Prof. Dr. Andreas Zimmermann, - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Prof. Dr. Andreas Zimmermann,LL.M. (Harvard)

Vorlesung Völkerrecht

II

Diplomaten- und KonsularrechtSlide2

Diplomatenrecht

Diplomaten

werden als

Auslandsvertreter

eines Staates

(Entsendestaat)

in einen anderen Staat

(Empfangsstaat)

oder zu einer Internationalen Organisation entsandt, um eine

ständige Kommunikation

mit dem Gaststaat zu ermöglichen, die politischen, wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen oder sonstigen

zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen

zu fördern und die eigenen Interessen wahrzunehmen, z.B. den Schutz der eigenen Staatsangehörigen im Gaststaat. Slide3

Diplomatenrecht

Entwicklung reicht ins Mittelalter zurück

Regelungen im Wiener Kongress 1815 und im Aachener Protokoll von 1818

18. April 1961: Kodifikation des Wiener Übereinkommens über diplomatische Beziehungen (WÜD)

14. März 1975: Wiener Konvention über die Vertretung von Staaten in ihren Beziehungen mit Internationalen Organisationen universellen CharaktersSlide4

Diplomatenrecht

Art. 3 WÜD:

(1)

The functions of a diplomatic mission consist

, inter alia, in:

(a)

Representing

the sending State in the receiving State;

(b)

Protecting

in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals, within the limits permitted by international law;

(c)

Negotiating

with the Government of the receiving State;

(d)

Ascertaining

by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending State;

(e)

Promoting

friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving State, and developing their economic, cultural and scientific relations.Slide5

Diplomatenrecht

Art. 4 WÜD:

(1) The sending State must make certain that the agrément of the receiving State has been given for the person it proposes to accredit as head of the mission to that State.

(2) The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusal of agrément.Slide6

Diplomatenrecht

Art. 9 WÜD:

(1) The receiving State may

at any time and without having to explain

its decision, notify the sending State that the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is

persona non grata

or that any other member of the staff of the mission is

not acceptable.

In any such case, the sending State shall, as appropriate, either recall the person concerned or terminate his functions with the mission. A person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving State.Slide7

Diplomatenrecht

Art. 22 WÜD:

(1) The premises of the mission shall be

inviolable.

The agents of the receiving State may not enter them, except with the

consent

of the head of the mission.

(2) The receiving State is under a

special duty

to take all appropriate steps to

protect the premises of the mission

against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the mission or impairment of its dignity.

(3) The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other property thereon and the means of transport of the mission shall be immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution.Slide8

Diplomatenrecht

Art. 29 WÜD:

The

person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable

. He shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. The receiving State shall treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on his person, freedom or dignity.Slide9

Diplomatenrecht

Art. 31 Abs. 1 WÜD:

A diplomatic agent

shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction

of the

receiving State

.

He shall also enjoy

immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction

, except

in the case of:

(a) A real action relating to

private immovable property

situated in the territory of the receiving State, unless he holds it on behalf of the sending State for the purposes of the mission;

(b) An action relating to

succession

in which the diplomatic agent is involved as executor, administrator, heir or legatee as a private person and not on behalf of the sending State;

(c) An action relating to any

professional or commercial activity

exercised by the diplomatic agent in the receiving State outside his official functions.Slide10

Diplomatenrecht

Zivilgerichtliche Immunität, LAG Berlin-Brandenburg:

„[...] die diplomatische Immunität [kennt]

grundsätzlich keine Ausnahmen für besonders gravierende Rechtsverstöße

; dies gilt auch für die zivilrechtliche Inanspruchnahme des Diplomaten.

