SIGRIST,T., 2009. Guia de campo Avis Brasilis: avifauna brasileira: de - PDF document

SIGRIST,T., 2009. Guia de campo Avis Brasilis: avifauna brasileira: descrição das espécies. São Paulo: Avis Brasilis. 600 p.ILVACerrado region, South America. Biodiversity and Conservation6, no. 3, p. 435-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018368809116.ILVA, RRV., 2006. Estrutura de uma comunidade de aves em Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. , vol. 14, , FA., 2004. Avian Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematicshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130209., VC. and Botânica sistemática: guia ilustrado para identi�cação das famílias de Fanerógamas nativas e exóticas no Brasil, baseado em APG IITOTZ, DF., ITZPATRIC, JW., PAR iii, TA. and Neotropical birds: ecology and , DP., 2007. Mixed-species flocks of birds in the Cerrado, South America: a review. Ornitologia Neotropical, MF. and avifauna of southeastern Brazilian mountaintops (campos rupestrescampos de altitudePapeís Avulsos de Zoologia1, p. 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010000100001, MF., 2007. Aves observadas no Parque , vol. 136, p. 6-11.ICKERYILVAERT, JR. and AVALCANTI, RB., 1999. Conservation Studies in Avian , U., ANTOS, F. and M., 2012. Nesting of the Cinereous Warbling Finch (cinerea) in Southeastern Brazil. The Wilson Journal of Ornithologyvol. 124, no. 1, p. 166-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/11-004.1. Wischhoff, U., Marques-Santos, F. and Rodrigues, M.and FAPEMIG (PPM). FMS received an undergraduate scholarship from CNPq. MR thanks the ‘Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza’ for supporting the ‘Laboratório de Ornitologia’ of ‘Universidade Federal ReferencesBirdLife International, 2011. Species factsheet: Poospiza cinereaAvailable from: http://www.birdlife.org. Access in: July 2012.insular biogeography. 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Range extensions and conservation of some threatened or little known Brazilian Bird Conservation International01, p. 84-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0959270909990190.LVAREZAndean premontane forests of Northwestern Argentina. Neotropical BMO. and , GW., 2007. The potential of natural regeneration of rocky outcrop vegetation on rupestrian Revista Brasileira de , vol. 30, no. 4, p. 665-678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042007000400011.National Institute of Meteorology - INMET, 2011. . Available from: http://www.inmet.gov.br. Access in: The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savannaNew York: Columbia University Press. 367 p., JF. and , F., 2009. Comportamento de forrageamento de Poospiza thoracica(Passeriformes: Emberizidae) na Floresta Atlântica Alto-Montana do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. Atualidades Ornitológicas, D.,1981. Seven forms of rarity. In SYNGE, H. The biological aspects of rare plant conservationJohn Wiley & Sons. p. 205-217., HF. and , V., 1990. Analysis of the foraging ecology of eucalypt forest birds: sequential versus single-point Studies in Avian Biology, JV. and ., 1990. A classification Studies in Avian BiologyALTERCerrado. In SANO, S.M. and ALMEIDA, SP. Cerrado: ambiente . Planaltina: EMBRAPA-CPAC. p. 89-166.Warbling-Finch, with some comments on its natural history. In Abstracts for the Third North American Ornithological Conference, IDGELYBirds of South America: the oscine passerines. Austin: University of Texas Press. 516 p.ANTANA, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-JMP, Version 10ILVA, F. and APTISTAActa Botanica Brasilica203-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062007000100019., LV., ARTZem oito parques da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, , H., 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Nova reproductiveorgans. In Area 1, P.cinerearelated to the substrate availability in that habitat. As an Emberizinae, one could expect that the species would and Poaceae plants. The relationship between substrate and foraging heights illustrates the species plasticity, foraging P.cinereaCasuarina equisetifolia (Casuarinaceae), which is exotic and ); two exotic sp. (Poaceae) () and sp. (Pinaceae) (Cecropia sp. (Urticaceae), a plant typical of secondary ). These choices show P.cinereaable to survive in a modi�ed habitat, and might not be P.cinerea’s diet Sigrist (2009)Costa and Rodrigues (2013)P.cinerea. Conversely, Ribon (2002)says that the species eats mainly small seeds and fruits. Both studies contradict what we have found: prevalence of use of small