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Justin Daigle, MA,  BCBA, LBA Justin Daigle, MA,  BCBA, LBA

Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBA - PowerPoint Presentation

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Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBA - PPT Presentation

Program Director Functions of Behavior There are four functions of behavior that have been found through research Attention Escape Automatic and Access to Tangibles Iwata created a Functional Analysis as a way to assess functions of behaviors ID: 636299

hypothesis extinction effects sib extinction hypothesis sib effects side reinforcement carr attention automatic negative behavior positive hypothesis

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBAProgram Director

Functions of BehaviorSlide2

There are four functions of behavior that have been found through research.Attention, Escape, Automatic, and Access to Tangibles

Iwata created a Functional Analysis as a way to assess functions of behaviors

Our Education Thus Far…Slide3

Presentation Goal:Review the development and growth of our understanding of functions

How Did We Get Here?Slide4

S.I.B.Self-Injurious Behavior

Behaviors where the “mentally handicapped” would repeatedly, and without regard to their health, cause physical harm to themselves without context.

Shorthand NoteSlide5

1960-70Towards the end of the “Mental Institution Revolution”

What to do with these

severe cases that include self-injury.

SettingSlide6

Rapid solutions were neededThis begin a big “boom” in applied behavior analysis

Other fields immediately had a growing interest in what Watson, Skinner, and others were doing.

SolutionsSlide7

Published “The Motivation of Self-Injurious Behavior: A review of some hypothesis”1977

Meta-Analysis of existing “hypothesis” behind what motivated SIB

E.G. CarrSlide8

Positive Reinforcement HypothesisNegative Reinforcement Hypothesis

Self-Stimulatory Hypothesis

Organic Hypothesis

Psychodynamic Hypothesis

5 HypothesisSlide9

Cited a Lovaas study: (Lovaas

, et al, 1965)

Stated that some hypothesize that receiving a physical reinforcer may motivate SIB

This has now become “Access”

Positive

Sr

+

HypothesisSlide10

I want cookie.I can’t speak.Mom won’t give me cookie.

I’m going to hit myself until mom gives me the cookie because she “doesn’t know what else to do”?

Example - AccessSlide11

Cited a Carr study: (Carr, et al, 1976)Stated that some hypothesize that the removal of an adverse stimulus could motivate SIB

This has now become “Escape”

Negative

Sr

+

HypothesisSlide12

I dislike the smell of cookies.I cannot talk.Mom is baking cookies.

It makes me sick.

She won’t stop.I begin hitting myself in the head.

Mom stops.

Example - EscapeSlide13

Cited a Carr study: (Carr, 1961)Stated that some hypothesize that some internal pleasure is derived from SIB

This has now become “Automatic”

Self-Stimulatory HypothesisSlide14

At this point, highly theoreticalSome saw it as an “excuse explanation”

It is still debated about how SIB could “feel good” to any person

Why stereotypy is often called “

stimming”

Self-Stimulatory HypothesisSlide15

Hitting myself in the head feels goodI hit myself in the head

Example - AutomaticSlide16

Hypothesis that states there are medical reasons to explain SIBThere are medical reasons in some cases, but not in all

A BCBA should ensure a client has consulted a pediatrician and/or neurologist

Organic HypothesisSlide17

Points to (Cain, 1961) to cover themMostly traditional psychology attempting to address SIBs with their “theories”

Carr says there is a “lack of evidence” and dismisses this category completely

Psychodynamic HypothesisSlide18

These theories include “Sensory Integration” (remember this was published back in 1977).

Psychodynamic HypothesisSlide19

Positive Reinforcement (Access)Negative Reinforcement (Escape)Self-Stimulatory (Automatic)

Organic (Medical)

Psychodynamic (Dismissed)

What’s missing?

Review of 5 HypothesisSlide20

Within “Psychodynamic”, Carr pointed out that there was on one exception to the “lack of evidence”

Lovaas’s

“guilt hypothesis”…which seems silly now, but I’m sure at the time made tons of sense

Attention!?!Slide21

“Guilt hypothesis”: Individuals with developmental delays feel guilty about their actions and engage in SIB as a way to punish themselves.

Every time a client would hit themselves,

Lovaas would say something

along the lines of “I don’t judge you” or “It’s not your fault”

Attention!?!Slide22

There was one huge problemFor the client

Lovaas

was working with, the “guilt hypothesis” increased the behaviorLovaas

suggested that maybe social interaction increased SIB

Attention!?!Slide23

Thus Lovaas stumbled upon the fourth, and final function:

Attention!

Attention!?!Slide24

Carr laid out criteria for which functions we should focus on:1) “[SIB] rates can be reduced when the reinforcer is removed” (subject to extinction)

Criteria for SuccessSlide25

2) “[SIB] rates can be increased when reinforcement is made contingent upon the behavior (subject to reinforcement)3) “[SIB] can come under the control of a stimulus” (subject to stimulus control)

Criteria for SuccessSlide26

“The review of the literature on [SIB] suggest that a single factor is not responsible for the motivation of all [SIB]. [O]ne could profitably make a distinction between.. the underlying maintenance of [SIB].”

It wasn’t until 1994 that someone took him up on his offer.

Treatment ImplicationsSlide27

In 2007, researchers with the Kennedy Krieger Institute (within John Hopkins) suggested a 5

th

function.“Interruption of free-operant behavior”

Fell under the umbrella of “access”

Fifth Function?Slide28

Recent research suggest that if “access” is a function at all, it happens very infrequently.This began to movement to return to the original nomenclature:Social Positive (Attention)

Social Negative (Escape)

Automatic Positive (Stereotypy)Automatic Negative (Pain Alleviation)

Recent Research Slide29

If stereotypy is maintained by automatic reinforcement and there are not current assessments to determine what is positive and what is negative reinforcement, is it ethical to eliminate stereotypy?

EthicsSlide30

Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBAProgram Director

ExtinctionSlide31

When using an extinction procedure with rats in a Skinner box you will almost always see:Extinction burstExtinction induced aggression

Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide32

When using an extinction procedure with a client the rate dramatically decline:39% had an extinction burst22% had extinction induced aggression

19% had both simultaneously

58% had no side effects

Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide33

What causes this dramatic change?May be the function – article suggest that 57% of extinction interventions based on social negative reinforcement had extinction burst

But that is still just over half

Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide34

Current thought:When Extinction is used alone, it will almost always have the common side effects.

When Extinction is used with another procedure (such as reinforcement) the side effects are less likely.

Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide35

The authors suggest to independently measure and intervene on aggression and extinction burst.

Side Effects of ExtinctionSlide36

Extinction-Induced VariabilityIn the article called “Response Variability”Novel behaviors appear as a “test” for replacement behaviors.

Utilizing the Side EffectsSlide37

Field if often criticizes for created “robots”. Can response variability help that?Remember

Carbonne

(2010) used extinction-induced variability to promote verbalizations in non-verbal childrenSide effects are ripe for research

Utilizing the Side EffectsSlide38

Thank you for your time!

Questions?