ganglion
Medial
rectus
muscle
Lateral
rectus
muscle (cut)
ABDUCENS
NERVE (N VI)
Facial nerve
(N VII), cut
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
Trigeminalnerve (N V), cut
Superiorrectusmuscle
OPTICNERVE (N II)
Opticchiasm
OCULOMOTORNERVE (N III)
TROCHLEAR
NERVE
(N IV)
Slide128The Cranial Nerves
CN VII: The Facial Nerve FunctionMixed (sensory and motor)Sensory: sensations from the face/taste Motor: controls muscles of the faceOriginSensory: taste budsMotor: pons
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide129The Cranial Nerves
CN VII: The Facial Nerve ForamenInternal acoustic meatusDestination Sensory: ponsMotor: muscles of the face
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide130Figure
16.28a The Facial Nerve
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Greater
petrosal
nerve
Geniculate
ganglion
FACIAL
NERVE (N VII)
Pons
Posterior auricular
branch
Stylomastoid
foramen
Chorda tympani nerve
(with mandibular
branch of N V)
Lingual branch
(with lingual nerve
of N V)
Submandibular
ganglion
Origin and branches of the facial nerve
Cervical
branch
Mandibular
branch
Buccal
branch
Zygomatic
branches
Temporalbranch
a
Slide131The Cranial Nerves
CN VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve Function Sensory: balance and hearingOriginReceptors of the vestibule and cochleaForamenInternal acoustic meatusDestinationPons
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide132Figure 16.29 The
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (1 of 1)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tympanic cavity
(middle ear)
Semicircular
canals
Vestibular
branch
(N
VIII)
Facial nerve
(N VII), cut
Internal
acoustic
canal
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
NERVE (N VIII)
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
N V
N VI
N VII
N IX
N XII
N X
N XI
Tympanic
membrane
Auditory
tube
Cochlea
Cochlear
branch
(N VIII)
Slide133The Cranial Nerves
CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve FunctionMixed (sensory and motor)Sensory function: tongue painMotor function: swallowingOrigin Sensory: posterior 1/3 of the tongueMotor: salivary gland
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide134The Cranial Nerves
CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (continued)ForamenJugular foramenDestination Sensory: medulla oblongataVisceral motor: parotid salivary glandSomatic motor: pharyngeal muscles for swallowing
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide135Figure
16.30 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
N VI
N VII
N V
N VIII
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Superior (jugular) ganglion
Parotid salivary gland
Pharyngeal branches
Carotid sinus branch
Carotid sinus
Common carotid artery
Carotid body
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVE (N IX)
Otic
ganglion
Inferior
(
petrosal
)
ganglion
Lingual
branch
Slide136The Cranial Nerves
CN X: The Vagus Nerve FunctionSensory: information from organsMotor: sends information to the organsOrigin Sensory: from the organsMotor: medulla oblongata
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Slide137The Cranial Nerves
CN X: The Vagus Nerve (continued) ForamenJugular foramenDestinationSensory: autonomic centers of the medulla oblongataSomatic motor: muscles of the palate and pharynxVisceral motor: respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive organs
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Slide138Figure
16.31 The Vagus Nerve
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VAGUS
NERVE (N X)
Superior
pharyngeal
branch
Inferior ganglion
of
vagus
nerve
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Auricular branch
to external ear
Superior
ganglion
of
vagus
nerve
Pharyngeal branch
Superior laryngeal nerve
Cardiac branches
Cardiac plexus
Recurrent
laryngeal nerve
Right lung
Left lung
Liver
Anterior
vagal trunk
Spleen
Celiac
plexus
Small intestine
Hypogastric
plexus
Stomach
Pancreas
Colon
Internal branch
External branch
Superior
laryngeal nerve
Slide139The Cranial Nerves
CN XI: The Accessory Nerve Function Motor: controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, and larynx musclesOriginSpinal cord and medulla oblongata
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Slide140The Cranial Nerves
CN XI: The Accessory Nerve ForamenJugular foramenDestinationInternal branch: muscles of the palate, pharynx, and larynxExternal branch: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
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Slide141Figure
16.32 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves
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Trigeminal nerve (N V)
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Trapezius muscle
Omohyoid
muscle
Sternothyroid
muscle
Sternohyoid
muscle
Thyrohyoid
muscle
Hyoid bone
Geniohyoid
muscle
Hyoglossus
muscle
Genioglossus
muscle
Styloglossus
muscle
Cranial root of N XI
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII)
ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI)
Internal branch: to palatal,
pharyngeal, and laryngeal
muscles with
vagus
nerve
Intrinsic muscles
of tongue
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Ansa
cervicalis
(cervical plexus)
External
branch of N XI
Spinal
root of N XI
Slide142The Cranial Nerves
CN XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve Function Motor: controls tongue movementOriginMedulla oblongata ForamenHypoglossal canalDestinationTongue muscles
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Slide143Figure
16.32 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves
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Trigeminal nerve (N V)
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Trapezius muscle
Omohyoid
muscle
Sternothyroid
muscle
Sternohyoid
muscle
Thyrohyoid
muscle
Hyoid bone
Geniohyoid
muscle
Hyoglossus
muscle
Genioglossus
muscle
Styloglossus
muscle
Cranial root of N XI
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII)
ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI)
Internal branch: to palatal,
pharyngeal, and laryngeal
muscles with
vagus
nerve
Intrinsic muscles
of tongue
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Ansa
cervicalis
(cervical plexus)
External
branch of N XI
Spinal
root of N XI
Slide144The Cranial Nerves
Summary of Cranial Nerve Branches and FunctionsMnemonic aidOh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly
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Slide145Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (1 of 2)
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Slide146Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (2 of 2)
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Slide147Table 16.13 Cranial Reflexes
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