RUAE Assessment Preparation - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

RUAE

Assessment PreparationSlide2

Monday May 15- Fourth Level Assessment

Friday May 19- Fifth Level Assessment

One period for each.

RUAE AssessmentsSlide3

Answering in your words

In a Reading for

Understanding

question, you may be asked to answer

‘In your own words’.Slide4

Answering in your words

This means you cannot directly quote key words and phrases. In addition, you should keep your answers well-ordered and to the point.Slide5

Writing your answer

Always write your answers in bullet points.

What are the benefits?Slide6

Writing your answer

Your answer is clearly defined

You can clearly see each point you have made

The marker can clearly see each point being madeSlide7

Worked Example 1

Dr Caroline Schuster, a chartered psychologist, believes the appeal and the distinctive red-carpet look – long frocks and limousines – comes not only from US sitcoms and soaps such as My Super Sweet 16, Prom Queen and High School Musical, but also from a world where schoolgirls measure themselves against film stars and supermodels. Proms, she says, are an incitement to celebrity-fantasy. 'It gives you the chance to become as near a celebrity as you can.'

Question

In your own words

, summarise the reasons why school proms appeal to young people, according to lines 1 - 7Slide8

Worked Example 1

Writing your answer

There are THREE things to remember when answering this question, or a question like this.

First, the question guides you to where to look in the passage - you must take your answer from the lines indicated.

Second, you must try to change the words of the passage into your own words.

Third, you will see there are three marks available for this question. Use this as a guide, and try to find the four points to write down your answer. Slide9

Worked Example 1

3 bullet points in your own words

Reason 1

Reason 2

Reason 3Slide10

Worked Example 1 Answer

Your answer should look something like this:

Allows young to people to feel like celebrities

To enable the young people to live their dream

To be able to be the centre of attention

(3)Slide11

Answering in your words

Summary QuestionSlide12

Worked Example 2

Every detail has been overseen by the head of year. She is a believer in the prom as a rite of passage, centring on fun, dressing up and shared history. This is a celebration of their time with us.' Sheffield sees the prom more as a social opportunity, a chance to open up the mystical world of formal dining. 'There will be children who will never go to a formal function like this, so it is a lifetime experience for them. And for those who do find themselves moving in such circles, this will mean they will have learnt how to cope with it.’

Question

With reference to lines 1 - 10,

summarise

in your own words

, the various ways in which the school staff consider the event to be of benefit to those involved.

(6)Slide13

Worked Example 2

6 bullet points in your own words

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4

Point 5

Point 6

6

marksSlide14

Worked Example 2 Answer

6

bullet points in your own words:

It shows the pupils are maturing into adults

It allows the staff to remember their time with the pupils.

It allows pupils to build social skills

Pupils can attend a grand occasion for the first time

Be able to manage being out of their comfort zone

To experience presenting themselves for a proper

occasionSlide15

Now you try

Using the answer formula learned, attempt the following question.

N.B.

Remember to use bullet points!Slide16

Now you try

It

is worth remembering the man for whose extraordinary talents the company expressly launched the comic in 1937 after the sensational impact of his new strips in its

Sunday Post

. Even as the clouds of war loomed,

The

Broons

and

Oor

Wullie

were already national institutions. Such was the brilliance of Dudley D Watkins that, of all the publisher's artists, he was one of only two in its empire allowed to sign their strips.

Question

In your own words

, briefly summarise

three

points made by the writer in the above paragraph which illustrate that Watkins’ talent was already recognised as exceptional in 1937?

3

Slide17

Answer

The characters he created were diverse

People still remember him long after he had

died

His talents are widely recognisedSlide18

The Link Question

The wording of these questions is usually:

“ Show how the (opening ) sentence of paragraph 3

acts as a link between

paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 “

This type of question is designed to test:

your

understanding of meaning

your appreciation of

the structure of a text.Slide19

The Link Question

As you know , good writing is planned and structured.

One of the ways this is done is by the writer providing a link between paragraphs. Slide20

Strategy of Attack

The link sentence often comes at the very start of a paragraph

Read the first sentence and look for words that link back to the last paragraph

Write those words down

Explain how they create a link back

Find words in the first sentence that link forward

Explain how they create a link forwardSlide21

How to answer the question

Quote the words from the first (or appropriate part of the sentence (

Quotation X

).

