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Presentations text content in ECON 100 Tutorial:
Slide1
ECON 100 Tutorial: Week 3
www.lancaster.ac.uk/postgrad/murphys4/
s.murphy5@lancaster.ac.uk
office: LUMS C85
Slide2
outline
Q1 – 5 min.
Q2 – 10 min.
Q3 – 5 min
Q4 – 5 min. (skip a &b)
Q5 – 10 min.
Q6 – 10 min.
Practice exam ?’s – 5 min.
Slide3
Question 1
Outline three determinants of the price elasticity of demand for a product and comment on the importance of these in determining the degree of elasticity.
Slide4
Question 1: Price Elasticity of Demand
Few Close SubstitutesNecessitiesBroadly defined MarketsLower Proportion of Income devoted to productShort Time Horizon
Many Close SubstitutesLuxuriesNarrowly-defined marketsHigher Proportion of Income devoted to ProductLonger Time Horizon
Less Elastic More Elastic
Slide5
Question 2(a)
Suppose The Times estimates that if it raises the subscription price of its online newspaper from £1.00 to £1.50 then the number of subscribers will fall from 50,000 to 40,000.
a. What is the price elasticity of demand for the Daily News when elasticity is calculated using the midpoint method?
Slide6
Question 2(a): Price Elasticity of Demand
= = 0.56
Slide7
Price Elasticity of Demand (midpoint method):Income Elasticity of Demand:% Change in Quantity Demanded% Change in IncomeCross-Price Elasticity of Demand:% Change in Quantity Demanded of Good 1% Change in Price of Good 2Price Elasticity of Supply:% Change in Quantity Supplied% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity Demanded
=
(Q
2
-Q
1
)/[(Q
2
+Q
1
)/2]
%
Change in Price
(P
2
-P
1
)/[(P
2
+P
1
)/2]
Slide8
Question 2(b) & (c)
(b)What
is the advantage of using the midpoint method?
With
the midpoint method, the value of the elasticity is the same whether you begin at a price of £1.00 and raise it to £1.50 or begin at a price of £1.50 and reduce it to £1.00.
(c)
If The
Times'
only concern is to maximise total revenue, should it raise the price of a newspaper from £1.00 to £1.50? Why or why not?
Yes
.
In this price range,
the price elasticity of demand is less than one
(inelastic
),
so an
increase in price will increase total revenue.
Slide9
Question 3
The table below provides the demand schedule for motel rooms at Small Town Motel. Use the information provided to complete the table. Answer the following questions based on your responses in the table. Use the midpoint method to calculate the percentage changes used to generate the elasticities.
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
40
20
60
16
80
12
100
8
120
4
Slide10
Question 3
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
480
0.67
0.18
0.27
40
20
800
0.40
0.22
0.55
60
16
960
0.29
0.29
1.00
80
12
960
0.22
0.40
1.82
100
8
800
0.18
0.67
3.72
120
4
480
Slide11
Question 3(a) & (b)
a. Over what range of prices is the demand for motel rooms elastic? To maximise total revenue, should Small Town Motel raise or lower the price within this range? Answer: £80 to £120; lower its prices b. Over what range of prices is the demand for motel rooms inelastic? To maximise total revenue, should Small Town Motel raise or lower the price within this range? Answer: £20 to £60; raise its prices
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
480
0.67
0.18
0.27
40
20
800
0.40
0.22
0.55
60
16
960
0.29
0.29
1.00
80
12
960
0.22
0.40
1.82
100
8
800
0.18
0.67
3.72
120
4
480
Slide12
Question 3(c)
c. Over what range of prices is the demand for motel rooms unit elastic? To maximise total revenue, should Small Town Motel raise or lower the price within this range? Answer: £60 to £80; it doesn’t matter. For prices in this range, a change in price proportionately changes the quantity demanded so total revenue is unchanged.
