Chapter 22 The New Deal Main Idea In 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president of a suffering nation He quickly sought to address the countrys needs with mixed results Chapter 22 ID: 668856
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The Big Picture: The New Deal was President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plan for overcoming the Great Depression. Although New Deal programs achieved varied levels of success, they did represent a basic change in American society.
Chapter
22
The New DealSlide2
Main Idea: In 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president of a suffering nation. He quickly sought to address the country’s needs with mixed results.
Chapter 22
Section 1:
Launching the New DealSlide3
The Election of 1932Theodore Roosevelt had a strong political past.
Suffered from polio that left him paralyzed and in a wheelchair.
Became
governor
of New York in 1929.
Launched a relief program to aid the victims of the Great Depression, provided relief to 1 out of 10 families.
During his campaign he promised
relief and public works
that would provide jobs.
Attacked the Republicans response to the Great Depression.
Roosevelt won the Presidential Election of 1932 by a landslide.Slide4
A Political Partnership
Roosevelt had a personality
that appealed to the
American
public – cheerful and optimistic.
Used
the radio to connect with Americans in his fireside chats.Roosevelt believed that it was the government’s duty to provide direct aid to the people. Theodore Roosevelt deeply valued his wife Eleanor Roosevelt.He trusted her with very important tasks and took her opinion seriously.She became a powerful political force campaigning for several causes including ending lynching.Slide5
Banking Crisis
In order to stop the “run” on banks, Roosevelt issued an executive order to temporarily close the banks. He called it a
bank holiday
.
He also pushed through the
Emergency Banking Act
that gave government officials power to examine each bank, determine its soundness, take steps to correct problems, and if necessary close the bank.
This was the first of his Fireside Chats.The plan worked, banks began to reopen and ordinary Americans began to return their funds to the banks.The Glass-Steagall Act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) that provides government insurance for depositors’ savings.Slide6
The Hundred DaysThe resolution of the banking crisis was just the beginning of a critical period of government activity that came to be known as the
Hundred Days
.
Roosevelt called his new relief programs
The New Deal
.
3 Main goals:
1) Relief2) Recovery3) ReformsSlide7
Hundred Days Programs
Program
Type
What
it did
CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps
Relief
Employed
young men 18-25 to work on conservation projects
AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Act
Recovery
Gave farmers a subsidy or government payment to grow fewer crops
NIRA – National Industrial Recovery Act
Recovery
/ Relief
Mandated that
businesses in the same industry cooperate with each other to set prices and levels of production. Included the PWA (Public Works Administration)
Federal
Securities Act
Reform
Forced companies to share certain financial
information with the public.
SEC
– Securities and Exchange Commission
Reform
Watched over the nation’s stock markets
TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority
Relief
Employed thousands of workers
to develop resources such as dams and other public works for Tennessee.Slide8
Beyond the Hundred Days
Roosevelt continued to pass legislation to help the nation after his hundred days:
Civil Works Administration
(CWA):
provided winter employment to 4 million workers that built highways, sewer lines, and airports.
Indian Reorganization Act: Limited the sale of Indian lands and provided assistance to native groups in developing their resources, economy, and culture.Slide9
Trouble for the New Deal
Some believed the New Deal had not gone far
enough;
some believed that it had gone too far.
The leading critics of the New Deal were:
Huey P. Long
who believed the policies were too friendly with banks and businesses.Created an organization that provided every family with $5000 to buy a home, proposed to fund this effort by taxing the wealthy.Father Charles Coughlin promoted his religious views and criticism of the president over his radio talk show “radio priest.”Dr. Francis Townsend criticized the New Deal for not doing enough for older Americans. He wanted a program to provide pensions for people over the age of 60.The American Liberty League spoke on behalf of many conservatives who felt that the New Deal programs had gone too far.Slide10
Opposition from the Courts Some critics believed that the New Deal programs violated the constitution and challenged them in court.
Found parts of the New Deal unconstitutional.
Roosevelt was still very popular with the American public.Slide11
Main Idea: A new wave of government initiatives starting in 1935 resulted in some strong successes and stunning defeats for President Roosevelt.
Chapter 22
Section
2:
The Second New Deal Slide12
The Second Hundred Days
Democrats held ¾ of all the seats in the Senate in 1934 – clear indication of American support of Roosevelt.
Meanwhile, courts were finding parts of the New Deal unconstitutional and the economy refused to budge.
Still liberals wanted Roosevelt to do more.
During his second hundred days Roosevelt did do more. He called it the
Second New Deal
.Slide13
Emergency Relief The Second New Deal sought to expand one of the successful parts of the New Deal –
work relief programs
.
The
Emergency Appropriations Act
which created job opportunities for Americans.
Created the
Works Progress Administration (WPA) that employed 8.5 million Americans for all kinds of public works projects (parks, zoos, oral history, arts).Americans appreciated being able to work hard for a paycheck rather than just get a handout.Slide14
Social SecurityThe
Social Security Act
was passed in 1935 that set up a
pension
or regular payments for Americans 65 and older.
No need to fear hunger and homelessness once you couldn’t work anymore.
Included unemployment insurance so that you could have a financial cushion while looking for work.
Roosevelt would have to raise taxes in order to fund the new Social Security Act.To avoid a tax increase some workers were left out of it including farmers, government employees, and household workers.Slide15
Reviving Organized Labor
Many businesses ignored the NIRA and the new regulations on Unions, government had a hard time supporting them.