Show how they

refer back

to the earlier section.

Quote the words form the later section (

Quotation Y

).

Explain how they

introduce

what is coming next.

You must be

specific to the actual context

of the passage.

You must explain

HOW

it is done not just assert it is done.Slide22

Answer format

Copy down the following answer format:

“quotation X” refers back to the previous section where…….

“quotation Y” introduces the next section which………Slide23

An extract from an article in USA Today, in which Kevin Maney is surprised about some new thinking on the value of video games

It’s summer vacation. The kids have acres of time to fill. So, of course, they’re in the basement playing some video games that involves either weapons or skateboards. Who can doubt that their minds are turning into chipped beef on toast as they sit in the dim light, their educations and social lives leaking away? As a conscientious parent, I feel a gravitational pull to say these words: "Turn that off and read a book!” or play piano, or run outside, or get in a street fight. Anything but play more video games.

Except apparently that kind of thinking is all wrong

. It is about to become as dated as the four basic food groups, the philosophy of spare the rod and spoil the child, and asbestos as a safety feature. Video games might be about the best thing your kids can do to ensure their future success. Better, even, than reading. Which feels a lot like the moment in

Sleeper

when Woody Allen finds out that in 2173, cream pies and hot fudge are health foods. Question

Question

How does the sentence “

Except apparently that kind of thinking is all wrong

.” act as a link between the two paragraphs and show us the writer’s line of argument?Slide24

An extract from an article in USA Today, in which Kevin Maney is surprised about some new thinking on the value of video games

It’s summer vacation. The kids have acres of time to fill. So, of course, they’re in the basement playing some video games that involves either weapons or skateboards.

Who

can doubt that their minds are turning into chipped beef on toast as they sit in the dim light, their educations and social lives leaking away? As a conscientious parent, I feel a gravitational pull to say these words: "Turn that off and read a book!” or play piano, or run outside, or get in a street fight. Anything but play more video games

.

Except apparently

that kind of thinking

is

all wrong

.

It is about to become as dated as the four basic food groups, the philosophy of spare the rod and spoil the child, and asbestos as a safety feature. Video games might be about the best thing your kids can do to ensure their future success. Better, even, than reading. Which feels a lot like the moment in

Sleeper

when Woody Allen finds out that in 2173, cream pies and hot fudge are health foods.Slide25

Answer

“

That kind of thinking

” refers back to the previous paragraph which gave the view that video games are detrimental to children and that virtually anything else would be better.

“all wrong”

introduces the argument against this in the rest of the paragraph that criticism of video games is old fashioned ( which the writer finds hard to believe)Slide26

In this extract Lucy McDonald looks into the world of women lorry drivers. 

Kaz

Horrocks

is a long-distance lorry driver. “I was bored in my old job,” she says, “and I enjoy the solitude of driving. Every day is different—sometimes I see amazing sunsets and lambs playing in the fields. I love it when you see the year’s first hawthorn blossom

and know that spring is near.”

  Neither hawthorn nor lambs are in evidence when I meet

Kaz

at six o’clock one dismal June morning in a lorry park. About 100 lorries have

overnighted

here. They are in lines, slumbering giants on the asphalt, their cab curtains drawn tightly as the drivers sleep inside.

Question

How does the sentence “

Neither hawthorn … in a lorry park.

” act as a link between the two paragraphs and show us the reality of

Kaz’s

life as a lorry driver?Slide27

Kaz

Horrocks

is a long-distance lorry driver. “I was bored in my old job,” she says, “and I enjoy the solitude of driving. Every day is different—sometimes I see amazing sunsets and lambs playing in the fields. I love it when you see the year’s first hawthorn blossom

and know that spring is near.”

Neither hawthorn nor lambs are in evidence when I meet

Kaz

at six o’clock one dismal June morning in a lorry park.

About 100 lorries have

overnighted

here. They are in lines, slumbering giants on the asphalt, their cab curtains drawn tightly as the drivers sleep inside.