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
480
0.67
0.18
0.27
40
20
800
0.40
0.22
0.55
60
16
960
0.29
0.29
1.00
80
12
960
0.22
0.40
1.82
100
8
800
0.18
0.67
3.72
120
4
480
Slide13
Question 4
The demand schedule from Question 3 above is reproduced below along with another demand schedule when consumer incomes have risen to £60,000 from £50,000. Use this information to answer the following questions. Use the midpoint method to calculate the percentage changes used to generate the income elasticities.
a. What is the income elasticity of demand when motel rooms rent for £40?
Answer: (10/25)/(£10,000/£55,000) = 2.2
Slide14
Question 4(a): Income Elasticity of Demand
=
Slide15
Question 4(b): Income Elasticity of Demand
=
Slide16
Question 4
b. What is the income elasticity of demand when motel rooms rent for £100?
Answer: (10/13)/(£10,000/£55,000) =4.2
c. Are motel rooms normal or inferior goods? Why?
Answer: Normal goods, because the income elasticity of demand is positive.
d. Are motel rooms likely to be necessities or luxuries? Why?
Answer: Luxuries, because the income elasticity of demand is large (greater than 1). In each case, an 18 percent increase in income caused a much larger increase in quantity demanded.
Slide17
Income Elasticity of Demand
A few things we know:
+ Normal good
- Inferior good
>1 Luxury
<1 Necessity
Slide18
Question 5
Use Excel and the following supply and demand schedules for bicycles to answer the questions below.
Price
Quantity Demanded
Quantity Supplied
300
60
30
400
55
40
500
50
50
600
45
60
700
40
70
800
35
80
Slide19
Question 5(a)
a. Plot the supply and demand curves for bicycles. On the graph, impose a tax of £300 per bicycle to be collected from the sellers. After the tax, what has happened to the price paid by the buyers, the price received by the sellers, and the quantity sold when compared to the free market equilibrium?
Answer: The price buyers pay rises to £700, the price sellers receive falls to £400, and the quantity sold falls to 40 units.
Slide20
Question 5(b)
b
. Again, plot the supply and demand curves for bicycles. On the graph, impose a tax of £300 per bicycle to be collected from the buyers. After the tax, what has happened to the price paid by the buyers, the price received by the sellers, and the quantity sold when compared to the free market equilibrium?
Slide21
Question 5(b)
b
. Again, plot the supply and demand curves for bicycles. On the graph, impose a tax of £300 per bicycle to be collected from the buyers. After the tax, what has happened to the price paid by the buyers, the price received by the sellers, and the quantity sold when compared to the free market equilibrium?
Answer: The price buyers pay rises to £700, the price sellers receive falls to £400, and the quantity sold falls to 40 units.
Slide22
Question 5(c)
c
. Compare your answers to questions (a) and (b) above. What conclusion do you draw from this comparison?
Answer: The impact of a tax collected from sellers is equivalent to the impact of a tax collected from buyers.
Slide23
Question 5(d)
d
. Who bears the greater burden of this tax, the buyers or the sellers? Why?
Answer: The greater burden of the tax has fallen on the buyers. The free market equilibrium price was £500. After the tax, the price the buyers pay has risen £200 while the price the sellers receive has fallen £100. This is because demand is less price elastic than
supply at this price.
Slide24
Question 6(a)
Suppose the government introduces a tax, t, on some good that is priced at p. In the after tax equilibrium, D(p) = S(p-t). Note that p is a function of t, i.e. p(t) . So, in equilibrium, D(p(t))=S(p(t)-t). Some (fairly) simple geometry can be used to show that the incidence of a (small) change in t, call this dt where d means “small change in”, on p depends on the relative slopes of D and S. In particular, one can show that We know that dD/dp<0 (D slopes downwards) and dS/dp>0 (S slopes upwards) so the denominator is ambiguous – it could be positive or negative depending on whether D or S is steeper. Show that this implies that where ε is the price elasticity and D and S refer to D and S curves.HINT: multiply numerator and denominator by p/Q where Q is the quantity demanded and supplied.
