Module 22 chemical substances that alters perceptions mood or behavior induce an altered state of consciousness 3 most common caffeine alcohol nicotine What are psychoactive drugs physiological andor psychological need for a drug ID: 276800
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Slide1
Drugs
Module 22Slide2
chemical substances that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior
induce an
altered state of consciousness3 most common:caffeinealcoholnicotine
What are psychoactive drugs?Slide3
physiological and/or psychological need for a drug
withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued
What is dependence?When does dependence become addiction?
w
hen the drug
seriously disrupts a person’s ability to function in everyday lifeSlide4
discomfort & distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues use
symptoms are usually the reverse of the drug’s effects
example: heroinintended effect – euphoria, relaxation, slowed breathingwithdrawal – depression, restlessness, rapid breathing
WithdrawalSlide5
reduced responsiveness to a drug
user must increase dosage to achieve effects previously obtained by lower doses of the drug
ToleranceSlide6
Drugs and Neurotransmission
How do psychoactive drugs work?Slide7
process where neurons communicate with each other
psychoactive drugs
interfere with normal neurotransmissionNeurotransmissionSlide8
Binding
with receptors
mimicking neurotransmitter’s effectexample: morphine mimics endorphins Blocking receptor site
preventing neurotransmitter’s binding
example:
Botulin
poisoning (paralyzes)
Blocking reuptake
intensifies neurotransmitter’s effect
example:
cocaine blocks reuptake
of dopamine (affects mood) increasing
the amount in the synapses
3 ways drugs affect neurotransmission:Slide9
Drug ClassificationsSlide10
Description
:
derived from hemp plantlowers inhibitions & produce feelings of relaxation and mild euphoriaImpact on Neurotransmission: Active ingredient: THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
binds to cannabinoid receptor sites for neurotransmitter anandamide (
pain relief, working memory, pleasure, eating, motivation
)
binds to receptor sites for dopamine (
pleasure/euphoria
) & triggers their release1
MarijuanaSlide11
Physical & Psychological Impact
:
lowers inhibitions & produces feelings of relaxation and mild euphoriaHealth Concerns: 9% of users become addictedwithdrawal symptoms: irritability, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, anxiety, & drug craving
disrupts short-term memory (activity in hippocampus is reduced)
Interferes with normal functioning of the cerebellum (short-term)
lung damage from smoke
Marijuana
Leaves, stems, resin, and flowers form the hemp plant Slide12
Description
:
distort perceptions & cause sensory images in the absence of sensory inputImpact on Neurotransmission: LSD (fungus that grows on grain)- stimulation of serotonin (mood, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, and muscle control
) receptors on neurons
Ecstasy
– blocks the reuptake of
serotonin
(
mood/pleasure
) intensifying its effect; brain is depleted of its serotonin supply & depression is a common after-effect
Hallucinogens Slide13
Physical & Psychological Impact
:
LSD – visual hallucinations, detachment from reality, panic, sense of heightened understandingEcstasy – hallucinations, rushes of exhilaration (stimulant), physical sensitivity, lowers inhibitions, euphoria, paranoia
Health Concerns:
LSD
– tolerance develops rapidly, rapid heartbeat & high blood pressure, “bad trips” – paranoia, panic delusions, dangerous behavior
Ecstasy
– dehydration & heat exhaustion (club drug), increased body temp & blood pressure, nausea blurred, vision, teeth/jaw clenching
HallucinogensSlide14
Description
:
excite neural activity of CNS & speeds up body functionsImpact on Neurotransmission: Caffeine – mimics adenosine (causes drowsiness) & blocks receptor sites
Nicotine – mimics acetylcholin
e
(
learning, memory, muscle movement, energy
) & binds to receptor sites; body must create more receptor
sites;
endorphin
(
pain killers
) production
Cocaine
– blocks reuptake of
dopamine
(
pleasure/emotion
)Amphetamines (prescription stimulants, ADHD)
- mimics adrenaline
(forces release of stored adrenaline); increases dopamine
(
pleasure/ motivation/ attention
) – also with
Methamphetamines
(over time destroys dopamine receptors – can’t feel
pleasure, can regrow over years); release
adrenaline
Stimulants
Coca plantSlide15
Physical & Psychological Impact
:
All – increase blood pressure & heart rate, faster respiration Caffeine – increases energy/alertness, reduces fine motor coordination Nicotine – arousal, relaxation, sense of well being
Cocaine – euphoria, energy, increases body temperature
Amphetamines
–
euphoria, suppress appetite, increase focus & attention
Health Concerns
:
Caffeine
– insomnia,
nervousness, headaches
, dizziness, lethal in massive
doses
(abnormal
heart rhythms, seizures, breathing in vomit)
Nicotine
– death
- heart/lung disease, stroke
Cocaine
- heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, abdominal pain, nausea; sudden death on first use (rare)
Amphetamines
– malnutrition, in high doses cardiovascular complications ( heart attack & stroke),
amphetamine psychosis
Methamphetamines
– stroke, dementia, reduced motor speed, impaired cognitive abilities, increased sex drive, lower inhibitions
StimulantsSlide16
Caffeine&
the Body Slide17
Description
:
reduce neural activity & slow body functioningImpact on Neurotransmission: Alcohol – binds to receptors for acetylcholine,
serotonin, GABA
(
reduces neural activity
), increases release of
dopamine
Sedatives (tranquilizers)
Barbiturates & Benzodiazepines
– binds to
GABA
receptors
Depressants Slide18
Physical & Psychological Impact
:
Alcohol – relaxation, reduced tension, lowered inhibitions, impairs concentration, slows reflexesSedatives – reduce anxiety or induce sleep
Health Concerns
:
Alcohol
–
vomiting, breathing difficulties, unconsciousness, coma, impairs memory (suppresses REM sleep) damage to frontal lobes, kidney failure, vitamin B-1 deficiency, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (alcohol use when pregnant)
Sedatives
:
Barbiturates
– lethal in overdose, impair memory & judgment
Benzodiazepines
– dependency
Depressants
Fetal Alcohol SyndromeSlide19
Description
:
depress neural activity & temporarily lessen pain and anxietyImpact on Neurotransmission: Morphine (derived from poppy plant) & Heroin (made from morphine)
– mimic endorphins and binds
to
opioid
receptors (
pain, reward, critical life functions like breathing
)
Opiates Slide20
Physical & Psychological Impact
:
Heroin & Morphine – rush of euphoria, relief from pain, clouded mental functioningHealth Concerns:
Heroin – overdose – stop breathing, use of needles (HIV/AIDS), liver or kidney failure
Morphine
– dependence leading to addiction, cessation of breathing, nausea,
vomiting, constipation
Opiates