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Ethnic Inequalities Ethnic Inequalities

Ethnic Inequalities - PowerPoint Presentation

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Ethnic Inequalities - PPT Presentation

G674 Activity Study the handout and answer the questions provided httpwwwyoutubecomwatchvzAWn4FO1MOw Ethnicity in Britain Acknowledged as a source of inequality and difference ID: 593585

groups ethnic minorities racism ethnic groups racism minorities minority cultural black amp ethnicity media class immigrants racial race immigrant view culture labour

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Slide1

Ethnic Inequalities

G674Slide2

Activity

Study the handout and answer the questions provided.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAWn4FO1MOwSlide3

Ethnicity in Britain

Acknowledged as a source of

inequality

and

difference –

but our society’s way of managing this has changed over the past 30 years...We used to promote the view that everyone should be treated equally regardless of ethnicity......Now, the view is more that we should recognise difference and celebrate it.

What concept fits this view?Slide4

Multiculturalism in Britain

Multiculturalism is about celebrating difference,

not

promoting equality.

“Every individual must be treated with respect. ‘Colour-blind’ policing must be outlawed. The police must deliver a service which recognises the different experiences, perceptions and needs of a diverse society.”

- The 2005 Foster Report into the impact of the Stephen Lawrence inquiry.Slide5

Recap

What do we mean by ‘ethnicity’?

How does this differ from race and nationality?Slide6

Race, Ethnicity & Nationality

Concept

Meaning

Race

Biological

differences, linked to

phenotypes (physical characteristics) and genotypes (underlying genetic differences).Ethnicity

Groups

within society that share things like

culture, traditions, language, religion, race, ancestry etc.

Nationality

A sense of ‘belonging’ to a particular nation through origin,

birth or

naturalisation.Slide7
Slide8

Race or Ethnicity?

Race is often regarded as an

outdated concept

and sociologists prefer the broader concept of

ethnicity...

However, some argue that race is a better term for explaining the position of ethnicities at the bottom of the social stratification system – because sociologists like Miles (1989) have identified racism as the main cause...Slide9

RacismSlide10

3 Elements of Racism

Cultural Attitudes / Prejudice

Racial Discrimination

Institutional DiscriminationSlide11

Cultural Attitudes/Prejudice

Racism is a way of thinking, often reliant on factually incorrect or exaggerated stereotypes.Slide12

Cultural Attitudes/Prejudice

Prejudice

is part of a society’s culture and is passed from generation-to-generation through the

agents of socialisation.Slide13

Cultural Attitudes/Prejudice

Barker (1982)

notes that the

New Right

focused on cultural differences to exploit fears about unemployment in the 80s/90s.Slide14

Cultural Attitudes/Prejudice

The mass media often portray ethnic minorities as a problem/threat. They do this by:

Offering an over-simplified view of traditional British culture

Exaggerating the strangeness of other cultures

Playing down the problem of racism (or making it seem like the fault of minorities for not fitting in)Slide15

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MYHBrJIIFUSlide16

Racial Discrimination

Acting on prejudice; treating people differently because of features of their ethnicity.

This can take the form of

racist attacks

(e.g. The Stephen Lawrence murder).

(Clickview: Panorama: Hate onthe doorstep).Slide17

Institutional Racism

Where racism is a basic feature of the rules and routines of Britain’s social institutions

(e.g. the police/courts, the education system, the housing markets...).

Not usually conscious or intentional

(e.g. schools are committed to equality but still expel four times as many black children as white).Slide18

Evidence for Ethnic Inequalities

Are some ethnic minority groups more disadvantaged than others in the UK today?

How is this changing?Slide19

Labour Force Survey (1998-2000)

41% of white men in the highest two social class groups, compared to

:

47% of Indian men

44% of Chinese men

33% of black men31% of Pakistan men

23% of Bagladeshi men and…Slide20

Labour Force Survey (1998-2000)

41% of Chinese women

34% of white women

34% of black women

33% of Indian women

29% of Pakistani/Bangladeshi womenSlide21

Workplace

Heath & Li Cheung (2006)

Statistical analysis of the

ethnic penalty

(the disadvantage faced by minorities in the labour market).Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Caribbean people more likely to experience the ethnic penalty.