Question

How does the sentence “Neither hawthorn … in a lorry park.” act as a link between the two paragraphs and show us the reality of

Kaz’s

life as a lorry driver?Slide28

Kaz

Horrocks

is a long-distance lorry driver. “I was bored in my old job,” she says, “and I enjoy the solitude of driving. Every day is different—sometimes I see amazing sunsets and lambs playing in the fields. I love it when you see the year’s first hawthorn blossom and know that spring is near.”

Neither hawthorn nor lambs

are in evidence when I meet

Kaz

at six o’clock one

dismal June morning

in a lorry park.

About 100 lorries have

overnighted

here. They are in lines, slumbering giants on the asphalt, their cab curtains drawn tightly as the drivers sleep inside.Slide29

Answer

“

Neither hawthorn nor lambs

” refers back to the previous paragraph which gives the idea that the things she can see: spring, nature, animals are the things

Kaz

enjoys about being a lorry driver.

“

dismal June morning

” introduces the idea that this is the reality of her job, dull, mundane, etc (the opposite of what she would have wanted).Slide30

Now try it for yourself

According to the publicans, it’s all the fault of the supermarkets, who offer alcohol at astonishingly irresponsible cut-prices and make getting drunk at home (or in the street) so much cheaper than going to a pub that, in these turbulent economic times, there’s really no contest for the impoverished serious drinker.

But fashionable though it is to lay the blame for all social ailments at the doors of the giant supermarkets, this particular thesis doesn’t quite add up.

After all, supermarkets also flog coffee, yet the invasion of every high street by Starbucks, Costa, Caffe Nero and all those other interchangeable coffee chains suggests that people are quite happy to frequent establishments selling exorbitantly priced beverages if the ambience is congenial and the clientele civilised. The coffee shops appeal to people who would nowadays never dream of spending an hour in the local boozer.Slide31

Now try it for yourself

According to the publicans, it’s all the fault of the supermarkets, who offer alcohol at astonishingly irresponsible cut-prices and make getting drunk at home (or in the street) so much cheaper than going to a pub that, in these turbulent economic times, there’s really no contest for the impoverished serious drinker.

But fashionable though it is to lay

the blame

for all social ailments at the doors of the giant supermarkets, this particular thesis

doesn’t quite add up.

After all, supermarkets also flog coffee, yet the invasion of every high street by Starbucks, Costa, Caffe Nero and all those other interchangeable coffee chains suggests that people are quite happy to frequent establishments selling exorbitantly priced beverages if the ambience is congenial and the clientele civilised. The coffee shops appeal to people who would nowadays never dream of spending an hour in the local boozer.Slide32

Answer

“

blame

” refers back to the previous paragraph which claims that supermarkets selling alcohol cheaply is why so many pubs have closed.

“

doesn’t quite add up

” introduces the idea in the next paragraph where the writer suggests there is a flaw in this argument by discussing the coffee shops are full but expensive.Slide33

Now try it for yourself

There’s something irresistible about the smell of fried bacon. It’s one of the delights of being a meat eater and possibly the single most common reason why weak-willed vegetarians throw in the towel. For some, the joy of bacon in rashers squeezed between factory-sliced white bread and smeared with tomato ketchup. For others, it’s the crisp slice of streaky bacon on the British breakfast plate, ready to be dipped into a runny yellow yolk or a dollop of baked beans. And our love affair shows no sign of fading. A recent poll of Britain’s best-loved 100 foods saw bacon as number one, beating chicken into second place and knocking chocolate into third.

But while one in ten Britons claim bacon as their favourite, are those rashers that sizzle so seductively in the pan what they seem?

One problem may lie in a form of iron called

haem

that is found naturally in red meats such as beef, lamb and pork. It can trigger the formation of substances called N-

nitroso

compounds (

NOCs

) in the body which can damage the lining of the bowel. Some types of

NOCs

have been linked to bowel cancer.

Question

With close reference to the text, explain clearly how the last sentence in paragraph 1 (‘But while one in ten…what they seem?) acts as a link in the structure of the writer’s argument.