Slide25
Question 6(a)
Write in terms of and .
Slide26
Question 6(b)
For many years the US government has subsidised corn which is used in ethanol which is a petrol substitute – supposedly to reduce US dependence on imported oil. It also provided a direct subsidy. The idea was to get consumers to shift away from regular petrol. In 2010
the
government spent $4b on these two subsidies that amounted to about $2.60 a gallon.
Just as a tax shifts the S curve up, a subsidy shifts it down. The price elasticity of D is estimated to be 2.9 and the elasticity of S is estimated to be 0.25. Using the above equation calculate the incidence of this tax.
Slide27
Question 6(b)
Answer: About 0.24. In other words the $2.60 subsidy only reduced price by 24c – the producer and corn growers pocketed almost all of the subsidy. And the policy had little effect on oil use.
Slide28
Question 6(c)
Do you think the subsidy is a good idea?
http://www.economist.com/node/18867278
Slide29
Practice Multiple Choice Questions
Slide30
An Inferior Good:
Is a
Giffen
good
Has a positive income elasticity of demand
Has a negative income elasticity of demand
Has an upward sloping demand function
Slide31
Suppose a demand curve is written D=60-3P. Find the intercept and slope of the corresponding inverse demand curve.
Slope of -20, intercept of 3
Slope of -1/3, intercept of 20
Slope of -3, intercept of 20
Slope of 1/3, intercept of 60
Slide32
Suppose D=120-4P. Find the price elasticity at a price of 10 and at a price of 20. Use the standard mathematical method, not the midpoint method.
-0.2, -
2
, respectively
-0.5, -2, respectively
-0.5, -4, respectively
Not possible to say without knowing what the corresponding level of demand is.
Slide33
Suppose D=200-2P and S=20+4P. What is the equilibrium price and quantity?
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DownloadNote - The PPT/PDF document "ECON 100 Tutorial:" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Presentations text content in ECON 100 Tutorial:
ECON 100 Tutorial: Week 3
www.lancaster.ac.uk/postgrad/murphys4/
s.murphy5@lancaster.ac.uk
office: LUMS C85
Slide2outline
Q1 – 5 min.
Q2 – 10 min.
Q3 – 5 min
Q4 – 5 min. (skip a &b)
Q5 – 10 min.
Q6 – 10 min.
Practice exam ?’s – 5 min.
Slide3Question 1
Outline three determinants of the price elasticity of demand for a product and comment on the importance of these in determining the degree of elasticity.
Slide4Question 1: Price Elasticity of Demand
Few Close SubstitutesNecessitiesBroadly defined MarketsLower Proportion of Income devoted to productShort Time Horizon
Many Close SubstitutesLuxuriesNarrowly-defined marketsHigher Proportion of Income devoted to ProductLonger Time Horizon
Less Elastic More Elastic
Slide5Question 2(a)
Suppose The Times estimates that if it raises the subscription price of its online newspaper from £1.00 to £1.50 then the number of subscribers will fall from 50,000 to 40,000.
a. What is the price elasticity of demand for the Daily News when elasticity is calculated using the midpoint method?
Slide6Question 2(a): Price Elasticity of Demand
= = 0.56
Slide7Price Elasticity of Demand (midpoint method):Income Elasticity of Demand:% Change in Quantity Demanded% Change in IncomeCross-Price Elasticity of Demand:% Change in Quantity Demanded of Good 1% Change in Price of Good 2Price Elasticity of Supply:% Change in Quantity Supplied% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity Demanded
=
(Q
2
-Q
1
)/[(Q
2
+Q
1
)/2]
%
Change in Price
(P
2
-P
1
)/[(P
2
+P
1
)/2]
Slide8Question 2(b) & (c)
(b)What
is the advantage of using the midpoint method?
With
the midpoint method, the value of the elasticity is the same whether you begin at a price of £1.00 and raise it to £1.50 or begin at a price of £1.50 and reduce it to £1.00.
