Ottoman Empire - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Ottoman Empire

The Modern Era (1750-1900)Slide2

Remember the Ottomans?

Conquered Constantinople in 1453: Istanbul“Golden Age” under Suleyman Magnificent in mid 16

th

c.

Janissaries Blend Byzantine, Arab, & Persian stylesDominate overland trade routesSlide3

The Acorn . . . specifics

5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

Iv. There

were major developments in transportation and communication including railroads, steamships, telegraphs and canals

.

V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of

responses.

C. In

a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. (such as the economic reforms of Meiji Japan, the development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia, China’s Self-Strengthening program or Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt)

5.2 Imperialism

and Nation-State

Formation

II.

Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world

.

C. Anti-imperial

resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire. (such as the establishment of independent states in the Balkans, semi-independence in Egypt. French and Italian colonies in North Africa or later British influence in Egypt

)

5.3

Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

Increasing

discontent with imperial rule and the spread of Enlightenment ideas propelled reformist and revolutionary movements

.

F. Responses

to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies. (such as the

Tanzimat

movement . .

.)Slide4

Ottoman Empire at beginning of Modern EraSlide5

Ottoman Decline (18th

& 19th c.): the Sick Man of Europe

Government corruption, ineptitude, series of assassinations

Competition

from European products &

usurpation of trade routes

by Europeans led to economic decline

Intellectual

stagnationSlide6

Challenges to the Ottoman Empire

The West: Napoleon invaded Muslim heartland of Egypt in 1798 & quickly conquered weak Ottoman Egyptian forces. He was only expelled because of British aid/alliance.

Decentralization:

As the empire decayed, regional forces from within the Empire began to emerge.

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas & nationalistic fervor, Christian regions of the

Balkans

rebelled with European encouragement & achieved independence.

Muhammad Ali

strengthens & separates EgyptSlide7

Greek War for Independence:

1821-1832Slide8

Crimean War: 1854-1856

Otto, FR, & Brit v. Russia

Origins: Russian expansionism & conflict over holy lands

Used railways & telegraphs and female nurses

Ended with agreement to respect Ottoman’s independence & territorial integrity --keep

“The sick man of Europe”

aroundSlide9

Muhammad Ali “Father of Modern Egypt”

Ottoman sultan appointed him as

governor

(pasha) over Egypt in 1805.

Instituted lots of reforms:

Land reform

Tax system

Euro-style bureaucracy

Agricultural improvements …led to LOTS of cotton production --Egypt became one of world’s largest cotton producers

Modern printing press & education systems

Military reformed along Euro lines

Even tried to overthrow Ottomans …but prevented by French & British --

why would the French & British care/interfere???Slide10

British take over Egypt

When Muhammad Ali died in 1848, Egypt was most powerful state in Mid East, but it quickly declined.

Completion

of Suez Canal

in 1869 made Egypt of vital strategic importance to the British as a link to their colonies in India & Africa.

Modernization (including the canal) was expensive & Egypt had a LOT of

foreign debt

.

After the US Civil War when world

cotton market

collapsed from overproduction, Egypt couldn’t pay its international debts ….

… So,

Britain took control

of state finances & the Suez Canal. After putting down a nationalist uprising in 1882, Britain made Egypt a protectorate. Slide11

The Suez Canal gives ‘the lion’s share’ to the British with the key to IndiaSlide12

Tanzimat Reforms

mid 19

th

century

attempts

to

modernize

the Ottoman Empire,

(army, education, legal reforms)

Decrees guaranteed public trials, equality before the law regardless if Muslim or not

etc

Inspired by Enlightenment thought

encouraged

Ottomanism

among the diverse ethnic groups,

to

stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire.

Increasing discontent and the spread of Enlightenment ideas propelled reformist and revolutionary movements (so says the Acorn) such as . . . . Tanzimat ReformsSlide13

Demise of the Ottoman Empire

end of the 19th

c, Ottomans remained as last independent Muslim state …but

weak

.

Reforms were too little, too late; opposed by Religious conservatives

Early 20

th

c, group of liberals (

Young Turks)

deposed autocratic ruler & instituted more reforms. But they ended up supporting Germany & Austria-Hungary in WWI, & after the war the empire was broken up & occupied by foreign powers

From its ruins, a new Islamic state, the

Republic of Turkey

rose.Slide14

The Young Turks Revolt: 1908

The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).

Mehmet Talaat

Grand Vizier,

1917-1918

Enver Pasha

Minister of War

Ottoman Commander-

in-ChiefSlide15

The Young Turks Program

Pushed for reforms

 basic

democratic rights:

freedom of speech.

freedom of assembly.

freedom of the press.

Problem of nationalism within

(heterogeneous empire).Slide16

The Ottoman Empire in 1914Slide17
Slide18

Varied Reaction to European Domination

Westernization:

copy the social, political, economic, & military structure of West. Usually these reforms affected only educated elites & political change was superficial.

Nationalism:

which kind do you think??

Resistance:

some hated Euro political & economic domination that often accompanied reform; lots of anti-Western riots & wars with European countries

Islamic Fundamentalism:

especially in Sudan as led by Mahdi in 1881.