3Slide34

Now try it for yourself

There’s something irresistible about the smell of fried bacon. It’s one of the delights of being a meat eater and possibly the single most common reason why weak-willed vegetarians throw in the towel. For some, the joy of bacon in rashers squeezed between factory-sliced white bread and smeared with tomato ketchup. For others, it’s the crisp slice of streaky bacon on the British breakfast plate, ready to be dipped into a runny yellow yolk or a dollop of baked beans. And our love affair shows no sign of fading. A recent poll of Britain’s best-loved 100 foods saw bacon as number one, beating chicken into second place and knocking chocolate into third.

But while one in ten Britons claim

bacon as their favourite

, are those rashers that sizzle so seductively in the pan

what they seem?

One problem may lie in a form of iron called

haem

that is found naturally in red meats such as beef, lamb and pork. It can trigger the formation of substances called N-

nitroso

compounds (

NOCs

) in the body which can damage the lining of the bowel. Some types of

NOCs

have been linked to bowel cancer. Slide35

Answer

“

bacon as their favourite

” refers back to the previous paragraph which claims that the public enjoy the taste and smell of bacon and that it is a preferred food.

“

what they seem?

” introduces the idea in the next paragraph where the writer suggests that bacon may not be as good for us as we think due to chemicals linked to diseases. Slide36

Reading for Analysis

Word ChoiceSlide37

Word choice questions

These can be in different forms:

A) questions which ask you about “word choice”

B) questions which ask you about specific examples of

w

ord choice

C) as part of a question about “language”Slide38

Denotation and Connotation

Most words have TWO different levels of meaning:

D

enotation:

d

ead basic meaning

C

onnotation:

c

onned into an emotional reaction

For example

Plump, overweight, voluptuous, curvy , fat all have the same denotation of being overweight

However, they all have different connotations and some are positive others are insulting..Slide39

Denotation and Connotation

Similarly, stormed, sauntered, swaggered all have the same denotation of walking.

However, they all have different connotations, telling different things about the way the person walked and the feelings they had at the time.

Stormed suggests:

Sauntered suggests:

Swaggered suggests:Slide40

Introductory task

Look at the following list of words.

1. Match the pairs or trios of words which have the same denotation.

2. Work out the different connotations for each grouping.Slide41

Ancient

Announced

Believer

Beloved

Broadcast

Complex

Complicated

Diligent

Drunk

Elderly

E

nquiry

Fanatic

Fat

Fundamentalist

Hard working

Inebriated

Interrogation

Intricate

Lover

Mature

Obese

Partner

Plump

Question

Stated

Swotty

TipsySlide42

Word choice questions

In a question about

word choice

it is important that you base your answer on specific words or phrases. An answer to a question on

word choice

written in general terms will not achieve any marks.

At National 5 level you will usually be given one mark for picking out a relevant aspect of

word choice

; your second or third mark will be for the quality of your comment.

For a three mark question it is suggested that you go for

TWO

examples in your answer. Slide43

Worked example 1

After school and in the playground, away from the teachers’ eyes, sweets and chocolates were traded. They became the marks of rebellion and the statements of independence. Eating foods they suspected the grown ups would rather they didn’t made these foods ever so much more enticing. They weren’t just food but food plus attitude.

Question

Show how the writer’s word choice makes clear the children’s attitude to the school ban. 2ASlide44

Worked example 1

After school and in the playground, away from the teachers’ eyes, sweets and chocolates were traded. They became the

marks of rebellion

and the

statements of independence

. Eating foods they suspected the grown ups would rather they didn’t made these foods ever so much more

enticing

. They

weren’t just food but

food plus attitude.

Show how the writer’s word choice makes clear the children’s attitude to the school ban. 2ASlide45

Plan of attack

Highlight

the

area

of passage

Highlight

any

specific task

in the question

Highlight

the

number of marks

Highlight

the

words

that are relevant in the passage

Choose

an appropriate number of

examples

that you

understand

and can analyse and discuss.

Answer the question using the suggested formatSlide46

Suggested answer pattern

“word/phrase” –

has connotations of………./ suggests

……………

Thus it

implies/ emphasises/suggests /reinforces/makes me realise that………………..Slide47

Answer

“enticing” suggests

the children found the forbidden food tempting and exciting.

“

not just food but food with attitude

”

implies

the sweets became a symbol of their fight against the school’s authority

“marks of rebellion

” also

suggests

the children ate the banned foods because they were forbidden therefore were more determined to eat themSlide48

Plan of attack

Remember to

Quote

the significant words or phrases

Discuss

their connotations or impact

Stay

relevant

to the specific question task.

