14 th March 2012 The most precisely identifiable device of stage illusion appears when the old shepherd says to the young shepherd thou metst with things dying I with things new born which is not only a species of role reversal but a quotation from ID: 696282
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Slide1
The Winter’s Tale and tragicomedy
14
th
March 2012Slide2Slide3Slide4Slide5
The most precisely identifiable device [of stage illusion] appears when the old shepherd says to the young shepherd, ‘thou
met’st
with things dying, I with things new born,’ which is not only a species of role reversal but a quotation from
Evanthius
. His
De
Tragoedia
et
Comedia
was commonly cited in sixteenth-century school editions of Terence and would have been familiar to every twelve- or thirteen-year old who had reached the third form of grammar school.
Evanthius
was defining tragedy and comedy: ‘in
tragoedia
fugienda
vita, in
comedia
cappessanda
exprimitur
.’Slide6
We slue 26
Seales
, and espied three white Bears; wee went
aboord
for Shot and Powder, and coming to the Ice
againe
, we found a
shee-Beare
and two young ones: Master
Thomas
Welden
shot and killed her: after
shee
was
slayne
, wee got the young ones, and brought them home into
England
, where they are alive in
Paris Garden.
Purchas
His Pilgrims
, 4 vols., London,
1625, p
. 562.Slide7
the waking of the statue is notoriously challenging to direct, not least for the obvious problem of how an actor ‘plays’ a statue and how the other actors respond to the moment of Hermione’s awakening; but also because of the complex cross-currents between the characters onstage, and the unexpectedness and bizarreness of the scenario
itself.Slide8
‘Whatever else a romance may be (or have been) it is principally a form of entertainment. It may also be didactic but this is usually incidental. It is a European form which has been influenced by such collections as
The Arabian Nights.
It is usually concerned with characters (and thus with events) who live in a courtly world somewhat remote from the everyday. This suggests elements of fantasy, improbability, extravagance and
na
ï
vet
é. It also suggests elements of love, adventure, the
marvellous
and the ‘mythic’. For the most part the term is used rather loosely to describe a narrative of heroic or spectacular achievements, of chivalry, of gallant love, of deeds of derring-do.’Slide9
‘[Comedy] differs from tragedy in its matter, in that tragedy is tranquil and conducive to wonder at the beginning, but foul and conducive to horror at the end or the catastrophe…Comedy, on the other hand, introduces a situation of adversity, but ends its matter in prosperity…And, as well, they differ in their manner of speaking. Tragedy uses an elevated and sublime style, while comedy uses an unstudied and low style…’
Dante
Alighieri (c. 1319) in
Epistle to Can Grande
in
Comedy
: Developments in
Criticism,
ed. D J Palmer,
(Macmillan Casebook Series,
1984),p
. 31.Slide10
A tragicomedy is not so called in respect of mirth and killing, but in respect that it wants deaths, which is enough to make it no tragedy, yet brings some near it, which is enough to make it no comedy
.
John
Fletcher,
Preface
to
The
Faithful Shepherdess
(1608)Slide11
‘Shakespeare’s plays are not in the rigorous and critical sense either tragedies or comedies, but compositions of a distinct kind; exhibiting the real state of sublunary nature, which partakes of good and evil, joy and sorrow, mingled with endless variety of proportion and innumerable modes of combination; and expressing the course of the world, in which the loss of one is the gain of another; in which, at the same time, the reveller is hasting to his wine, and the mourner burying his friend; in which the malignity of one is sometimes defeated by the frolic of another; and many
mischiefs
and many benefits are done and hindered without design…An action which ended happily for the principle persons, however serious or distressful through its intermediate incidents, in the [opinion of the age of Shakespeare] constituted a comedy
.’
The Plays of William Shakespeare,
ed
.
Samuel
Johnson
(London
, 1765
)