invertebrates. Based on this prevalence, P.cinereabe considered a specialist in eating small invertebratesspecies, other than their feeding guild. Other brazilian P.cabanisi, P.melanoleuca, P.nigrorufaP.torquata) are granivorous, omnivorous, granivourous-Poospiza thoracicasimilar to that of P.cinerea, because it feeds mainly on arthropods (64%, n=170), but fruits (23%, n=170) and �owers (13%, n=170) represent a considerable amount of ). However, it has been observed feeding on nectar, which did not occur with P.cinereaP.’s diet, cinerea’s sibling species, include Poaceae seeds and Cactaceae �owers (Giacomo, 2005); and also fruits, seeds and �owers (Remsen and Robinson (1990)P.cinerea’s syndrome would be near surface searchingbecause it includes mostly near-pearch maneuvers, frequent hops and short-distance �ights between areas. According P.cinerea would belong to the guild , because it searches actively for prey dif�cult to Poospiza cinerea typically forages in intraspeci�c groups. In addition to that, we have observed in Area 2 that the species joins mixed bird �ocks. Tubelis (2007)�ocks, but P.cinereaP.guirahuronot in his list. There are registers of P.P. foraging in mixed bird �ocks (Tudor, 1989Poospiza cinereasmall invertebratesnear-perch maneuverswhich are not really a niche constrain. We suggest that small invertebrates. The species has exotic species whose characteristics do not match with the vegetation types of Cerrado. Therefore its rarity within the geographical range might be a consequence of other We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the manuscript. We thank Prof. G. W. Fernandes for allowing us to work in his property; ICMBio/CEMAVE for banding permits; the staff of Paredão da Serra do Curral Municipal Table 2. Vegetable matter consumed by Poospiza cinerea Vegetable matter consumedNumber of eventsLYTHRACEAEMELASTOMATACEAEClidemia urceolataLeandra cf. aureaMarcetia taxifoliaMiconia ligustroides Wischhoff, U., Marques-Santos, F. and Rodrigues, M.(Vieillot, 1817), Schistochlamys ru�capillus (Vieillot, Tangara cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) and (Statius Muller, 1776).systematic observation he was fed by the color-banded female believed to be the parent (captured with egg in abdomen on 8 Dec. 2010). The young also searched for Poospiza cinerawere different. This shows plasticity in its foraging behavior and this variation can be attributed to some interspeci�c social environment (). Considering that the areas are apart and have different anthropogenic disturbance levels, it is reasonable to say that abundance and distribution of food are different. However, we did not measure food availability and are not able to con�rm this speculation. Also, the habitat of the two areas is very dissimilar (Marques-Santos unpubl. data). In Area 1, for example, we have a high availability of exotic species, do not have the typical height of plants of Area 2. Areas were sampled predominantly in different seasons (Area 1 in winter and spring; Area 2 in summer and autumn), which possibly is the explanation for differences in food items consumption. Adults can also alter their feeding targets according to their nutritious needs. Accordingly, in Area 2 there was a young that was fed by the adults and in Area 1 a clutch was laid during our sampling effort Wischhoffal., 2012). Finally, the composition of bird species of the two areas is different (see Vasconcelos, ) and only in Area 2 was P.cinerea seen in mixed �ocks. The social environment can alter a bird’s behavior because: niche breadth is altered by species’ dominance; prey can become available in response to other species presence; or foraging behavior P.cinereaP. (Nordmann, 1835) (). Both species use reachP.Fitzpatrick (1980)P.cinereanear-perch maneuversP.cinereaor culm (Sick, 1997cinereareproductiveorgansRidgely and Tudor (1989)P.torquata(D’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837), P. (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837), P.erythrophrys Sclater, 1881 and P.. Poospiza thoracicaP.nigrorufa (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) forages on the ground. In Area 2, P.cinerea foraged more than 50% of events on reproductive organs. However, since this frequency was not matched in Area 1, we cannot consider the species a specialist this substrate height indicate that the species does not have a foraging pattern related to the distance to the ground but to the top of the substrate, which is in accordance with the placement of the substrates used in greater proportion: Figure 4. Frequency of food items