and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann Birkbeck College ekaufmannbbkacuk twitter epkaufm web snepsnet English national identity English more of an ethnic national identity than British ID: 510804
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Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote
Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck Collegee.kaufmann@bbk.ac.uk; twitter: @epkaufm; web: sneps.net; Slide2
English national identity
English more of an ‘ethnic’ national identity than BritishEnglishness stronger among working class/poorer/less educated whitesEnglish identifiers more likely to oppose immigration and EU membershipEnglish identifiers more likely to vote UKIPSources: Fenton, Garner, Condor, Leddy-Owen, Lawler, McCrone & Bechhofer…Slide3
Englishness, class and whiteness
[The working class] “are the bearers of a problematic whiteness, disavowed by liberal middle classes” – Lawler 2012: 421“If you're English, or if you state you're English.. . it flags up to some people, a lot of the people that I work with, that you've got some sort of racism going on. And I don't see that” – working class respondent quoted in Garner 2012: 455“There's nothing that's very positive about being English, I think that's the problem, other than the violence, thuggery, racism” – middle class respondent quoted in Fenton 2012: 478Slide4
***Lower Education/
Low SES
Minority share stimulates EnglishnessSlide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9Slide10
How English are White British People, by
Local Authority, 2011Slide11
UKIP 2014 vote/White British %
English Identifiers as % of White British Slide12
White British% x WB avg. age x WB avg. qualifications x WB avg. share English Identity
UKIP share of the vote in 2014 European electionsSlide13
British Election Study 2014, waves 1-2. Controls for age, gender, income, education, ethnicity. Clustered on Local AuthoritySlide14
British Election Study 2014, waves 1-2. Controls for age, gender, income, education, ethnicity. Clustered on Local AuthoritySlide15
British Election Study 2014, waves 1-2. Controls for age, gender, income, education, ethnicity. Clustered on Local AuthoritySlide16
Conclusion
Englishness stronger among working class/poorer/less educated whitesEnglish more of an ethnic national identity than British, more ‘civic’English identifiers more likely to vote UKIPEnglish identifiers more likely to oppose immigration (‘ethnic’ issue) and EU membership (both ‘ethnic’ & ‘civic’ issue). But care more about immigration.Why Englishness more ethnic?: reflects the most pressing challenges to English identity. In Scotland, political boundaries more salient due to lack of independence; in England, ethnic boundaries more contested due to higher immigrationSlide17
Ordered logistic model of immigration opinion controlling for age, ethnicity and education. Variety of survey questions on immigration. Source: British Election Studies, 1964-2015Slide18Slide19