Die Diplomatenimmunität ist unverzichtbar für die Pflege zwischenstaatlicher Beziehungen, die es den Staaten unabhängig von ihren unterschiedlichen Verfassungs- und Sozialsystemen erlaubt, ein gegenseitiges Verständnis zu entwickeln und ihre Meinungsverschiedenheiten mit friedlichen Mitteln beizulegen. […]

Die diplomatische Immunität vor gerichtlicher Verfolgung […] ist einer

Relativierung nicht zugänglich.“Slide11

Konsularrecht

Das Konsularrecht entstand aus den Handelsbeziehungen des Mittelalters

24. April 1963: Wiener Übereinkommen über konsularische Beziehungen (WÜK)Slide12

Konsularrecht

Im Unterschied zur Pflege der diplomatischen Beziehungen durch Botschaften nehmen Konsulate

heute vorrangig Wirtschafts- und Handelsinteressen

einschließlich wissenschaftlicher und kultureller Beziehungen sowie administrative Aufgaben ihres Entsendestaates wahr, Art. 5 WÜK

Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt liegt in der Betreuung der Angehörigen des Entsendestaates, v.a. bei der Vertretung vor den Gerichten und BehördenSlide13

Konsularrecht

Art. 12 WÜK:

(1) The head of a consular post is admitted to the exercise of his functions by an

authorization

from the receiving State termed an exequatur, whatever the form of this authorization.

(2) A State which refused to grant an exequatur

is not obliged to give

to the sending State

reasons

for such refusal.Slide14

Konsularrecht

Art. 40 WÜK:

The receiving State shall treat consular officers with

due respect

and shall take all appropriate steps to

prevent any attack

on their person, freedom or dignity.Slide15

Konsularrecht

Art. 31 WÜK:

(1) Consular premises

shall be inviolable

to the extent provided in this article.

(2) The authorities of the receiving State

shall not enter

that part of the consular premises which is used exclusively for the purpose of the work of the consular post

except with the consent

of the head of the consular post or of his designee or of the head of the diplomatic mission of the sending State. The consent of the head of the consular post may, however, be assumed in case of fire or other disaster requiring prompt protective action

.Slide16

Konsularrecht

Art. 23 WÜK:

The receiving State may at any time notify the sending State that a consular officer is

persona non grata

or that any other member of the consular staff is

not acceptable

. In that event, the sending State shall, as the case may be, either recall the person concerned or terminate his functions with the consular post.Slide17

Konsularrecht

Art. 36 WÜK:

(1) With a view to

facilitating the exercise of consular functions

relating to nationals of the sending State:

(a) consular officers shall be

free to communicate with nationals

of the sending State and to have access to them. Nationals of the sending State shall have the same freedom with respect to communication with and access to consular officers of the sending State;

(b) if he so requests, the competent authorities of the receiving State shall, without delay,

inform

the consular post of the sending State if, within its consular district,

a national of that State is arrested or committed to prison or to custody pending trial or is detained in any other manner

. Any communication addressed to the consular post by the person arrested, in prison, custody or detention shall be forwarded by the said authorities without delay. The said authorities shall inform the person concerned without delay of his rights under this subparagraph […]Slide18

Konsularrecht

Zu Art. 36 WÜK:

IGH,

LaGrand

-Fall

, 1999 (Deutschland v. USA)

IGH,

Avena

-Fall

, 2004 (Mexiko v. USA)Slide19

Konsularrecht

Zu Art. 36 WÜK - BVerfG, Beschluss vom 19.9.2006:

Innerhalb der deutschen Rechtsordnung stehen völkerrechtliche Verträge wie das

Konsularrechtsübereinkommen

, denen die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beigetreten ist, im

Range eines Bundesgesetzes

(vgl. Art. 59 Abs. 2 Satz 1 GG). Die Fachgerichte sind daher verpflichtet,

Art. 36 WÜK

ebenso wie das nationale Strafprozessrecht

anzuwenden und auszulegen

. Bei der Auslegung von Art. 36 WÜK haben sie die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Gerichtshofs zum

Konsularrechtsübereinkommen

zu berücksichtigen. Dies ergibt sich aus dem Grundsatz der

Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit des Grundgesetzes

in Verbindung mit der Bindung der Rechtsprechung an Gesetz und Recht, welche die Entscheidungen eines völkerrechtlich ins Leben gerufenen internationalen Gerichts nach Maßgabe des Inhalts des inkorporierten völkerrechtlichen Vertrags umfasst.