PPT-Introduction to Exchange Rates

In international trade it becomes necessary for individuals in different countries who want to buy and sell from one another to exchange currencies There are approximately 150 different currencies in circulation in the world today In the process of trading between nations foreign exchanges of currency must be made. There are two “pure” types of exchange-rate systems:. Flexible Exchange Rates - a flexible, or floating-exchange-rate system, through which demand and supply determine exchange rates and in which no government intervention occurs.. 2. Exchange Rate Essentials. Exchange Rates in Practice. The Market for Foreign Exchange. Arbitrage and Spot Exchange . Rates. . Arbitrage . and . Interest Rates. Conclusions. © 2014 Worth Publishers . the Central Bank. Chapter 19. Exchange Rates are Volatile. Costs of Volatile Exchange Rates. Exchange rate volatility increases risk in international finance. . Ex. Many developing economy corporates issue securities in US$. An exchange rate devaluation will make this more expensive to repay. . Some Early Negative . Observations. Andrew . K. . Rose. Berkeley-Haas, ABFER, CEPR and NBER. (with Allaudeen Hameed). Motivation. In last decade, five economies experienced (non-trivial) negative . nominal. Are changes in exchange rates predictable?. How are exchange rates related to interest rates?. What, at least theoretically, is the “proper” . exchange rate?. To answer these questions we need to first understand the economic fundamentals of international finance, known as . Why do some countries choose to fix. and others to float? Why do they. change their minds at different times?. These are among the most enduring and controversial questions in international macroeconomics.. Chapter 26. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Copyright © . 2015 . by . McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). . All rights reserved.. Learning Objectives. Define the nominal exchange rate and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of flexible versus fixed exchange rates. Today’s Plan. Housekeeping. Reading quiz. Money. Lecture 12: Money, Exchange Rates, and Interest Rates Benjamin Graham. Reading Quiz (1). Gresham's Law states:. Explain how exchange rate movements are measured.. Explain how the equilibrium exchange rate is determined.. Examine factors that determine the equilibrium exchange rate.. Explain . the movement in cross exchange rates.. Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the presenters and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas or the Federal Reserve System.. TEKS. Economics. The student understands the reasons for international trade and its importance to the United States and the global economy. The student is expected to:. Foreign Exchange Intervention. 18-. 2. Preview. Balance sheets of central banks. Intervention in the foreign exchange markets and the money supply. How the central bank fixes the exchange rate. Monetary and fiscal policies under fixed exchange rates. RATe. An . exchange rate regime, also known as the pegged exchange rate, wherein the government and central bank attempts to keep the value of the currency is fixed against the value of other currencies, is called fixed exchange rate. . Chapter 18 . Krugman. and . Obstfeld. 9e. ECO41 International Economics. Udayan. Roy. Why Study Fixed Exchange Rates?. Four reasons to study fixed exchange rates:. Managed floating. Regional currency arrangements. Accounting Standard (AS) 11 (Revised 2003). Presented by:. CA Verendra Kalra. ORGANISED . BY. . ON. . AT. . 2. Applicability. Accounting standard (as) 11, the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates (revised 2003), issued by the council of the institute of chartered accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2004 and is mandatory in nature from that date. The revised standard supersedes accounting standard (as) 11, accounting for the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates (1994), except that in respect of accounting for transactions in foreign currencies entered into by the reporting enterprise itself or through its branches before the date this standard comes into effect, as 11 (1994) will continue to be applicable.