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Chapter Two: Convergence, Citizen Journalism, and Emerging Media Chapter Two: Convergence, Citizen Journalism, and Emerging Media

Chapter Two: Convergence, Citizen Journalism, and Emerging Media - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter Two: Convergence, Citizen Journalism, and Emerging Media - PPT Presentation

By Emma Loving Ian Trai l Hannah LaMond Introduction In a dramatic one year period Americans consumption of online news increased by 171 percent local network and cable television newspapers audio and magazines experienced declines ID: 729146

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Slide1

Chapter Two: Convergence, Citizen Journalism, and Emerging Media

By Emma Loving, Ian Trai

l

, Hannah LaMondSlide2

Introduction

In a dramatic one year period, Americans’ consumption of online news increased by 17.1 percent → local network and cable television, newspapers, audio, and magazines experienced declines

However, Americans are spending more time with news than ever beforeSlide3

How People Consume News Today

The readership of news on mobile devices is exploding as smartphones become the norm

Tablets (Ipad) and the Newsstand App provided immediacy and convenience

Pew study (2010) showed trends:

47% of Americans get news on a mobile devices

The growth of mobile is inevitable (Smartphones make up the majority of cell phones)

By Jan. 2011, 7% of Americans reported owning a tablet (a percentage that double from 4 months earlierSlide4

How People Connect News Today (Cont.)

For the first time, more people reported getting news from the Internet than from newspapers

The Internet trails only television as a source of news

Ad revenue for online sites surpassed ad revenue for newspapers for the first time in history

So the problem facing the media industry is not that people are using media less frequently → The problem is media fragmentation, fueled by both the proliferation of media outlets and the emergence of new media forms such as smartphones and tablets Slide5

The Impact of Media Fragmentation on Legacy Media

“Newspapers and television are not going to vanish in the foreseeable future…” -Leonard Downie Jr., Michael Schudson

“...what should be done to shape this new landscape, to help assure that the essential elements of independent, original, and credible news reporting are preserved?” -Leonard Downie Jr., Michael Schudson

The developments highlighted in the Pew study have led to dramatic shifts in media consumption patterns that in turn have shaken the foundations of media corporation financing

Because there are far more places to get news, the audience has changed dramatically as wellSlide6

Types of News Audiences

4 types of audiences:

Traditionalists:

older, less affluent and not as well-educated as the typical news consumer

consume television news

because they understand best by seeing pictures

have a strong interest in weather, low interest in science and technology news

few get news online

makes up 46% of population, age 52Slide7

Types of News Audiences (Cont.)

Integrators:

well-educated, affluent, and mostly middle-aged people

get news from both legacy media and Internet

more engaged in public affairs

more sophisticated and sought after by advertisers

TV is considered an old source of news for this group

makes up 23% of the publicSlide8

Types of News Audiences (Cont.)

Net-Newsers:

Affluent, well-educated, and relatively young

members are more likely to

read political blogs and Internet sources than watch network news

frequent online news viewers and heavy technology users and have a strong interest in technology news

makes up 13% of public (52% are men)Slide9

Types of News Audiences (Cont.)

The Disengaged:

Low levels of news interest and news consumption

14 % of the public

These segments account for 96% of the public

2% did not name either tradition source or Internet as their main news source

2% named Internet as a main source but rarely go online for newsSlide10

Can Television and the Internet Replace Newspaper Reporting?

The most telling about the numbers in the Pew Study is that

no single group of consumers leans towards newspapers as a primary source of news → TV and Internet dominate

However, the

15 most popular US news sites are operated by legacy media

, and those that are not get most of their news from the legacy media

Both TV and Internet have credibility problems

what’s news and opinion

determining the veracity

Citizens want to participate in in journalism (citizen journalism) and others want to engage the journalist makes Internet more applicableSlide11

Distrust of the Media

The shift in media consumption patterns can be traced to the

public’s increasing distrust of the legacy media

Trust in the media (especially legacy media) has fallen with less than 30 percent of people saying they believe the major news organization’s reporting

Public opinion of the fairness of the media has also suffered

Fairness has decreased drastically as well with only 18 percent of people in 2009 believing the media is fair, opposed to 34 percent in 1985Slide12

Distrust in the Media (Cont.)

