The Elbow and Forearm - PowerPoint Presentation

The Elbow and Forearm Bones: Humerus (Major Upper Arm Bone), Radius (Lateral side of forearm), Ulna (Medial side of forearm)Movements: Flexion (Biceps), Extension (Triceps), Supination & Pronation

Anatomy of Elbow and Forearm

Movements of the Elbow/Forearm Supination Pronation Flexion Extension

More Anatomy of Elbow Ligaments: Radial Collateral Ligament (RCL), Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL), Annular Ligament (Allows for Pronation/Supination ) Bursa: Olecranon Bursa

Olecranon BursitisOne of the most frequently injured bursaOccurs from an Acute hit or Overuse InjuryS/Sx: Pain, Lots of Swelling, Warmth, Crepitus (Cracking Feeling/Sound) Tx : RICE, Compression Wrap to control swelling, Possible Aspiration (Draining) by physician, Padding

Elbow Sprains & Strains The Muscles & Ligaments of the Elbow may be injured Biceps, Triceps, RCL, UCLGrades 1, 2, 3Pain in the muscle or ligament, Swelling, Loss of ROMTx : RICE, Sling, Refer for X-Rays

Elbow Sprains & Strains (cont.) Tommy John SurgeryTear of Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL)Frequently happens to baseball pitchers

“Tennis Elbow” & “Pitcher’s Elbow” EPICONDYLITISOccurs at the Epicondyles of the Humerus Lateral Side : Tennis Elbow Medial Side: Pitchers Elbow Overuse Injury, from repeated wrist Flexion & Extension Tennis, Golf, Throwing, etc.

Tennis & Pitcher’s Elbow (cont.) S/Sx: Pain over “Epicondyles”, Swelling, Pain during Movement Tx : RICE, Sling, Ultrasound, Muscle Stimulation, Bracing, Rehab

Elbow Dislocation MOI: FOOSH, HyperextensionUlna, Radius, or Humerus DisplacedMay move Anterior, Posterior, LateralAlso involves tearing of muscles, tendons, ligaments

Elbow Dislocation (cont.) S/Sx: Severe Pain, Disability, Loss of ROMTx: RICE, Sling, Ambulance or Hospital ASAPReduction by Physician, Surgery Extensive Rehab

Colles ’ FractureOne of the most common forearm fractures, involves the DISTAL radiusWhat’s “Distal”?Causes: Usually FOOSH, forcing wrist into hyperextensionS/ Sx : Pain, Deformity, Swelling RICE, Sling or Splint, X-Rays, Surgery?

Colles ’ Fracture

Wrist & Hand Bones:Phalanges (fingers)Metacarpals (hand)Carpals (wrist)Carpals: P ity T he L ittle S tudent, He C an’t Take Tests Pisiform, Triquetral, Lunate, Scaphoid , Hamate , Capitate , Trapezoid, Trapezium

Phalanges & Carpals

Wrist Sprains / Strains Common in SportsMOI: FOOSH, Forced Flexion or ExtensionS/Sx: Pain, Swelling, Decreased ROMTx: RICE, Splint or Sling, X-Rays

Scaphoid FractureScaphoid is one of the Carpal BonesMOI: FOOSHS/Sx : Similar Symptoms to Wrist Sprain; Pain, Swelling, Loss of ROM

Scaphoid Fracture (cont.)Symptom: Pain in the ANATOMICAL SNUFFBOXThe Scaphoid is located at the “bottom” of the snuffbox, pain in this area is a good sign of Scaphoid Fracture

Scaphoid Fracture (cont.)Treatment: RICE, Immobilization (Cast or Splint), X-RaysSurgery may be needed on this if the blood flow is messed up by the fractureIf this bone is not getting the blood that it needs, NECROSIS may occur Necrosis: Death of Tissue

Bruised Fingernail Hit to the distal fingerFingernail may have a collection of blood underneathPainfulTx: Soak in cold or ice water to reduce swellingMay be drained by physician

Mallet Finger Caused by a Direct Hit to End of FingerCommon in Baseball/SoftballCauses a tear in the tendon that “straightens” or extends the tip of the fingerPain, Swelling, DiscolorationSplint, Refer for X-Rays

Dislocated or Fractured Finger Phalange bone “popped” out of normal alignmentSplint, keep still, ice, take to doctorDoctor can relocate finger and check for fracture