Program Director Functions of Behavior There are four functions of behavior that have been found through research Attention Escape Automatic and Access to Tangibles Iwata created a Functional Analysis as a way to assess functions of behaviors ID: 636299
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Slide1
Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBAProgram Director
Functions of BehaviorSlide2
There are four functions of behavior that have been found through research.Attention, Escape, Automatic, and Access to Tangibles
Iwata created a Functional Analysis as a way to assess functions of behaviors
Our Education Thus Far…Slide3
Presentation Goal:Review the development and growth of our understanding of functions
How Did We Get Here?Slide4
S.I.B.Self-Injurious Behavior
Behaviors where the “mentally handicapped” would repeatedly, and without regard to their health, cause physical harm to themselves without context.
Shorthand NoteSlide5
1960-70Towards the end of the “Mental Institution Revolution”
What to do with these
severe cases that include self-injury.
SettingSlide6
Rapid solutions were neededThis begin a big “boom” in applied behavior analysis
Other fields immediately had a growing interest in what Watson, Skinner, and others were doing.
SolutionsSlide7
Published “The Motivation of Self-Injurious Behavior: A review of some hypothesis”1977
Meta-Analysis of existing “hypothesis” behind what motivated SIB
E.G. CarrSlide8
Positive Reinforcement HypothesisNegative Reinforcement Hypothesis
Self-Stimulatory Hypothesis
Organic Hypothesis
Psychodynamic Hypothesis
5 HypothesisSlide9
Cited a Lovaas study: (Lovaas
, et al, 1965)
Stated that some hypothesize that receiving a physical reinforcer may motivate SIB
This has now become “Access”
Positive
Sr
+
HypothesisSlide10
I want cookie.I can’t speak.Mom won’t give me cookie.
I’m going to hit myself until mom gives me the cookie because she “doesn’t know what else to do”?
Example - AccessSlide11
Cited a Carr study: (Carr, et al, 1976)Stated that some hypothesize that the removal of an adverse stimulus could motivate SIB
This has now become “Escape”
Negative
Sr
+
HypothesisSlide12
I dislike the smell of cookies.I cannot talk.Mom is baking cookies.
It makes me sick.
She won’t stop.I begin hitting myself in the head.
Mom stops.
Example - EscapeSlide13
Cited a Carr study: (Carr, 1961)Stated that some hypothesize that some internal pleasure is derived from SIB
This has now become “Automatic”
Self-Stimulatory HypothesisSlide14
At this point, highly theoreticalSome saw it as an “excuse explanation”
It is still debated about how SIB could “feel good” to any person
Why stereotypy is often called “
stimming”
Self-Stimulatory HypothesisSlide15
Hitting myself in the head feels goodI hit myself in the head
Example - AutomaticSlide16
Hypothesis that states there are medical reasons to explain SIBThere are medical reasons in some cases, but not in all
A BCBA should ensure a client has consulted a pediatrician and/or neurologist
Organic HypothesisSlide17
Points to (Cain, 1961) to cover themMostly traditional psychology attempting to address SIBs with their “theories”
Carr says there is a “lack of evidence” and dismisses this category completely
Psychodynamic HypothesisSlide18
These theories include “Sensory Integration” (remember this was published back in 1977).
Psychodynamic HypothesisSlide19
Positive Reinforcement (Access)Negative Reinforcement (Escape)Self-Stimulatory (Automatic)
Organic (Medical)
Psychodynamic (Dismissed)
What’s missing?
Review of 5 HypothesisSlide20
Within “Psychodynamic”, Carr pointed out that there was on one exception to the “lack of evidence”
Lovaas’s
“guilt hypothesis”…which seems silly now, but I’m sure at the time made tons of sense
Attention!?!Slide21
“Guilt hypothesis”: Individuals with developmental delays feel guilty about their actions and engage in SIB as a way to punish themselves.
Every time a client would hit themselves,
Lovaas would say something
along the lines of “I don’t judge you” or “It’s not your fault”
Attention!?!Slide22
There was one huge problemFor the client
Lovaas
was working with, the “guilt hypothesis” increased the behaviorLovaas
suggested that maybe social interaction increased SIB
Attention!?!Slide23
Thus Lovaas stumbled upon the fourth, and final function:
Attention!
Attention!?!Slide24
Carr laid out criteria for which functions we should focus on:1) “[SIB] rates can be reduced when the reinforcer is removed” (subject to extinction)
Criteria for SuccessSlide25
2) “[SIB] rates can be increased when reinforcement is made contingent upon the behavior (subject to reinforcement)3) “[SIB] can come under the control of a stimulus” (subject to stimulus control)
Criteria for SuccessSlide26
“The review of the literature on [SIB] suggest that a single factor is not responsible for the motivation of all [SIB]. [O]ne could profitably make a distinction between.. the underlying maintenance of [SIB].”
It wasn’t until 1994 that someone took him up on his offer.
Treatment ImplicationsSlide27
In 2007, researchers with the Kennedy Krieger Institute (within John Hopkins) suggested a 5
th
function.“Interruption of free-operant behavior”
Fell under the umbrella of “access”
Fifth Function?Slide28
Recent research suggest that if “access” is a function at all, it happens very infrequently.This began to movement to return to the original nomenclature:Social Positive (Attention)
Social Negative (Escape)
Automatic Positive (Stereotypy)Automatic Negative (Pain Alleviation)
Recent Research Slide29
If stereotypy is maintained by automatic reinforcement and there are not current assessments to determine what is positive and what is negative reinforcement, is it ethical to eliminate stereotypy?
EthicsSlide30
Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBAProgram Director
ExtinctionSlide31
When using an extinction procedure with rats in a Skinner box you will almost always see:Extinction burstExtinction induced aggression
Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide32
When using an extinction procedure with a client the rate dramatically decline:39% had an extinction burst22% had extinction induced aggression
19% had both simultaneously
58% had no side effects
Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide33
What causes this dramatic change?May be the function – article suggest that 57% of extinction interventions based on social negative reinforcement had extinction burst
But that is still just over half
Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide34
Current thought:When Extinction is used alone, it will almost always have the common side effects.
When Extinction is used with another procedure (such as reinforcement) the side effects are less likely.
Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide35
The authors suggest to independently measure and intervene on aggression and extinction burst.
Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide36
Extinction-Induced VariabilityIn the article called “Response Variability”Novel behaviors appear as a “test” for replacement behaviors.
Utilizing the Side EffectsSlide37
Field if often criticizes for created “robots”. Can response variability help that?Remember
Carbonne
(2010) used extinction-induced variability to promote verbalizations in non-verbal childrenSide effects are ripe for research
Utilizing the Side EffectsSlide38
Thank you for your time!
Questions?