Passed a new act called the
Wagner Act
outlawed a number of anti-labor actions, also set up the Labor Relations Board that gave the government more power in protecting workers.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) had been the largest union in the
country;
it looked down upon many unskilled (immigrant) laborers.The Committee for Industrial Organization or CIO rose to challenge the AFL. Helped organize the first
sit-down
strike for workers at General Motors (GM).
After six weeks GM recognized the union and the CIO had its first labor victory.Slide16
Election of 1936
In one last effort to satisfy Americans before election time Roosevelt passed the
Rural Electrification Act
(REA) that would provide money to groups trying to bring electricity to people living outside of cities.
Increased electricity availability to 90%.
The economy had finally taken a turn for the better and unemployment was down 10%.
American voters had no problem voting in Roosevelt in 1936.
African Americans switched from Republican to Democrat.Slide17
A Troubled YearFrustrated that the courts had ruled many of his legislative acts unconstitutional Roosevelt came up with a plan to reorganize the court system.
Wanted to add
six judges
and give the president the power to appoint new judges.
Many people were against this and felt it gave the president too much power.
People in his own party began to desert him.Slide18
Farm Tenancy Act was passed to aid the tenant farmers and sharecroppers.
Many had been pushed off the land due to other New Deal programs.
Gave them the opportunity to
buy land of their own
.
Roosevelt’s New Deal program also had wins in the Supreme Court that enabled Roosevelt to move forward.
There was a drop in the economy in
1937; Roosevelt feared a deficit in the economy.Keynesian Economics supported the ideology that deficit spending could provide jobs and stimulate the economy.By the end of his second term the positive feelings about Roosevelt and the New Deal had begun to fade.Slide19
Main Idea: The Great Depression and the New Deal had a deep impact on American culture during the 1930s.
Chapter 22
Section
3:
Life During the New DealSlide20
New Roles for WomenEleanor Roosevelt became an important figure in campaigning for women’s issues.
Other women also moved into political roles –
Frances Perkins
became Secretary of Labor.
Roosevelt appointed women to many different political roles while he was president.
Women in society still experienced discrimination.
New Deal programs paid men more than women.
Women in the workforce were looked down upon – men believed they shouldn’t be working.Slide21
New Roles for African AmericansRoosevelt appointed many African Americans to different federal positions while he was president.
Unofficial group called the
Black Cabinet
met under Mary McLeod Bethune and advised the president.
African Americans still experienced hardships in society.
Roosevelt could not pass as much legislation affecting African Americans as he wanted because of Southern Democrats.
African Americans were still voting Democrat for the first time since before Lincoln.Slide22
Story of the Great Depression
Artists exposed the stories of the Great Depression through art and literature.
Dorthea
Lange
photographed the Great
Depression;
she worked as a part of the Farm Security Administration
taking pictures of the rural poor to raise awareness.Books like The Grapes of Wrath were published to expose the hardships of the poor during the Great Depression.Slide23
Popular Entertainment in the 1930s
People started going to the movies weekly.
Few movies were depression themed.
Movies tried to help movie goers escape from their problems.
Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire appeared in movies with glamorous dance themes.
New movie techniques allowed different types of movies to be released.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
became the first full length animated movie.The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind were also released.Slide24
Radio brought a variety of news and views into American homes.Roosevelt conducted his fireside chats over the radio and other political and religious views.
Entertainment radio was also very popular – The Lone Ranger, War of the Worlds and other entertainment shows were broadcast over Radio.
Radio broadened the appeal of Jazz and helped popularize
swing
.
Swing featured “big bands” and allowed for different dance styles.
Duke Ellington and Count Basie were two famous African American swing musicians.Slide25
Main Idea: The New Deal had mixed success in rescuing the economy, but it fundamentally changed Americans’ relationship with their government.
Chapter 22
Section
4: Analyzing the New DealSlide26
Relief, Recovery, and Reform
Relief
programs successfully helped millions of people get some sort of relief from the Great Depression and became a permanent fixture of the American government.
Social Security and Unemployment insurance still exist today.
New Deal was not as successful in
recovering
the American economy, unemployment remained high. Many gains were wiped out in the recession of 1937.
New Deal reforms were more successful and long lasting.The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation helped restore public confidence in the Banking system.Slide27
The New Deal had mixed results
.
Some historians believe the New Deal hurt businesses confidence and slowed down the pace of recovery.
Some believe the New Deal was too timid and a lot more money should be spent to help relieve hard times.
The New Deal overall had an impressive track record for internal improvements for America.
Many roads, bridges, dams, and public buildings were built through New Deal programs.Slide28
Changing Relationships
The New Deal changed the relationship between
government and citizens
.
Expanded the role of government to helping citizens by providing aid and relief.
Moved away from the laissez-faire economics of the 1920s.Slide29
Limits of the New DealWhile the relief programs gave aid to millions of people they were never meant to provide a permanent solution to joblessness and often did not provide enough money to live comfortably.
Level of government assistance varied from state to state.
Some New Deal programs allowed discrimination against African Americans, Hispanics, women, and other groups.
Didn’t want any programs to go against local standards.Slide30
The End of the New DealThe country’s sense of optimism with the New Deal plans had depleted by 1938.
Republicans and Southern Democrats called out Roosevelt on his promises to cut taxes, balance the budget, and return more power to the states.
Last piece of legislation to pass was the Fair Labor Standards Act
that established a
minimum wage
and set the maximum number of
hours a person could work a week and established overtime pay.Slide31
Roosevelt thought the best way to defend his New Deal plans would be to hand pick the Democratic candidate.
None of the president’s candidates won.
No more New Deal legislation would be passed.
American attention turned away from domestic affairs and towards growing conflict in Europe that would result in WWII.