Joints of the human body - PowerPoint Presentation

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Joints of the human bodySlide2

Joint Classification

Synovial Joints

Characteristics of synovial jointTypes of synovial joints

Naming joints:Pectoral GirdleUpper LimbPelvic GirdleLower Limb

Joints Of The human bodySlide3

Joint is a point of connection between two bones

Strands of connective tissue, ligaments, hold the bones together and ensure the stability of jointsSlide4

JOINT CLASSIFICATION

Joints are classified according to their motion capabilities:

Three terms Synarthroses - Immovable

Amphiarthroses - Slightly movableDiarthroses - Allow the greatest amount of motionSlide5

Joint Classification

Joints are further classified by the material that joints them:

Fibrous joint -allow no movement -E.g. sutures of the skull Cartilaginous joints -allow limited movement -E.g. inverterbral discs Synovial joints

-allow large range or movements

-E.g. hip jointSlide6

Characteristics of synovial joints

Hyaline cartilage

A protective layer of dense white connective tissue that covers the ends of the articulating bonesJoint CavitySynovial Membrane

Covers joint cavity, except over the surfaces of the articular cartilagesSecretes the lubrication fluidSynovial FluidLubricates the jointCapsuleMay or may not have the thickenings called intrinsic ligamentsExtrinsic ligamentsSupport the joint and connect the articulating bones of the jointSlide7

Types of sYNovial Joints

There are thee basic types of synovial joints:

Unilateral (rotation only about one axis)Biaxial joints (movement about two perpendicular axes)Multiaxial Joints

(movement about all three perpendicular axesSlide8

Types of Synovial joints cont’d

Synovial Joints are further classified into:

1) Hinge joint2) Pivot joint3) Condyloid4) Saddle shaped joint5) Ball and socket joint

6) Plane jointSlide9

Hinge (ginglymus) Joint

Uniaxial

Has one articulating surface that is convex, and another that is concaveE.g. Humero

-ulnar elbow joint, interphalangeal jointSlide10

Pivot Joint

Uniaxial

E.g. head of radius rotating against ulnaSlide11

Condyloid (knuckle) joint

Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)

The joint surfaces are usually oval One joint surface is an ovular convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave shape surfaceE.g. Metacarpophalangeal Joint Slide12

Saddle Joint

Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)

The bones set together as in sitting on a horseE.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumbSlide13

Ball and socket joint

Multiaxial ( rotation in all planes )

A rounded bone is fitted into a cup = like receptacleE.g. shoulder and hip jointsSlide14

Plane (gliding) Joint

Uniaxial (permits gliding movements)

The bone surfaces involved are nearly flatE.g. intercarpal joints and acromioclavicular joint of the vertebraeSlide15

Joints of the pectoral girdleSlide16

Sternoclavicular joint

Connects sternum to the clavicle

The only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton True Synovial joint strengthened by an intracapsular disc and extrinsic ligamentsSlide17

Acromioclavicular joint

Unites the lateral end of the clavicle with the acromion process of the scapula

Where shoulder separations often occur in sports such as hockey, baseball and footballSlide18

Glenohumeral joint

Connects the upper limb and the scapula

A Typical multiaxial joint Has a wide range of movement at this jointCompromise = relative lack of stabilitySlide19

Upper Limb JointsSlide20

Elbow Joint

There are three joints at the elbow

humero-ulnar joint Medial (with respect to anatomical position)

Between the trochlea of the jumerus and the olecranon process on the ulnaHumero-radial joint lateral between the capitulm of the humerus and the head of the radius

Radio-ulnar joint

between the radius and the ulnaSlide21

Elbow joint con’tSlide22

Joints of the wrist

Radio-carpal joint

-between distal end of the radius and the carpals-movements : Flexion – extension and abduction – adductionSlide23

Joints of the HAND

Intercarpal

joints -between the bones of the carpus

-gliding jointsCarpometacarpal joint -between carpals and metacarpals -the characteristics of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb allows the range of movement necessary for oppositionSlide24

Joints of the hand cont’d

Metacarpophalangeal joints

-joint between metacarpals and carpals -the knuckles

-movements : flexion-extension, and adduction-abductionInterphalangeal joints -joints between the phalanges -permit flexion-extensionSlide25

Joints of the pelvic girdleSlide26

Hip joint

B

etween the head of the femur and the cup (acetabulum ) of the hip bone (os coxae)-Like shoulder joint, hip joint is:

-ball and socket joint -multiaxial joint that allows : flexion-extension, adduction-abduction and circumductionSlide27

Hip joint con’t

-

unlike shoulder joint, hip joint is very stable-in fact it is the body’s most stable synovial joint due to -deepened socket (via lip or fibrocartilaginous labrum)

-an intrinsic and very strong extrinsic ligamentsDislocations in sports is not common, but can occur in car collisionsDislocate the head posteriorly or drive it through the posterior lip of the acetabulumSlide28

Lower limb jointsSlide29

Knee joint

Tibiofemoral or knee joint

Incredible range of movement(flexion-extension)Slide30

Knee joint cont’d

However, the knee joint is relatively stable due to additional supports from:

MenisciShock absorbing fibrocartilaginous discsAnterior and posterior cruciate ligamentsIn the center of the jointLateral and medial collateral ligaments

Extending from the sides of the femur to the tibia and fibulaThe musculature that surrounds itSlide31

Knee joint cont’d

Movements:

Primary action is flexion – extension (e.g. squat or jump) When flexed, medial and lateral rotation can also occurSlide32

Ankle Joint

Talocrural or ankle joint

Involves several bones:Medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibulaHead of the taluscalcaneus ( heel bone ) Slide33

Foot and toe joints

I

ntertarsal jointsBetween tarsalsTransverse tarsal jointBetween the proximal and distal row of tarsal bones

Movement – inversion- eversion of the sole of the foot This action enables you to adjust to uneven ground when walking or runningSlide34

Foot and toe joints cont’d

As in the hand, there are joints between the tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges.

Tarsometatarsal Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal They are strengthened by planter ligaments which aid in maintaining the arch of the footSlide35

Muscles of the human bodySlide36

Over 600 in the human body

Allow the skeleton to move

To cause movement, both ends of each muscle must be attached to boneOrigin or proximal attachment – the attachment closer to the center of the bodyInsertion or distal attachment – the attachment away from the center of the bodySlide37

Facial musclesSlide38

Various functions of the facial muscles

Enable you to change expression and display your emotions outwardly

Allow you to close your eyes and blinkEssential for opening and closing the mouth for:Keeping food in the mouthAllowing you to chewAllowing you to form words

TongueFunction:Allows you to move food around in your mouth and get it to a position to be swallowedAllows you to pronounce words and speak intelligentlySlide39

Neck musclesSlide40

Neck muscles

There are muscles posterior, lateral and anterior tot eh neck or cervical region

These muscles Maintain the position in which the sits on the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) i.e. they hold up our head

Also permit a wide range of movementSlide41

Sternocleidomastoids

The most important anterior pair of muscles

Movements:Acting together, they flex the head toward the chestIndividually, each muscle tilts the face up and toward the opposite sidSlide42

Erector spinae muscles

Important posterior neck muscles

Attach to sacrum inferiorly and to the skull superiorlyMaintain your erect positionTherefore they are also called anti-gravity muscles

When someone faints, these muscles no longer function and the body falls face forward to the groundSlide43

Trapezius, upper fibres

Important lateral neck muscles

Movements:Acting alone tilt the head to the same sideActing together, they assist in neck extension