consumption in both study areas by Poospiza cinerea. In area 2, we indicate the frequency of consumption of each food item by the adults Table Figure 3. Boxplot of substrate height and foraging height recorded in Area 1 and Area 2. Whiskers indicate minimum and maximum height. Crosses indicate mean values. For Table After 180 sampling hours in Area 1 and 110, in Area (Tablenear-perch maneuversarea 1 and 99% in Area 2) over aerial maneuversnear-perch maneuverareas was ). Attack maneuvers’ choice was not different between areas (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.37).reproductive organs) and frequency of use was not different between areas (Fisher’s exact test, 0.31). In Area 1 the substrate height ranged from 0 4.0 ± 3.4;), and in Area 2, from 0 = 1.6 ± 0.9). Foraging height ranged from 0 to 10 m in Area 1 (x = 2.9 ± 2.3) and 0 to 6 m in Area 2 0.9). We veri�ed that in both areas the foraging = 0.94; p < 0.05; n = 62. Area 2: Spearman, r= 0.93; p < 0.05; n = 80), indicating that total plant height Plant families that were used as substrate were Asteraceae, Bromeliaceae, Casuarinaceae, Dilleniaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Loranthaceae, Lythraceae, Malpighiaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae, Vochysiaceae, being some observations in Area 1, P.cinerea sp. (Pinaceae) (n = 2) and a non-identi�ed fern (n = 1) as substrates. Poaceae had spikelets consumed in Area 2 only during small invertebrates). The frequency of consumption of food items was different between areas (Pearson chi-squared test, p < 0.05). The plant family which had most frequently vegetal matter consumed was Asteraceae (Table). We were able to collect one dropping which contained small seeds, ≤ 1 mm, which resembled Melastomataceae seeds. Invertebrates identi�ed in �eld included Lepidoptera, Hemiptera (Heteroptera), Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (Formicidae), and Orthoptera, having all been classi�ed big invertebrates, used specially for berries, spikelets (Poaceae) and cypselae (Asteraceae); minute) among the vegetation and perform frequent hops Poospiza cinerea was seen, only in Area 2, in mixed �ocks with the species: superciliaris (Wied, guirahuro (Vieillot, 1819), (Lichtenstein, 1823), Saltatricula atricollisTable 1. Number of foraging events by Poospiza cinerearecorded in each study area. Most variables were collected Area 1Area 2TotalTotal number of events Figure 1. Frequency of attack maneuvers by cinerea in both study areas. In area 2, we indicate the frequency of use of each attack maneuver by the adults and Table Figure 2.Poospiza cinereaof each substrate by the adults and the young. For sample Table Wischhoff, U., Marques-Santos, F. and Rodrigues, M.development (Vickeryal., 1999), it is urgent to assess Habitat and niche speci�city, geographical range and local population density are species attributes that ). In birds, many ecological and life-history traits have been shown to be correlated with rarity, such as body size, dispersal ability, reproductive traits, habitat speci�city, ). To verify possible niche specialization in this species we aimed to describe its foraging habits related to substrate use, foraging and substrate height, attack maneuvers behavior, and consumed food items. Based on its alluded rarity, we expect that P.cinerea presents some level of 2.1. Study areasField work took place in two different areas in the Paredão da Serra do Curral Municipal Park (19°57’ S 43°55’ W): located on the borders of the city of Belo Horizonte, which has over 2 million citizens. The annual mean rainfall is 1,560 mm and average temperature in 2010 was 23.2°C (INMET, 2011The vegetation consists mainly of campo cerrado(grassland with scattered shrubs and trees) and campo rupestre sobre cangawith predominance of grass on ferruginous soil) Vasconcelos, 2007), typical of the Cerrado biome. The area is heavily degraded by mining, illegal burns and settlement of exotic species. Field work was carried out in this area from July to November 2010 and in April 2011.Morro da Pedreira Area of Environmental Protection (19°17’ S 43°35’ W): average annual precipitation is 1,622 mm and average annual temperature is 21.2°C Medina and Fernandes, 2007). The vegetation campo limpo (grassland), rupestre (rocky outcrops with predominance of grass) and cerrado rupestrepredominance of shrubs and trees) (based on and Walter, 1998). The area surrounds Serra do Cipó National Park and is therefore less degraded. Field 2011, except January 2011.P.cinerea was monitored in each area. Despite our capture efforts (a total