Highlight

question and word choiceSlide49

Now you try

Because of the popularity of partner dancing – as opposed to the lone experience of shuffling one’s feet and randomly jerking your arms at a club/family wedding – the BBC has decided to make a celebrity version of Come Dancing the centrepiece of its new Saturday night schedule. Fronted by Bruce Forsythe, the show will feature celebrities testing their salsa skills under the guidance of world champion ballroom dancer Donnie Burns.

How does the

word choice

in these lines show that the writer thinks that dancing on one’s own as opposed to with a partner is not very satisfying.

2

 Slide50

Now you try

That is a lesson from history some of our more hysteria-prone politicians would do well to ponder as they devise ever more unfriendly welcomes for those who would come here today to live and work.

Question

Show how the writer's

word choice

in this sentence "That is ... and work" makes clear her attitude to certain politicians. (

2

) Slide51

Now you try

Admittedly, Saturday night TV may not reek of Latin glamour. But the new Dirty Dancing film, soon to reach UK cinemas, makes up for that. Set in the blistering heat of Cuba, Havana Nights features the sort of

drippingly

sexy salsa that you really have to be Latin to pull off.

Question

How does the

word choice

in these lines create an exotic description of salsa dancing?

2Slide52

Now you try

He was breathing heavily and the smell was inconceivably foul; it was the reek of rotting flesh, of festering wounds, of ancient perspiration, and of fear.

Question

Explain fully how the writer emphasises the smell through word choice.Slide53

Now you try

By 6 pm, several 16-year-olds are standing in the magisterial surroundings of the

Pavillion

suite at

Orsett

hall. The unceasing rain hasn’t dampened the excitement as the teenagers flood in to inspect the formally laid tables, helium balloons and glittery fairy lights. The prevailing smell of is of hairspray and scent. Friends who normally wear shapeless uniforms and dirty trainers are transformed into exotic peacocks in huge-skirted

ballgowns

, teetering heels and heavy makeup.

Look at lines 1- 9. Explain how the author uses

contrasting word choice

to emphasise how special the event is for the teenagers attending.

4Slide54

Now you try

Recently, a newspaper article headed “I h8 txt

msgs

: how

texting

is wrecking our language” argued that

texters

are “vandals who are doing to our language what Genghis Khan did to his neighbours 800 years ago. They are destroying it: pillaging our punctuation; savaging our sentences.”

As a new variety of language,

texting

has been condemned as “

textese

”, “

slanguage

”, a “digital virus”, “bleak, bald, sad shorthand”, “drab

shrinktalk

which masks dyslexia, poor spelling and mental laziness”.

Question

How does the writer’s word choice help to convey the negative view of

texting

? Refer to two examples . Slide55

Reading for Analysis

Sentence StructureSlide56

Sentence Structure

These

questions are usually triggered by

“ Comment on the sentence structure…”

or

“Show how the sentence structure

…….”

As with any other features you are analysing,

identification alone is not enough.

Also your answer must cover

more than just the meaning.

Your answer must also be

context specific to the article and

not just the usual effect of the feature in general.Slide57

Sentence Structure

Warning!

Remember that a

question on sentence

structure

does

not want you simply to identify the structure or use of

punctuation, etc.

It is asking you to comment on how the sentence is put together and the effect it has.Slide58

Sentence Structure: Key points

There are usually FIVE main possibilities when analysing sentence structure:

Punctuation and lists

Length of sentence(s)

Use of sentence patterns ( climax, anti-climax antithesis, etc.)

Repetition

Syntax or word orderSlide59

Punctuation: why?

It aids understanding

It gives clues to the reader about

When a point is finished (.)

When there is doubt (“” and ?)

The tone (!)

Extra information or explanations (,, -- () : )

a link or balance between statements (;)

Separate items in a complicated list (;)Slide60

What do punctuation questions ask?

You are usually asked to explain

why

punctuation has been used or

the effect created.

Often questions are about areas or examples where there is a

departure from normal

usage or the punctuation is used for a

particular effect.

