/
Ecological Restoration Image from Wikimedia Commons Ecological Restoration Image from Wikimedia Commons

Ecological Restoration Image from Wikimedia Commons - PowerPoint Presentation

tawny-fly
tawny-fly . @tawny-fly
Follow
345 views
Uploaded On 2018-11-09

Ecological Restoration Image from Wikimedia Commons - PPT Presentation

Photo of Marsh US diplomat amp philologist from Wikimedia Commons Quote from S Kingsland 2005 Ecological Restoration George Perkins Marsh 1801 1882 Man amp Nature 1864 Contemporaneous with ID: 724287

restoration amp ecosystem ecological amp restoration ecological ecosystem wikimedia commons photo figure islands species 2010 yellowstone degraded 2009 replacement

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Ecological Restoration Image from Wikime..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Ecological Restoration

Image from Wikimedia CommonsSlide2

Photo of Marsh (U.S. diplomat & philologist) from Wikimedia Commons; Quote from S. Kingsland (2005)

Ecological Restoration

George Perkins Marsh

(1801 – 1882)

Man & Nature

(1864)

Contemporaneous with Romantic-Transcendalists(e.g., Emerson, Muir, Thoreau)

Marsh’s “

key insight

” –

anthropogenic imbalances in Nature

did not correct themselves automatically…

Humans had to

restore

what humans had disturbed

.” Slide3

Photo from Oregon State University

Ecological Restoration

Aldo Leopold

(1887 – 1948)

A Sand County Almanac

(1949)

Milestone for plant community restoration –

Leopold & colleagues restored ~120 ha

of forest & prairie at U. Wisconsin Arboretum;

1930s Slide4

Human history is replete with examples of over-exploitation

& habitat destruction without restoration that resulted in

societal collapse (

i.e.

, societies that were not operating sustainably)

Photo of Diamond from Wikimedia Commons; image of book jacket from amazon.com

Ecological Restoration

Jared Diamond

(b. 1937)

Collapse

(2005)Slide5

Final paragraph of

Collapse

: “

My remaining cause for hope…

we have the opportunity to learn from the mistakes of distant peoples and past peoples. That’s an opportunity that no past society enjoyed to such a degree…”

Photo of Diamond from Wikimedia Commons; image of book jacket from amazon.com

Ecological Restoration

Jared Diamond

(b. 1937)

Collapse

(2005)Slide6

Photos of a restoration success story from Wikimedia Commons

Crissy Field, San Francisco

Before restoration

Crissy Field, San Francisco

After restoration

Ecological Restoration

“…

the process of intentionally altering a site to establish a defined, indigenous, historic ecosystem. The goal of the process is to emulate the structure, function, diversity and dynamics of the specified ecosystem…

(Society for Ecological Restoration 1991)Slide7

Ecological Restoration

Groom

et al

. (2006) recognize several sub-categories:

Rehabilitation

– improves a site from its degraded state

Enhancement or augmentation – improves a few ecosystem functions in a site from its degraded state

Reclamation

– often associated with mines or waste dumps,

in which the initial goal is detoxification & terrain stabilization

Replacement

– specifies a novel community type for the site

to achieve a particular conservation goal; often to

improve ecosystem processes with less regard for

ecosystem structureSlide8

Modified from Fig. 15.1 in Groom

et al

. (2006)

Biomass & nutrient cycling

Species & complexity

Ecosystem

processes

Ecosystem

structure

ORIGINAL ECOSYSTEM

DEGRADED ECOSYSTEM

Restoration

Rehabilitation

Enhancement

No action?

No action?

Replacement

Replacement

Ecological Restoration

Trajectories of restoration projectsSlide9

Ecological Restoration

Additional sub-categories from Groom

et al

. (2006) & other texts:

Remediation (similar to reclamation)

– removes chemical contaminants

from polluted areas – by biotic (e.g., bioremediation, phytoremediation), chemical or physical means – especially to protect human & ecosystem health Re-creation (similar to replacement) – constructs a new biological

community on a site in which anthropogenic disturbance essentially removed the entire native community, often in an attempt to match a particular historic conditionSlide10

Ecological Restoration

U. S. Legislation –

e.g.

, Clean Water Act (1972)

to restore & maintain the chemical, physical & biological

integrity of the Nation’s [surface] waters”Requires mitigation: if unavoidable impacts to waters & wetlands occur, those responsible must restore / re-create comparable ecosystems elsewhere

Photo of wetland mitigation project in Australia (outside jurisdiction of CWA) from Wikimedia CommonsSlide11

Photo of coal strip mine in Wyoming from Wikimedia Commons

Ecological Restoration

U. S. Legislation –

e.g.