of 89 net-hours), we were able to color-band only one or two individuals from each group, and therefore did not account for individual variation in behavior. In Area 1 the group was initially composed of four individuals, but one disappeared during the study period. In Area 2 the group was composed of three individuals, but a young joined the group at some point between December and February. The young in and white of the adults. Unlike what has been previously reported, the ear coverts and lores were of a lighter tone than in the adults, while the eyes were darker (We used the nomenclature for attack maneuvers and . The substrates were classi�ed as rock or groundtrunk orreproductiveorganswhich included �ower and fruit clusters. The food items small invertebratesbecause of the uncertainty of what was effectively ingested. For each foraging event the attack maneuver, substrate, plants. When it was not possible to obtain the data for with the available information only. We also identi�ed the level possible. We took note of the species which cinerea joined in mixed �ocks, but sampling took no other the group’s intensity of activity and our knowledge of its location. After the group was located, the �rst foraging event was recorded (following Recher and Gebski, 1990if the same individual was seen foraging or immediately if it was another individual. Since the groups were small and roughly half of the individuals was identi�able (based on age or color-bands), normally we could keep track of each individual’s location. If in doubt of identity, we waited another 15 minutes to resample a speci�c individual. We chose this sampling interval based on preliminary interval individuals had enough time to change foraging Lair, 1987We used Fisher’s exact test to compare areas according since more than 20% of the cells had expected values under because our data did not have a normal distribution. All tests were conducted with JMP ) and a level of signi�cance of 0.05 was adopted. Means are http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04213Original ArticleForaging behavior and diet of the vulnerable Cinereous Warbling-�nch (Aves, Emberizidae)Wischhoff, U., Marques-Santos, F.Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilFederal do Paraná – UFPR, Av. Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81531-990, CP 19031, Curitiba, PR, BrazilReceived: April 4, 2013 – Accepted: June 18, 2013 (With 4 �gures)The Cinereous Warbling-�nch Poospiza cinerea is a globally vulnerable Emberizidae passerine, patchily distributed and rare in the open savannah of central South America. Attributes of rare species include niche speci�city such as feeding habits. To verify possible niche specialization in this species we aimed to describe its foraging habits related to substrate use, foraging and substrate height, attack maneuvers, and consumed food items. We monitored two groups at two study sites and sampled foraging events with intervals of 15 minutes. The substrates used in greater frequency were reproductive organs. Foraging and substrate height varied widely with study area. The attack maneuver small invertebrates.Big invertebratesPoospiza cinereabird �ocks with seven other species. The generalist foraging behavior of the species cannot be associate to its rarity.Keywords: attack maneuver, feeding behavior, niche speci�city, rarity, substrate choice. (Aves, Emberizidae)Poospiza cinereairregularmente distribuído e raro no Cerrado do centro da América do Sul. Atributos de espécies raras incluem especi�cidades de nicho tais como hábitos de forrageamento. Para veri�car possível especialização de nicho dessa e do substrato, manobras de ataque e itens alimentares consumidos. Nós monitoramos dois grupos em duas áreas de e órgãos reprodutivos. Alturas de forrageamento e dos substratos variaram amplamente com a área de estudo. A manobra de ataque adotada em maior frequência foi respigar. A maioria dos itens alimentares pequenos invertebradosGrandes invertebradosPoospiza cinerea foi registrado forrageando em bandos mistos com outras sete espécies. O comportamento manobra de ataque, comportamento alimentar, especi�cidade de nicho, raridade, escolha de substrato.1. IntroductionThe Cinereous Warbling-Finch Poospiza cinereaInternational, 2011). Yet, descriptive studies on this species autecology were absent until Wischhoffal. (2012)Costa and Rodrigues (2013)Poospiza cinereaRidgely and Tudor, 1989Vasconcelos and Rodrigues, 2010) and is considered ), a savannah-like biome regarded as a biodiversity hotspot (Marquis, 2002). Since tropical grasslands are being lost at