Communicator’s Psychology - PowerPoint Presentation

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Communicator’s Psychology

Diyah Ayu Amalia Avina M.SiD_avina@ub.ac.idSlide2

Communication Process and element (

laswell, 1948)Slide3

Rhetoric

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech and other compositional techniquehttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rhetoricSlide4

Rhetorical Triangle

http://justwriteonline.typepad.com/distributed_intelligence/2013/05/aristotles-three-musketeers-ethos-logos-pathos.htmlSlide5

http://

gocouponz.com/pathos-logos-ethos/ethos-pathos-logos-publish-glogster-384297-5/Slide6

ETHOS Slide7

Ethos

Ethos is the Greek word for “character.” The word “ethic” is derived from ethos. To get attention and to be trusted, people need both of the ability to talk and the right “appearance”.Self presentation is a must ethos

is deliver by to show to his audience that he is a credible source and is worth listening to. 

Carl

HovlandSlide8

If talking about skin beauty…. Slide9

If talking about international politics… Slide10
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ETHOS

Ethos is a source of credibility from orator (communicator) about him self  the expert of the content he talks  can be trustedSlide12

ETHOS

Ethos is assumed as a good sense, good moral, character and good will. Slide13
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Important notes :

ethos isn’t a single variable. Ethos has several dimension such as : Credibility Attraction Power

Those dimension are detached, but it’s possible to mix it Slide15

credibility

A set of audience perception of communicator’s character / quality It’s only perception – it’s not inherent with communicators self. It’s depend on perception of audience about communicators, topics and situations. Slide16
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Example of Prior ethos:

At general lectures : prior ethos  who is he? Why he looks impolite ? (shirt, messy hair)  negative feelings

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Beware :

Prior ethos can be destroyed by communicators behaviour. Ex :

nadine  “putri

indonesia “ -- smart? How she answer question makes her look less smart.

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Contoh intrinsic ethos :

ugly, bad taste of clothes (prior)  adi seseqWhen he starts talk about advertisement

 look smart (intrinsic) Slide22

Factors that affect credibility Slide23

Factor that affect credibility.. (1)Slide24

Factors that affect credibility (2)

koehler

, annatol dan Applbaum (1978:144-147) Slide25

Factors that affect

credibilty Slide26

ATTRACTIVENESS (Atraksi

)How attraction and similarity can attract audience to listen and changing their behaviour. Slide27

Attractiveness.. (2)

Shelly

chaiken

shelly chaiken : communicators who has a physical attractiveness are relatively more success to attract and convince the audienceSlide28

To sell something (relative)

-- physical attractiveness  persuasive powerSlide29

Similarity:

HOMOPHILYHETEROPHILY

Communicator and audience are similar in several factors such as social economic status, believes, education, tribe, etc

Different in several factors

Everett M Rogers

Research results :

Communication in

Homophily

areas are relative more successful than

heterophily

People more emphatics and feel others people feeling that their think similar with them (

Stotland

and Dun 1962;

Stotland

, Zander, and

Notsulas

1961)

Similarity of communicator and audience are make easier to changes opinion or

behaviour

(

Stotladn

and

Patchan

1961)Slide30

Result :

It’s better for communicator to starts looking a common types / simmilarity of him/her with their audiences. Strategy of identification (Kenneth Burke) Establishing common ground (Herbert W Simons 1976) Slide31

Similarity are affected to : Slide32

Similarity are affected to :Slide33

Similarity are affected to :Slide34

Similarity are affected to :Slide35

Important notes

Unattractive, immoral communicators and does n’t has appropriate skills still can makes an effective communication. Ex : a burglar talk about law – people believe what he says and ask amandement of lawSlide36

Power

Power is ability to make defeat / obedience. Obedience is affected by “interaction” of communicator and audiences. Slide37

Type of power

(raven 1974)Coercive Power(

kekuasaan koersif)

The ability of communicator to give a punishment to the audience. Punishment can be both of personal (love, hate) and/or

impersonal

(promotion, fire, mutation)

ex :if your lecture says the deadline of the task is on Monday 13

th

23.59 pm, -- late : your works will not be marked.

Expert Power (

kekuasaan

keahlian

)

Power from knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of the communicator

Ex :

Zukerberg

 expert of websites

and social network Slide38

Jenis

Kekuasaan (raven 1974)Informational Power

(kekuasaan infromasional)

Communicator has information

Ex :

Miss World earth has information about forest and palm oil

 can be trusted

TI expert has ability to choose specification of Computer specs. Slide39

Jenis

Kekuasaan (raven 1974)Referent

power (kekuasaan rujukan)

The audience choose

the communicator as a reference person

Communicator is succeed if the audience admire him/her, listen and follow his rule/suggestion

Ex : Miss Universe as a reference for other girls about how to make a perfect make up.