First generation migrants faced a greater ethnic penalty than subsequent generations.Slide22

Workplace

These disadvantages could not be explained by age, education or birthplace.

Evidence suggests the key factor is

workplace discrimination

.

The attitude of employers seems to be the biggest contributor to the disadvantage faced by ethnic minorities in the workplace (Mason; 2003)Slide23

Workplace

Iganski

& Payne (1999)

1

st

generation immigrants disadvantaged by decline of UK manufacturing; 2nd generation benefited from move to service-sector.

Ginn & Arber (2001)Ethnic minority women disproportionately dependent on state pensions (due to earning less throughout life).Slide24

EducationSlide25

Education

Some blame cultural factors

e.g

High rate of male desertion in Afro-Caribbean families...

...this creates a lack of role models, leading to peer pressure that draws young males into an

aggressive masculinity (Sewell; 1997)Lack of linguistic skillsCulture of return (

Bolognani; 2007) – ethnic groups are attached to their country of origin and believe they will return - intensified due to Islamophobia.Slide26

Education

However,

Briggs et al (2006)

argues that ethnic groups improve more at school that white pupils; this is hidden by GCSE results.

Some argue the culture of schools in more to blame

(e.g. Ethnocentric curriculum; racism of teachers etc.)The impact of povertySlide27

Mass Media

Moore et al (2005) identified five media stereotypes of black people:

Criminals

A threat

Abnormal

UnimportantDependentSlide28

Mass Media

Van

Dijk

(1991)

found evidence of

unconscious racism in media reporting of minority ethnic groups.He argued that negative language and lack of reference of quotes from minorities demonstrated a white perspective on news stories.Slide29

Mass Media

The contemporary media do not reflect the ethnic reality of the UK

(

Malik

; 2002)

Programmes like Eastenders try to be representative of multi-ethnic communities, but repeatedly rely on stereotypes (Asian doctors and shopkeepers etc). Black and Asian characters also take a more marginal place in the programme (Barker; 1999)Slide30

Research

Identify the characters in

Eastenders

who are from a minority ethnic background.

To what extent do they conform to ethnic stereotypes?

Are they central characters in the programme?Are issues of ethnicity and racism considered? If so, how are they dealt with?Slide31

Mass Media

“Reality TV has done more for racial understanding than any other media creation...shows like Big Brother gave people a more varied view of what Asian and Black people could be like.”

Trevor Phillips

(Commission for Racial Equality)Slide32

Politics

27 out of 650 MPs are from ethnic minority backgrounds (around 4%)...

...Ethnic minorities make up around 9% of the overall

UK population.Slide33

Crime

Which studies/theories from the Crime & Deviance unit provide evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in the contemporary UK?Slide34

Ethnic Inequality: Sociological Explanations

G674Slide35

1: FunctionalismSlide36

Common Value System

Explain ethnic equalities in relation to

common value system

. Differences and inequalities are

temporary

.Slide37

Parsons (1966)

Argued that the

“American Negro”

was a second class citizen, as skin-colour symbolised status – but over time, this common value would change and minority ethnic groups able to play full role in the meritocratic society.Slide38

Discuss

To what extent was Parsons right? Is skin colour a barrier to success and opportunities in the USA today?Slide39

Host-Immigrant Model (Park)

Cultural difference

( language, qualifications, customs)

disadvantages the immigrant group in a host society

The disadvantage will disappear as the immigrant group is assimilated into the host societySlide40

Patterson (1965) – ‘Host-Immigrant Model’

Described a culture clash between W. Indians

(boisterous, noisy, no queuing at bus stops)

and English ‘hosts’

(private, quiet)

.The hosts were not racist- just unsure/suspicious about how to act towards the newcomers.This uncertainty led to conflict over jobs/housing etc....but Patterson was convinced that harmony would follow.

VSSlide41

Host-Immigrant Model: Evaluation

Accused of ‘victim blaming’ (e.g. It is the culture of immigrants that attracts conflict)...

Racial hostility does not always decline...the same tensions/conflicts over housing, jobs etc still exist in the contemporary UK...Slide42

Research

Use the internet to research attitudes to recent immigrant groups into the UK

(e.g. Eastern European; the predicted Romanian/Bulgarian wave).