Thus

it is important that

you know and understand the rules of punctuation.Slide61

Common punctuation focus

Most

common specific questions are

about;

Colons ( : )

Semicolons ( ; )

Inverted commas( “ “ )

Dashes ( - )

Brackets( ( ) )

Pairs of commas

Unusual

uses

Occasionally you may be asked as part of a

larger question

to comment on more common punctuation e.g. capital letters, exclamation marks, etc.Slide62

Common uses commonly asked about

in

PARENTHESIS

( any interruption, or additional information, in the flow of the sentence which can be removed and still leave a sentence that makes sense)

To pass

National 5 -

as my English teacher keeps telling

me -

all I have to do is pay attention and study

.

to separate two phrases from one sentence especially

in INVERTED SENTENCES.

Because you have paid attention and studied, I know you will pass Higher EnglishSlide63

Comma

This is used to separate words or items in a

list

e.g.

Mr Smith’s class are a mixed bunch: there are the workers

,

the sleepers

,

the last minute arrivals

,

the chatty ones and the silent watchers.Slide64

The exclamation mark !

This

is used

to show some sort of

strong feeling or emotion

to show someone is

shouting

after

exclamations

e.g.

Yuck!

Oooh

!

To show

emphasis

or something is stressed as important.

NB

These are most effective if used rarely and usually only one per sentence unless to create effect.

 Slide65

The question mark ?

This is

used:

at

the end of a

question

to

turn a

statement into a

question (rhetorical question)

to

show that the speaker has

some doubt or is questioning the factsSlide66

Inverted Commas/ Speech Marks/ Quotation Marks ( “ “ )

These have four main purposes:

to indicate the

title of a literary text, film,

play,

etc.

to indicate

direct speech

for

quotations

to mark off

an individual word

or

phrase

from the rest of the sentence ( sometimes put in

italics

instead) This is usually used for

foreign phrases

slang

sarcasm or a word or term a writer does not agree with

(like

adding so-called)Slide67

the Dash ( - )

This is usually used

to

cut off an afterthought or added example or explanation from the rest of the sentence ( like commas in PARENTHESIS

)

If you want to pass

National 5

English – and any other subject – you need to sort out your priorities.

to

separate a surprise or abrupt

change

to

link a series of disconnected phrases like a list or outpouring of

ideas

a

single dash can be used to add on extra information much as a colon

does

to

convey hesitation within , or a breaking off at the end of a sentence

Now, I hope there won’t be any more interruptions today because

–Slide68

Brackets ()

These are used

Like dashes and commas to show

PARENTHESIS

There is so much to learn about punctuation

(especially

for use in Interpretation) that I am getting confused

.

To show an author or character adding in an

aside or their own opinion

All

politicians ( at least so they would have you believe) are hard working and honest.Slide69

Worked Example 1

The panel divided into two teams. One offered a number of alternative. These included

:

a

“

Landscape of Thorns

” –

a square mile of randomly-spaced 80ft basalt spikes which jut out of the ground at different angles

;

“

Menacing Earthworks

” –

giant mounds surrounding s 2000ft map of the world displaying all the planet’s nuclear waste dumps

;

a

“

Black Hole

” –

a huge slab of black concrete that absorbs so much solar heat that it is impossible to approach.

Question

Show how the punctuation of the sentence beginning “These included…” is particularly helpful in following the argument at this stage.Slide70

Answer

The punctuation helps separate out the various solutions

The colon after “included” shows it will be followed by a list of examples of these “Alternatives”

The semicolons divide the 3 solutions so it is clear which is which

The inverted commas give you the name of each solution.

The dashes are used to separate the names of solutions from the explanations of what they are that follow so you know which explanation belongs to which solution.Slide71

Worked Example 2

The transaction seemed to fluster her, as if she might not have enough money to pay for the few things she'd bought. A tin of lentil soup. An individual chicken pie. One solitary tomato. Maybe she did need the avocados - or something else.

Question

Show how the writer’s use of sentence structure conveys how the woman had bought a “few things”.Slide72

Answer

Short sentences.

Each item is given a sentence of its own.

This emphasises the small amount of items bought.Slide73

Now you try

Ken is lucky that Julie can drive one of the trucks, change the 2 feet high tyres, make sure Alex does his school lessons on his laptop, cook, make sandwiches and dish out the £2 tickets.