(c)
If The
Times'
only concern is to maximise total revenue, should it raise the price of a newspaper from £1.00 to £1.50? Why or why not?
Yes
.
In this price range,
the price elasticity of demand is less than one
(inelastic
),
so an
increase in price will increase total revenue.
Slide9Question 3
The table below provides the demand schedule for motel rooms at Small Town Motel. Use the information provided to complete the table. Answer the following questions based on your responses in the table. Use the midpoint method to calculate the percentage changes used to generate the elasticities.
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
40
20
60
16
80
12
100
8
120
4
Slide10Question 3
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
480
0.67
0.18
0.27
40
20
800
0.40
0.22
0.55
60
16
960
0.29
0.29
1.00
80
12
960
0.22
0.40
1.82
100
8
800
0.18
0.67
3.72
120
4
480
Slide11Question 3(a) & (b)
a. Over what range of prices is the demand for motel rooms elastic? To maximise total revenue, should Small Town Motel raise or lower the price within this range? Answer: £80 to £120; lower its prices b. Over what range of prices is the demand for motel rooms inelastic? To maximise total revenue, should Small Town Motel raise or lower the price within this range? Answer: £20 to £60; raise its prices
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
480
0.67
0.18
0.27
40
20
800
0.40
0.22
0.55
60
16
960
0.29
0.29
1.00
80
12
960
0.22
0.40
1.82
100
8
800
0.18
0.67
3.72
120
4
480
Slide12Question 3(c)
c. Over what range of prices is the demand for motel rooms unit elastic? To maximise total revenue, should Small Town Motel raise or lower the price within this range? Answer: £60 to £80; it doesn’t matter. For prices in this range, a change in price proportionately changes the quantity demanded so total revenue is unchanged.
Price (£)
Quantity Demanded
Total Revenue
% Change in Price
% Change in Quantity
Elasticity
20
24
480
0.67
0.18
0.27
40
20
800
0.40
0.22
0.55
60
16
960
0.29
0.29
1.00
80
12
960
0.22
0.40
1.82
100
8
800
0.18
0.67
3.72
120
4
480
Slide13Question 4
The demand schedule from Question 3 above is reproduced below along with another demand schedule when consumer incomes have risen to £60,000 from £50,000. Use this information to answer the following questions. Use the midpoint method to calculate the percentage changes used to generate the income elasticities.
Price(£)Quantity DemandedIncome = £50,000Quantity DemandedIncome = £60,000202434402030601626801222100818120414
a. What is the income elasticity of demand when motel rooms rent for £40?
Answer: (10/25)/(£10,000/£55,000) = 2.2
Slide14Question 4(a): Income Elasticity of Demand
=
Slide15Question 4(b): Income Elasticity of Demand
=
Slide16Question 4
b. What is the income elasticity of demand when motel rooms rent for £100?
Answer: (10/13)/(£10,000/£55,000) =4.2
c. Are motel rooms normal or inferior goods? Why?
Answer: Normal goods, because the income elasticity of demand is positive.
d. Are motel rooms likely to be necessities or luxuries? Why?
Answer: Luxuries, because the income elasticity of demand is large (greater than 1). In each case, an 18 percent increase in income caused a much larger increase in quantity demanded.
Slide17Income Elasticity of Demand
A few things we know:
+ Normal good
- Inferior good
>1 Luxury
<1 Necessity
Slide18Question 5
Use Excel and the following supply and demand schedules for bicycles to answer the questions below.
Price
Quantity Demanded
Quantity Supplied
300
60
30
400
55
40
500
50
50
600
45
60
700
40
70
800
35
80
Slide19Question 5(a)
a. Plot the supply and demand curves for bicycles. On the graph, impose a tax of £300 per bicycle to be collected from the sellers. After the tax, what has happened to the price paid by the buyers, the price received by the sellers, and the quantity sold when compared to the free market equilibrium?
Answer: The price buyers pay rises to £700, the price sellers receive falls to £400, and the quantity sold falls to 40 units.