, Surface Mining Control

& Reclamation Act (1977)

Aims to prevent adverse effects of surface mining (especially coal)& requires mining companies to restore mined sites

(usually initiated through reclamation) Slide12

Photo from Wikimedia Commons

Ex situ

breeding reintroduction

Whooping Crane (

Grus americana

)

The tallest bird species in N. America; one of the most endangered (41 wild birds in 1941; ~350 today) Slide13

Photo from Wikimedia Commons

Ex situ

breeding reintroduction

Whooping Crane (

Grus americana

)

Cross-fostering with Sandhill Cranes failed, due to imprinting on foster parents (which resulted in inappropriate mate choices later)

Captive breeding

, followed by migratory training using light aircraft, has

re-established an eastern migratory population (Wisconsin–Florida)Slide14

Photo of translocation of wolves from Alberta, Canada to Yellowstone, Jan. 1995, from Wikimedia Commons

Translocation

Wolves (

Canis lupus

) in YellowstoneSlide15

Photo of Alberta wolf in acclimation pen in Yellowstone, Jan. 1995, from Wikimedia Commons

Translocation

Wolves (

Canis lupus

) in YellowstoneSlide16

Photo of translocated Alberta wolf in Yellowstone, from Wikimedia Commons

Translocation

Wolves (

Canis lupus

) in YellowstoneSlide17

Photo from Wikimedia Commons; Figure from W. J. Ripple & R. L. Beschta (2007)

Biological Conservation

“Restoring Yellowstone’s Aspen with Wolves”Slide18

“Restoring Yellowstone’s Aspen with Wolves”

Figure & quote from W. J. Ripple & R. L. Beschta (2007)

Biological Conservation

combined effects of a behaviorally-

mediated and density-mediated trophic cascade

”Density-mediated

– indirect carnivore effect on plants owing to lethal direct carnivore effect on herbivore density

Behaviorally-mediated

– indirect carnivore effect on plants owing to

non-lethal carnivore effect

on herbivore behaviorSlide19

Re-wilding North America with Pleistocene Megafauna

Some Conservation Biologists have made a serious proposal that we should re-create the N. Am. Pleistocene fauna with

modern analogs

e.g.

, African elephants, South American camelids…

Artist’s re-creation of North American Pleistocene fauna from Wikimedia CommonsSlide20

Re-wilding North America with Pleistocene Megafauna

Skull & artist’s re-creation of

Smilodon

from Wikimedia Commons

… and carnivores, such as African lions & Siberian tigers (

modern analogs

of Smilodon [Saber-toothed cat])

It’s a serious proposal, but is it

a good idea?Slide21

Key ecological goals for restoration

1.

Restore natural

ecosystem processes

2.

Re-establish

native species and their functional roles (especially key players, e.g., ecosystem engineers, foundation species, etc.)

3. Remove / control / monitor exotic species

4. Others?Slide22

Photo of New Zealand seabird colony from Wikimedia Commons

“Seabird Islands Take Mere Decades to

Recover Following Rat Eradication”Slide23

Figure from H. P. Jones [Ph.D. 2010 Yale School of Forestry & Environ. Sci.] (2010)

Ecological Applications

“Seabird Islands Take Mere Decades to

Recover Following Rat Eradication”

15 islands off NE coast of New Zealand

Black dashed lines = Control islands (never invaded by rats)

Red dashed lines = Positive Control islands (rats currently present)Slide24

“Seabird Islands Take Mere Decades to

Recover Following Rat Eradication”

I show that soil, plant, and spider marine-derived nitrogen levels

and C:N ratios take mere decades to recover even after

centuries-long rat invasion. Moreover, active seabird restoration could speed recovery even further, giving much hope to quickly conserve many endemic species on islands worldwide.”

Quote from H. P. Jones [Ph.D. 2010 Yale School of Forestry & Environ. Sci.] (2010) Ecological ApplicationsSlide25

“Rapid Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems”

Meta-analysis

Figure from H. P. Jones [Ph.D. 2010 Yale School of Forestry & Environ. Sci.] & O. J. Schmitz (2009)

PLoS ONE

240 published

studiesSlide26

“Rapid Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems”

Figure from H. P. Jones [Ph.D. 2010 Yale School of Forestry & Environ. Sci.] & O. J. Schmitz (2009)

PLoS ONE

Meta-analysisSlide27

“Rapid Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems”

Quotes from H. P. Jones [Ph.D. 2010 Yale School of Forestry & Environ. Sci.] & O. J. Schmitz (2009)

PLoS ONE

Meta-analysis

We provide startling evidence that most ecosystems globally

can, given human will, recover from very major perturbations [a.k.a. disturbances] on timescales of decades to half-centuries

.”“The message of our paper is that recovery is possible and can

be rapid for many ecosystems, giving much hope for humankind

to transition to

sustainable management

of global ecosystems

.”Slide28

Cover of

Science

– July 31, 2009

“The Rise of Restoration Ecology”Slide29

Figure & quote from J. M. Rey Benayas

et al

. (2009)

Science

“Enhancement of Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration”

Meta-analysis(89 restoration assessments; response ratio = ln[Restored / Degraded or Reference])

Provisioning

=

e.g.

, fish, food crops, timber

Supporting

=

e.g.

, nutrient cycling, primary production

Regulating

=

e.g.

, climate, water supply, soil characteristicsSlide30

Figure & quote from J. M. Rey Benayas

et al

. (2009)

Science

“Enhancement of Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration”

“Ecological restoration increased provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services by 44 and 25%, respectively. However, values of both remained lower in restored versus intact reference ecosystems.”

Meta-analysis

(89 restoration assessments;

response ratio = ln[Restored / Degraded or Reference])Slide31

Modified from Fig. 15.1 in Groom

et al

. (2006)

Biomass & nutrient cycling

Species & complexity

Ecosystem

processes

Ecosystem

structure

ORIGINAL ECOSYSTEM

DEGRADED ECOSYSTEM

Restoration

Rehabilitation

Enhancement

No action?

No action?

Replacement

Replacement

Ecological Restoration

Trajectories of restoration projectsSlide32

Ecological Restoration

Image from www.portlandonline.com