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Eastern Mediterranean Societies: Eastern Mediterranean Societies:

Eastern Mediterranean Societies: - PowerPoint Presentation

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Eastern Mediterranean Societies: - PPT Presentation

Monotheism Trade and Writing SSWH1 The student will analyze the origins structures and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BC to 500 BCE Monotheism ID: 617589

monotheism trade god people trade monotheism people god judaism good writing hebrew hieroglyphics religion created egypt symbols development river zoroastrianism beliefs networks

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Slide1

Eastern Mediterranean Societies: Monotheism, Trade, and Writing

SSWH1: The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BC to 500 BCE.Slide2

Monotheism

SSWH1 c: Explain the development of monotheism, include the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews, and Zoroastrianism. Slide3

The Development of Monotheism

The oldest monotheistic religion was created by the Hebrew people.

Its foundation lies in the original covenant made between Abraham and God, ~1900 BCE

Abraham’s Sons

Ishmael by Hagar would be the ancestor of the Arab people

Isaac by Sarah would be the ancestor of the Israelites (Jews) and eventually ChristiansSlide4

The Development of Monotheism

Asher

Simeon

Dan

Issachar

Levi

Nephtali

Reuben

Zebulun

Judah

Gad

Joseph

Benjamin

Abraham

Isaac

Ishmael

Esau

JacobSlide5

The Development of Monotheism

Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers (jealousy)

His gift in dream interpretation made pharaoh give him position of vizier

He was in a position to bring his whole family to Egypt during the famine.

Israelites stay in Egypt for 400 yearsSlide6

The Development of Monotheism

The second and chief covenant of Judaism was made when Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt.

God gave Moses the 10 Commandants and other rules to live by (contained in the

Torah

) marking the beginning of Judaism as a structured monotheistic religion.

Dates are unknown – anywhere from 1600-1200 BCE.Slide7

Hebrew Monotheism

Main Beliefs of Judaism

There is one God, Yahweh

created and ruled the world.

determined right and wrong (what is sin)

expected people to deal justly with each other and accept moral responsibility

for

their actions.

Role of Humanity: All people were Yahweh’s servants, not just a certain tribe or nation. Slide8

Hebrew Monotheism

3 important aspects of the Hebrew religion

Covenant

was the agreement between God and his people.

Law

of God stated in the 10 Commandments

Holy messengers called

prophets were sent by God.

Unjust actions brings punishment New elementconcern for all humanityhope that someday all people would follow the law of the God of Israel in a time of peace. Slide9

Hebrew Monotheism

The religion of Israel was unique among the religions of western Asia and Egypt.

Its most distinctive feature was its monotheism.

Ideas of Judaism were written down

would not accept the gods/goddesses of neighbors.Slide10

Hebrew Monotheism

Main Beliefs of Judaism

Afterlife:

Primary focus of Judaism is here and now, not afterlife.

Called

Olam

Ha-

Ba (The World to Come)They believe in an afterlife but there is no official dogma. Open to personal opinion.

Paradise, temporary punishment to purge soul, reincarnation, resurrectionRole of Humanity: All people were Yahweh’s servants, not just a certain tribe or nation. Slide11

Hebrew Monotheism

Main Beliefs of Judaism

Role of Humanity:

Created to be companions for God.

All people were Yahweh’s servants and companions

Jews are “chosen people” in that they

live their lives fully in accordance with God’s will as an example to others

Books of Judaism:

Torah (Old Testament), particularly the PentateuchTalmud – rabbinic teachings Slide12

Persia

Persia is the name used to describe the people who moved into the Iran area of the Assyrian Empire as it was in decline.

It rose in influence under great leaders like Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great and created a great empire as it conquered territories in the region.

Would come to interact with the Greeks later on.Slide13

Persian MonotheismZoroastrianism

Beginning uncertain, possibly as early as 1200 BCE.

Existing frameworks were formalized through the work of prophet Zoroaster.

Was dominant religion in Persia until the Muslims came through in 700s CE.