This distrust could have come from a multitude of reasons

People fail to distinguish between reporters (news) and columnists (opinion)

reduced staffing (from lack of newspapers) lead to declined ability to ensure accuracy

journalists moved away from fact-based writing to stylized/descriptive writing

on TV, lines blur between news programs, and talk shows

TV and radio are dominated by right-wing and left-wing programs

news coverage itself is tilted to the left or right depending on the political slant of the media outlet

Although the public shows distrust in the news many of them have no problem in consuming their favorite station as about 70 percent enjoy the particular station they watchSlide13

Financial Challenges to Legacy Media

The growth in the number of media outlets has sliced audiences into smaller and smaller fragments

Each new media industry takes ad revenue from the traditional legacy media

Newspapers are costly to produce

Classified advertising, a longtime moneymaker for newspapers, has been devastated by websites like craiglist especially help wanted

Newspapers are manufactured products that consume large amounts of expensive paper and ink

They are labor intensive in both news, and printing and distributing

They are an increasingly inefficient and costly way to deliver newsSlide14

Convergence as a Response to Media Fragmentation

As shifting media consumption patterns upset the business models of news companies, many are responding by

expanding their product offerings

and shifting their emphasis away from legacy media and into growth areas, particularly the Internet

If people want to read news on the Web and mobile phones, news companies intend to provide that option

This is called

convergence

: the coordination of print, broadcast, and online reporting in a news operation →

consumers should be able to get news on their terms (however and whenever they want)

Sometimes, Web-based newscasts contain material that didn’t make into the traditional newscast → so consumers can have and be linked to more information than they would have otherwiseSlide15

Enhanced Web Coverage

Many news operations are thinking

“Web first” meaning they are breaking news

online first as much as they can

Many newspapers have become Web-first, 24-hour-a-day operations that embrace citizen journalism

If someone in the public comes up with a story before a reporter, so be it

Progressive news organizations are also

embracing

s

ocial media

(Facebook, Twitter)

for

three primary goals:

To drive traffic to their websites, which in turn enhances their ability to sell ads on those websites

To engage readers and viewers in a conversation about the news in yet another effort to draw traffic to their sites

To find readers and viewers willing to help solve a problem or to assist others in needSlide16

Enhanced Web Coverage (Cont.)

Many reporters and editors now have Twitter accounts and spend more and more time exchanging messages with readers and viewers.

The old model, in which reporters and editors published or broadcast a product and readers and viewers then consumed it, is a thing of the past

Today,

readers and viewers expect to be part of the discussion

, and they have more ways than ever to react to a storySlide17

Synchronized Media Coverage

Convergence

Occurs when a newspaper or television station starts publishing material on the Internet

Occurs when print reporters start carrying digital voice recorders and produce material for podcast as well as for print, or when reporters use a video camera for a press conference

Involves alliance of four communication forms:

text

,

video/audio

,

the Web

,

mobile phones/tablets/computers

Videos on newspapers’ websites, breaking news notifications, apps, graphicsSlide18

Newspapers: The Source of Most News

Most of the information found on content aggregators often

originated with newspapers

An estimated 85 percent of the news Americans consume originates at newspapers

Spot News

:

breaking news that occurred today

Citizen journalists are bound to report breaking stories, but that loses the information provided by extensive investigation

Alex S. Jones of Harvard University praises the technological changes in journalism, but fears the loss of the “iron core of news that serves as a watchdog over government, holds the powerful accountable, and gives citizens what they need”Slide19

Embracing Citizen Journalism

Legacy media is embracing the public’s involvement in the news-gathering process

Allowing the public to critique stories on the Web

“One provider to many consumers” is becoming a thing of the pastSlide20

The Role of the Public in News Gathering

In a terrorist attack on a London subway, the first images came from survivors who used their phones to take pictures and send them to the outside world

When a plane struck birds during takeoff and had to make an emergency landing on the Hudson River, the first images came from nearby apartment dwellers who took pictures and videos from their windows

These sources of information are popping up on websites worldwide Slide21

Problems with Citizen Journalism

Can post false reports

Anyone can participate (bad actors, spammers, liars, thieves)

Real journalists must edit stories, photos, and videos submitted by readers and viewers and spend time verifying informationSlide22

New Financial Models for Web-Based Journalism

For-Profit Models

Traditional revenue is generated mainly from advertising and some additional newsstand sales and subscriptions

Web-based journalism seek to support themselves through:

Venture capital

: receiving startup financing from private investors and gain national popularity which attracts advertising; some also charge for subscriptions

Financed as an old media/new media hybrid

:

sell ads to support their free Web content while publishing traditional products

Individual entrepreneurs:

established with spare change and hope to attract enough advertising to survive Slide23

New Financial Models for Web-Based Journalism (Cont.)

Not-for-Profit Models

Seek only to support their own operations (pay staff and other costs)

Some rely on volunteers

Displaced journalists with formal training and significant experience in news gathering

Can produce great investigative journalism

Funded by:

Foundations

: grants from foundations

Hybrid Models

:

advertisers, corporate sponsors, or individual donors

Not financed at all

:

do not seek to take advertising or make a profit; operate without expectation of profit; often have second jobsSlide24

Jobs in Journalism

More jobs are being found online

Patch.com (AOL subsidary), bgov.com (Bloomberg Governemnt)

Fewer jobs will be found at print divisions of newspaper companies

Cutting employment due to steady declines in circulation and declines in advertising revenue

Less local television employment