WIZARDS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES WHY DO WE NEED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 2 We need programming languages to communicate with a computer The two broad classifications of programming languages are Lowlevel and Highlevel languages ID: 567103
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PURPLE HATS WIZARDS
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESSlide2
WHY DO WE NEED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES?2We need programming languages to communicate with a computer. The two broad classifications of programming languages are: Low-level and High-level languages.Slide3
WHAT ARE THE TWO BROAD CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES? 3Low-level languages are programming languages that use words and symbols that are close to the language the computer understands. High-level languages are programming languages that use the same words and symbols that are used by humans. Slide4
HOW MANY GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ARE THERE?4There are five generations of programming languages. They are:
First Generation or Machine LanguagesSecond Generation or Assembly-level Languages
Third Generation or High-level Languages
Fourth Generation Languages
Fifth Generation LanguagesSlide5
FIRST GENERATION OR MACHINE-LEVEL LANGUAGES51GLs were the first languages that were developed for computers. 1GLs is also called ‘First Generation Languages.’ Slide6
AN EXAMPLE OF A CODE WRITTEN IN 1GL6An example of a code written in 1GL is:
10110011110011011.Slide7
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM ‘MACHINE DEPENDENT’7‘Machine dependent’ is a program that runs only on a particular type of computer system.Slide8
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF 1GL:8One advantage of 1GLs is:It is able to be executed very fast by the computer, as there is no need for translation.
Three disadvantages of 1GLs are:It is difficult to read, write and understand by humans as the programs involve only 0s and 1s
It is unable to be used on another machine that means it is ‘machine dependent’
It is difficult to correct or modify mistakes.Slide9
SECONG GENERATION OR ASSEMBLY-LEVEL LANGUAGES (ALL)9
Second Generations languages were created since the writing of programs using Machine-level languages was cumbersome. Slide10
HOW ARE INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN IN ASSEMBLYLANGUAGE10
An example of 2GL is Assembly language. Instructions are written in Assembly language using mnemonics. Slide11
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM ‘MNEMONICS’ 11The term ‘Mnemonics’ means abbreviated forms of words.Slide12
AN EXAMPLE OF A CODE WRITTEN IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE IS:12Slide13
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF AN ASSEMBLER?13The purpose of an assembler is to convert Assembly-level language instructions to Machine-level language.Slide14
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:14Two advantages of Assembly languages are:
It is easier to read, write and understand than Machine-level language.It is easier to correct or modify mistakes than Machine-level language.
Two disadvantages of Assembly languages are:
It is slower in execution than Machine-level language.
It is still machine dependent.Slide15
THIRD GENERATION OR HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES15Third Generation languages were created to make the programming easier that ALL (Assembly-level languages). Slide16
EXAMPLES OF 3GLs16Some examples of 3GLs are:
BASICFORTRANPascal
C
COBOLSlide17
CAN THE COMPUTER UNDERSTAND 3GLs AND WHAT NEEDS TO HAPPEN BEFORE THE COMPUTER CAN EXECUTE 3GLs?17No, the computer cannot understand Third Generation Languages. It must be translated either using compilers or interpreters. These are needed because it convert High-level language to Machine language so the computer could understand what the user wants.Slide18
WHAT IS A TRANSLATOR PROGRAM AND WHY IS IT NEEDED FOR 3GLs?18
A translator program is used to convert High-level language to Machine-level language.Slide19
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A COMPILER AND AN INTERPRETER19A compiler and an interpreter are both translators that convert High-level language instructions to Machine-level language but a compiler takes all the instructions together to form a single file that can run on its own while an interpreter takes one instruction at a time and does not produce files that can run independently.Slide20
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF USING HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES:20Three advantages of using High-level languages are:It is easier to read, write and understand than Machine-level language and ALL.
It is easier to modify or correct mistakes than Machine-level language and ALL.It is machine dependent.
A disadvantage of using High-level language is:
It is slower in execution than Machine-level language and ALL.Slide21
FOURTH GENERATION 0R ADVANCESD HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES21Fourth-generation computer programming language.
4GLs are closer to human language than other high-level languages and are accessible to people without formal training as programmers. They allow multiple common operations to be performed with a single programmer-entered command. They are intended to be easier for users than machine languages Slide22
EXAMPLE OF 4GLs:22An Example of 4GLs : Slide23
Fifth Generation Languages23A fifth-generation programming language
(natural language) (abbreviated 5GL or NL) is a programming language based on solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an
algorithm
written
by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages and some declarative languages are fifth-generation languages.
While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. This way, the programmer only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. Slide24
Examples Of Fifth Generation Languages24Examples Of Fifth Generation Languages are:
Prolog OPS5
Mercury
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Artificial Intelligence 25Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines or software, and is also a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents", where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".
AI research is highly technical and specialised, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specific problems
, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing
tools and
towards the accomplishment of particular applications.
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals. Currently popular approaches include statistical
methods
, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others.
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An example of Artificial Intelligence 26 Slide27
THE END!! HOPE YOU ENJOYED
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A PURPLE HATS WIZARDS’ PRODUCTION
DONE BY :
SEEMA SAMPATH –LEADER
SHIVA RAMKISSOON
ROMARIO SENNON
RAVI RAGOO