Question

How does the structure of the whole sentence help to reinforce the idea of how busy Julie is between Easter and October ?Slide74

Now you try

One problem may lie in a form of iron called

haem

that is found naturally in red meats such as beef, lamb and pork. It can trigger the formation of substances called N-

nitroso

compounds (

NOCs

) in the body which can damage the lining of the bowel. Some types of

NOCs

have been linked to bowel cancer.

Question

Look at lines 1 – 6. With close reference to the text, explain how far the writer’s use of sentence structure and word choice has convinced you that ‘

haem

’ is dangerous.

4Slide75

Now you try

In they all came, one after another: some shyly, some boldly, some gracefully, some awkwardly, some pushing, some pulling; in they all came, anyhow and

everyhow

. Away they all went, twenty couples at once: hands half round and back again the other way; down the middle and up again; round and round in various stages of affectionate grouping; old top couple always turning up in the wrong place; new top couple starting off again, as soon as they got there; all top couples at last and not a bottom one to help them.

Question

Comment on how the sentence structure conveys the idea of the people dancing.

Slide76

Now you try

There is no doubt that obesity is the world’s biggest public-health issue today – the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war; the principal risk factor in diabetes; heavily implicated in cancer and other diseases. Since the World health organisation labelled obesity an epidemic in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and fast.

Question

How does the writer’s sentence structure stress the seriousness of the health problem?

Slide77

Now you try

Martin Luther King passionately told his audience: “With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to climb up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.”

 Question

Explain how he writer’s use of sentence structure helps us understand how King dealt with the challenges ahead. 2Slide78

Now you try

Recently, a newspaper article headed “I h8 txt

msgs

: how

texting

is wrecking our language” argued that

texters

are “vandals who are doing to our language what Genghis Khan did to his neighbours 800 years ago. They are destroying it: pillaging our punctuation; savaging our sentences.”

As a new variety of language,

texting

has been condemned as “

textese

”, “

slanguage

”, a “digital virus”, “bleak, bald, sad shorthand”, “drab

shrinktalk

which masks dyslexia, poor spelling and mental laziness”.

Question

Show how the sentence structure emphasises the negative impact of

texting

.

Slide79

Now you try

Then there were the thrillers. Late at night the terrified heroine, alone in the house in a semi-diaphanous

nightie

, picks up the phone to call the police and realises that the line is dead. It’s been cut. The killer is already inside. And he’s coming for her.

Question

How does the writer use sentence structure effectively to convey meaning in lines 1 – 5?Slide80

Imagery

Imagery deals with the techniques

Simile

Metaphor

PersonificationSlide81

Imagery

Writers use imagery to

Strengthen their description

To put pictures or images into the reader’s mind

To show how one thing is like anotherSlide82

Answering a question on imagery

Quote the image

Explain what two things are being compared

Say what the writer is suggesting through this comparison Slide83

Answering a question on imagery

“Image”

A is being compared to B

This suggests that just as A is . . . so too B is . . .Slide84

Example

She slopped through the slush, thinking of Spring. By the time she reached the middle of the river, the mist had enveloped her. The boathouse behind was gone, and the long, smudged line of her water-filled steps trailed away into nothingness. The pencil line of the opposite shore had disappeared.

Analyse how the writer’s use of language, including imagery, conveys what she can see. Slide85

“

The pencil line of the opposite shore had

disappeared”

The land at the other side of the water is being compared to a drawing done by pencil. This suggests that just as a pencil line would be thin so too only an outline of the opposite shore had been seen before it was covered by the fog. Slide86

Example

In a strange turn, however, Halloween is coming home from America. The origins of

Halloween are

as twisty and sinister as a swirling witches’ brew with all manner of historical

ingredients plopped

into the bubbling cauldron

.

What does the writer’s use of language, including imagery, suggest about the ‘origins of Halloween?’Slide87

“as

twisty and sinister as a swirling witches’

brew”

The origins of Halloween are being compared to a potion that would be made in a witches’ cauldron.

This suggests that just as a witches’ brew would have many different and unusual ingredients, so too are there many different

and varied

historical influences on the origin of

Hallowee

.