Zoroastrian refugees from Persia brought the religion into India, where most of the modern

practioners

live today.Slide14

ZoroastrianismMain Beliefs of Zoroastrianism

One Supreme and Universal God, called

Ahuramazda

, who created the world

Duality of Existence: good versus evil (morally and cosmically)

Ongoing battle between good (

Ahuramazda

) and evil (Ahriman). Good will win with rewards, evil will lose and suffer punishment.Ethics of ‘Good Words, Good Thoughts and Good Deeds’

Sacredness of creation – ecological concernSlide15

Zoroastrianism

Main Beliefs of Zoroastrianism

Afterlife: soul remains near body 3 days then goes to 1

st

judgment, which gives temporary residence in heaven or hell. Last Judgment comes at end of time when

Ahuramazda

judges for permanent place.

Role of Humanity: to stay away from evil and enhance the good amongst us through religious practice and following teachings of Zoroaster.Holy book: Zend

Avesta, the teachings of ZoroasterSlide16

Trading Networks

SSWH1 d. Identify early trading networks and writing systems existent in the Eastern Mediterranean, including those of the Phoenicians. Slide17

Trade Network

Mesopotamian trade:

Foot (local)

Donkey (most common, long distance)

Gulf boat (from southern Mesopotamia to Gulf)

Raft (local river trade)

Coracle (up & down river)

River boat (down river trade; had to be towed back)

cartEgyptians traded primarily by way of the Nile River, but also using some overland trade along the Mediterranean coast.Slide18
Slide19

Trade Networks

Egyptian trade:

cheapest and fastest way was by ship (river, canal, and sea coast)

departure and return journeys dictated by seasons due to sails

Overland caravan possible using horse and oxen

Trade went north and east through Sinai into Mesopotamia.Slide20

Trade Networks

Other civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and their trade contributions:

Aramaeans

Nomadic people who eventually settled along trade routes in Mesopotamia.

Largest center was Damascus, Syria

Came to dominate overland trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia

their language, Aramaic, became widespreadSlide21
Slide22

Trade Networks

Phoenicians

They settled in Canaan (modern day Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan)

They began to sail the seas because they did not have good farmland for crops

Could plot voyages using the sun and stars.

reached southern Spain, Western Africa and maybe even the British Isles.

Controlled Mediterranean shipping and trade.

Created an alphabetic writing system and introduced bills of sale (receipts) and contracts.Slide23
Slide24

Trade Routes

Lydians

Introduced a money system so that the barter system (trading goods for goods) was no longer needed.Slide25

Writing Systems

SSWH1 e. Explain the development and importance of writing; include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician alphabet. Slide26

Cuneiform

dates to 3100 BC and was developed by the Sumerians

wedge-shaped markings on clay tablets

Over # symbols

Pictograms that eventually developed into symbols representing complex ideas.

scribes

studied at schools called

Eddubas

.Scribes rose to high position in societyproduced business records, listed historical dates and some literary works were written.Slide27

Cuneiform

Uses of Cuneiform

originally developed to keep accounts and trade documents.

business records

listed historical dates

some literary works

most famous literary work in cuneiform was Epic of Gilgamesh

Oldest story in the world: 1850 BC

It is based on an actual king in the city-state of Uruk.Slide28
Slide29

Hieroglyphics

Egypt’s earliest writing system

picture symbols into slate.

Over 2000 symbols at its height

The picture symbols stood for objects, ideas and sounds

Also had a class of scribes to record things

No modern man understood hieroglyphics until AD 1799.

Jean-François Champollion deciphered the hieroglyphics using the Greek on the Rosetta Stone.Slide30

Hieroglyphics

Uses of

Hieroglphics

Original hieroglyphics was used for sacred writing, inscribing monuments and recording religious texts and rituals.

hieratic script was a cursive script used for sacred writing on papyrus

Demotic text used for administrative, legal and commercial texts

Best Known Example of Literature : The Book of the Dead

It contained more than 200 prayers and magic formulas

.Slide31

Hieroglypics

Horizontal

VerticalSlide32

Hieratic ScriptSlide33

Demotic EgyptianSlide34

Phoenician Alphabet

a series of symbols that represent sounds

It was developed around 1000 BC

It had 22 characters and each represented a consonant sound

the reader mentally supplied the vowels in the proper places

It later became the foundation of several alphabets including Greek, which in turn became the basis of all western alphabets including ours.

Because the alphabet was easy to learn the merchants no longer needed scribes to keep records.Slide35