Legitimate

power

(

kekuasaan

legal)

Power from a set of rules and norms

that give communicator has a power to take action

Ex : Judges on the courts, Military Commander toward his/her crew, etc. Slide40

Three qualities of ethos Slide41

Virtue

.  Show that you share the audience’s values.PRACTICAL TIPS :

explicitly stating those values;giving practical examples of how you live the values;relating your values to your personal history;talking about what others have said about you (modestly);

explaining how the audience's values have influenced your own; orshowing how the values have even weakened you or created a flaw in your behaviour (self-deprecatingly).Slide42

Practical wisdom. 

Demonstrate that you are sensible and knowledgeable.PRACTICAL TIPSDon't play the expert.  Instead, show how your practical experience has benefited others - especially people the audience knows or respects.

Bend the rules.  You’ll gain a lot of ethos from showing how flexible and adaptable you can be.Play the mean.

  Express the issue as a question of two opposing extremes, and then rescue the situation by suggesting a common-sense, middle way.Slide43

Selflessness. 

Demonstrate objectivity, benevolence and self-sacrifice.PRACTICAL TIPS Show how hard it was to come to your current position.  And what it cost you

.Talk about personal sacrifice.  The greater good trumps self-interest.Act hesitant. 

Play uncertain, lacking in confidence, not entirely sure that you're right.  Ask the audience to support and help you.  Speak plainly.Slide44

PATHOSSlide45

Pathos is the Greek word for both “suffering” and “experience.” The words empathy and pathetic  are derived from

pathosCommunicator use pathos to invoke sympathy from an audience; to make the audience feel what what the author wants them to feel. Slide46

A common use of pathos would be to draw pity from an audience.

Another use of pathos would be to inspire anger from an audience; perhaps in order to prompt action.Pathos can be developed by using meaningful language, emotional tone, emotion evoking examples, stories of emotional events, and implied meanings.  Slide47

Pathos is important for a

Rethor (communcator) -> communication stlye / languange option  to attract and affect to the audience Slide48

LOGOSSlide49

LOGOS

the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.logical appeals from communicator /orator about what he says is logic and should be followed by the audience.

http://

pathosethoslogos.comSlide50

Logos is the Greek word for “word,” however the true definition goes beyond that, and can be most closely described as “the word or that by which the inward thought is expressed,

(Lat. Oratio); and,  the inward thought itself (Lat. Ratio). Slide51

To

use logos would be to cite facts and statistics, historical and literal analogies, and citing certain authorities on a subject.Logos can be developed by using advanced, theoretical or abstract language, citing facts (very important), using historical and literal analogies, and by constructing logical arguments.Slide52

ETHOS EFFECTSlide53

The effect of communication from communicator toward audience

(by Herbert L Kelman) Slide54

Internalization (internalisasi

)People accept the ideas, suggestion and thought because it’s suitable with their valuesEx :doctor suggest us to of stop smoking  basically, you already understand about the negative effect if u’re

still smoking Related with credibility – trust to the communicatorSlide55

Identification (identifikasi

)People adopt the attitude and behaviour form referee (communicator) because it can describe/shows their self concept and satisfying self-defining relationship with communicator“He attempt to be like or actually to be the other person”

Ex :

children copy their parents wordsA student copy steve job’s presentation style because it’s unique and attractive.

This dimension relevant with attractiveness. Slide56

Compliance (Ketundukan

)A person accept the influence from another person or other groups because he/she hope get a good reaction/rewards from others.

Ex : Employee obey the employer because afraid to be fired. Student came ontime because if he late he will get a punishment. Slide57

Conclusion

Ethos persuades by the appeal of the speaker’s personality or character. Logos is the appeal to reason through the quality of the argument in the speech.Pathos appeals to the audience’s emotions.Slide58

Task

Analyze ethos, pathos and logos of Election Candidate (president / Senators) Report formats : paper ; +/- 2000 words reference using APA style both of hard copy (print) and Soft copy (CD)

Deadline : 28 April 2014 = 18.25 On Time! (Monday class)

30 April 2014 = 12.45 On time ( Wednesday class) Slide59

TASK

ANALYSE ETHOS PATOS LOGOS OF PRESIDENT CANDIDATE – Basic Paper : should be less than 2000 wordsMake an attractive presentation (you can make comic, gazzete etc

) Time : 1 weekSlide60
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