ENTAILMENT 41 Presupposition 42 Types of Presupposition 43 The Projection Problem 44 Ordered Entailment Introduction something that the speaker assumes to be the case before making an utterance ID: 618939
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PRESUPPOSITION and ENTAILMENT
4.1 Presupposition
4.2 Types of Presupposition
4.3 The Projection Problem
4.4 Ordered EntailmentSlide2
Introduction : something that the speaker assumes to be the case before making an utterance has presuppositionEntailment: something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance have
E.g
Mary’s brother bought three horsesSlide3
Presupposition:A person called Mary exists and she has a brothershe has only a brother and her brother has a lot of money
Mary’s brother bought three horses
held by
all
of them can be wrong
.
entailment is the
between
two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B
).
(A) The president was assassinated.
entails
(B) The president is deadSlide4
4.1 PresuppositionPresupposition: relationship between two a sentence that contains a
(
p
) and another
(q):Example 1.a. Mary’s dog is cute. (=p)b. Mary has a dog. (=q)c. p >> q
Example 2.
d. Mary’s dog isn’t cute. (=p)e. Mary has a dog. (=q)f. NOT p >> qSlide5
Example 3.
g
. Everybody knows that
Jeni
is a singer (=
p)h. Everybody doen’t know that Jeni is a singer (=q
)i. Jeni is a singerj.
p >> q and NOT p >> q presupposition of a statement will remain constant (i.e. still true) even when that statement is negated.Slide6
4.2 Types of Presupposition linguistics forms which can become actual presuppositions in context with speakers
speakers’ assumptions in words, phrases, and structures
Types of potential presuppositions
:Slide7
Existential Presupposition of the existence of the entities named by the speaker.
Example
:
Tom’s car is new
presupposition:Factive Presupposition
assumption
that something is true due to the such as know, realize, regret, be, aware, odd, gladExample: She didn’t realize he was ill (>> He was ill)We regret telling them (>> We told them)It isn’t odd
that he left early (>> He left early)Slide8
Lexical Presuppositionassumption that, in using one word, the speaker (word) will be understood
.
Example
:
Andrew
stopped smoking. (>>He used to smoke)You are late again. (>> You were late before)the use of the expressions "stop" and "again" are taken to presuppose conceptStructural Presupposition
assumption
associated with the use of certain words and phrases: (e.g. when and where)Example: When did she leave? ( >> she left)
Where
did you buy the book? (>> you bought the book)Slide9
Non-factive Presupposition
assumption
that something is
.
Example:
I dreamed that I was rich. (>> I am not rich)We imagined that we were in London. (>> We are not in London)He pretends to be ill. (>> He isn’t ill)Counter-factual Presupposition
assumption that what is presupposed is not only
, but is the of what is true, or contrary to facts.Example: If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to do this. ( >> you are not my daughter)Slide10
4.3 Projection Problem : occurs when a simple sentence becomes part of a more complex sentencethe meaning of some presupposition (as a part) doesn’t survive to become the meaning of a more complex sentence (as a whole
).
Example:
A: “It’s
so sad.
George regrets getting Mary fired.“B : “But he didn’t get her fired. We know that now.”Slide11
a. George regrets getting Mary fired (=p)b. George got Mary fired (=q) The speaker utters a, presupposes
b
g.
George
regrets getting Mary fired,
but he didn’t get
her
fired (=p & r)
The speaker, after combining
r&p
,
the presupposition
q
is not true
d
. He didn’t get her fired
(=r)
e
. George didn’t get Mary fired
(= NOT q)
The speaker
utters
d,
presupposes
e, the
opposite of
bSlide12
This shows that
(
necessary consequences of what is said) are simply
more powerful
than
(earlier assumptions).the power of entailment can also be used to cancel presuppositions.
Example:The King of Brazil visited us.
(The king of Brazil does not exist).Slide13
4.4 Ordered Entailment is not a pragmatic concept (i.e. having to do with the speaker meaning)
but
it is considered a purely logical
concept, symbolized by
ǁ ̵
Example: Rover chased three squirrels (= p)a. Something chased three squirrels (= q)b. Rover did something to three squirrels (= r)c. Rover ate three of something (= s)d. Something happened (= t)p ǁ ̵ q logical consequence
Back
ground Entail-mentSlide14
speaker indicate
how
entailments
are to be
ordered typically by stress for interpreting intended meaningExample:a. Rover chased THREE squirrels.b. ROVER chased three squirrels. speaker can communicate what he/she believes the listener may already be thinking Example: It wasn’t me who took your money to attribute the foreground entailment to the listener(s) without actually stating it (as a possible accusation).Foreground entailmentSlide15
ExerciseThe following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they? (The first one has been done for you
!)
1. The police ordered the minors to stop drinking.
Presupposition
:
The minors were drinking.2. Please take me out to the ball game again.3. Valerie regretted not receiving a new T-shirt for Labor Day.4. That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very sad.5. The administration forgot that the professors support the students. 6. It is strange that the United States invaded Cambodia in 1970.7. Isn't it strange that the United States invaded Cambodia in 1970?8. Disa wants more popcorn.9. Why don't pigs have wings?10.Who discovered America in 1492?