To what extent were/are concerns about these immigrants:

Cultural (e.g. Different norms/values)

Practical (e.g. Employment, housing)Slide43

Discuss

In small groups, summarise a viewpoint to present to the class:

To what extent is the contemporary UK effective in assimilating immigrant groups?Slide44

Evaluation

What is the common value system?

Ignores persistence of racism

Assumes immigrants will want to assimilate; limited evidence that they actually do in the UK.

Ethnic inequality can be specific to particular areas/regions, rather than entire societies.Slide45

Evaluation

The perspective also assumes that subsequent generations will experience fewer problems...

...But

Heath & Li Cheung

found that the

ethnic penalty does not just apply to first generation immigrants...Slide46

New Right Realism

Closely linked to functionalist views

Believe in encouraging/enforcing assimilation of ethnic minority groups

e.g. legislation to make learning the English language compulsory for minority groups.Slide47

NEW RIGHT: ‘

Losing Ground’

Charles Murray (1984)

African-Americans constitute a black underclass defined by their cultural attitudes e.g.

Unwillingness to work

Criminality

Irresponsible parentingThese sorts of views remain popular amongthe right wing but are accused

of creating conflict...Slide48

2: MarxismSlide49

Cox (1948)

Racial differences – and racism itself – are the creation of the economic system (capitalism).

It creates divisions and

justifies paying/treating

some groups less well

than others.

Slavery is the ultimate example of how racism and

racial divisions can serve capitalism – by justifying the provision of free labour!Slide50

Castles & Kosack

(1973)

Ethnic minorities are part of the

reserve army of labour.

They are also used to ‘divide’ the working classes. For example...Slide51

I think immigration is a good thing...

I’m not being racist, but you know that immigrants are taking your jobs, right?

What? Really?

Yep. And they’re doing the same jobs for half the price...

That doesn’t seem fair on them...

It is, because they’re lazy, and criminal, and don’t raise their kids very well, and they look and speak and act a bit differently to us...

Right, well let

us

do those jobs instead, then...

I’d love to, but you see, these immigrants are so much cheaper...

I now hate all immigrants...Slide52

Castles & Kosack

(1973)

Also believed that ethnic minorities provided a convenient

scapegoat

for the problems of capitalism...

(Which study best demonstrates this?)Slide53

Miles (1980)

(Neo-Marxist)

Ethnic minorities are part of

racialized

class fractions.

This means that they occupy the same class structure as everyone else...but are treated differently because of their ethnicity.Miles argues that racism prevents them being fully accepted by the white middle classes...http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YA8Y_kGx7LsSlide54

Gilroy (1987)

“There

ain’t

no Black in the Union Jack”

Black people, even if born in Britain, are seen as culturally different and as undermining the cultural unity that had made Britain strong in the past.Slide55

Evaluation

Recognises the persistence of racism in society

Assumes the reason for racism is economic

(economic determinism/reductionism)

Assumes racism will disappear with communism?Slide56

3: WeberianismSlide57

Parkin (1968)

Ethnic groups are

negatively privileged status groups:

The lower status of ethnic minorities affects their market situation or class. Social closure keeps minority groups out of authority positions.

A glass ceiling…

...or a concrete ceiling?Slide58

Dual Labour Market theory

(Barron & Norris; 1967)

Minority groups placed in the Secondary Labour market; life chances and market position weaker than their white colleagues.Slide59

Rex & Tomlinson (1979)

Racism places ethnic minorities in a separate class position under the working class (Rex calls this a

‘black underclass’):

Economically disadvantaged in employment, housing and education

Marginalised and lacking in powerSlide60

Evaluation

The

Weberian

view does not differentiate between different ethnic groups...

...It also overlaps with Marxist ideas, though with big differences in terms of the class position of ethnic minorities.Slide61

Postmodernism

Super-diversity

Not all ethnic groups – or individuals within ethnic groups – experience the same advantages and disadvantages.

Modood is critical of the portrayal of ethnic minority groups as victims.

Hybrid identities

Code-switchingSlide62

Assessment

Outline and assess the view that ethnic minorities constitute a black underclass in

contemporary

Britain (

40

marks)