Slide20Question 5(b)
b
. Again, plot the supply and demand curves for bicycles. On the graph, impose a tax of £300 per bicycle to be collected from the buyers. After the tax, what has happened to the price paid by the buyers, the price received by the sellers, and the quantity sold when compared to the free market equilibrium?
Slide21Question 5(b)
b
. Again, plot the supply and demand curves for bicycles. On the graph, impose a tax of £300 per bicycle to be collected from the buyers. After the tax, what has happened to the price paid by the buyers, the price received by the sellers, and the quantity sold when compared to the free market equilibrium?
Answer: The price buyers pay rises to £700, the price sellers receive falls to £400, and the quantity sold falls to 40 units.
Slide22Question 5(c)
c
. Compare your answers to questions (a) and (b) above. What conclusion do you draw from this comparison?
Answer: The impact of a tax collected from sellers is equivalent to the impact of a tax collected from buyers.
Slide23Question 5(d)
d
. Who bears the greater burden of this tax, the buyers or the sellers? Why?
Answer: The greater burden of the tax has fallen on the buyers. The free market equilibrium price was £500. After the tax, the price the buyers pay has risen £200 while the price the sellers receive has fallen £100. This is because demand is less price elastic than
supply at this price.
Slide24Question 6(a)
Suppose the government introduces a tax, t, on some good that is priced at p. In the after tax equilibrium, D(p) = S(p-t). Note that p is a function of t, i.e. p(t) . So, in equilibrium, D(p(t))=S(p(t)-t). Some (fairly) simple geometry can be used to show that the incidence of a (small) change in t, call this dt where d means “small change in”, on p depends on the relative slopes of D and S. In particular, one can show that We know that dD/dp<0 (D slopes downwards) and dS/dp>0 (S slopes upwards) so the denominator is ambiguous – it could be positive or negative depending on whether D or S is steeper. Show that this implies that where ε is the price elasticity and D and S refer to D and S curves.HINT: multiply numerator and denominator by p/Q where Q is the quantity demanded and supplied.
Slide25Question 6(a)
Write in terms of and .
Slide26Question 6(b)
For many years the US government has subsidised corn which is used in ethanol which is a petrol substitute – supposedly to reduce US dependence on imported oil. It also provided a direct subsidy. The idea was to get consumers to shift away from regular petrol. In 2010
the
government spent $4b on these two subsidies that amounted to about $2.60 a gallon.
Just as a tax shifts the S curve up, a subsidy shifts it down. The price elasticity of D is estimated to be 2.9 and the elasticity of S is estimated to be 0.25. Using the above equation calculate the incidence of this tax.
Slide27Question 6(b)
Answer: About 0.24. In other words the $2.60 subsidy only reduced price by 24c – the producer and corn growers pocketed almost all of the subsidy. And the policy had little effect on oil use.
Slide28Question 6(c)
Do you think the subsidy is a good idea?
http://www.economist.com/node/18867278
Slide29Practice Multiple Choice Questions
Slide30An Inferior Good:
Is a
Giffen
good
Has a positive income elasticity of demand
Has a negative income elasticity of demand
Has an upward sloping demand function
Slide31Suppose a demand curve is written D=60-3P. Find the intercept and slope of the corresponding inverse demand curve.
Slope of -20, intercept of 3
Slope of -1/3, intercept of 20
Slope of -3, intercept of 20
Slope of 1/3, intercept of 60
Slide32Suppose D=120-4P. Find the price elasticity at a price of 10 and at a price of 20. Use the standard mathematical method, not the midpoint method.
-0.2, -
2
, respectively
-0.5, -2, respectively
-0.5, -4, respectively
Not possible to say without knowing what the corresponding level of demand is.
Slide33Suppose D=200-2P and S=20+4P. What is the equilibrium price and quantity?
P*=20, Q*=100
P*=30, Q*=140
P*=
5
0, Q*=220
P*=40, Q*=180