Is there a Connection Eric Kaufmann Birkbeck College ekaufmannbbkacuk httpwwwsnepsnetresearchinterestswhiteworkingclass Community and Closure The distinctiveness of cultures and groups depends upon closure ID: 616735
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Slide1
White Flight and White Nationalism in the UK
Is there a Connection?Eric KaufmannBirkbeck Collegee.kaufmann@bbk.ac.ukhttp://www.sneps.net/research-interests/whiteworkingclassSlide2
Community and Closure
'The distinctiveness of cultures and groups depends upon closure and without it cannot be conceived as a stable feature of human life. If this distinctiveness is a value as most people…seem to believe then closure must be permitted somewhere.' – Michael Walzer Spheres of Justice (1983)Slide3
Closure
‘White Flight’ or Avoidance (Closure 1) White opposition to immigration and/or Far Right voting (Closure 2)How are closure 1 and closure 2 related?Slide4
ONS Longitudinal Study
The permission of the Office for National Statistics to use the Longitudinal Study is gratefully acknowledged as is the help provided by staff of the Centre for Longitudinal Study Information & User Support (CeLSIUS). CeLSIUS is supported by the ESRC Census of Population Programme (Award Ref: RES-348-25-0004). The authors alone are responsible for the interpretation of the data.Census output is Crown copyright and is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.Slide5
White Flight? Slide6Slide7
USA 1970-2000
Source: data from Card Mas & Rothstein 2008Source: Andersson Hammarstedt Neuman 2012Slide8
‘White Flight’ in England?
A number of leading geographers (Catney and Simpson 2010; Finney and Simpson 2007; Simon 2009) suggest that both whites and minorities leave dense poor areas for leafier more attractive placesBut even they do not deny that ethnic preference plays some roleFlight v AvoidanceSlide9
Simpson (2007) Method
Wards
% White
Quintile 1
7554
98
Quintile 2
726
87
Quintile 3
288
73
Quintile 4
180
57
Quintile 5
102
34
Total
8850
91
Toward diversity
Away from diversitySlide10
Predictors of Quintile Shift 1991-2001 (excluding area controls for ethnicity density poverty)
Source:
Office for National Statistics. 2001. ONS Longitudinal Study. Slide11
Moved
Out of Ward in 2000-2001:
Wards
Wh
British
Minorities
WH Other
White Irish
98% White
7554
1.1%
4.7%
3.2%
1.5%
87% White
726
5.4%
6.4%
7.7%
4.1%
73% White
288
6.8%
6.0%
8.1%
5.6%
57% White
180
7.0%
4.6%7.8%3.8%33% White1026.1%2.9%13.1%3.2%Total8850Source: Office for National Statistics. 2001. ONS Longitudinal Study. Slide12
Want to
Move?: White Minority Area (Quintiles 4 & 5)
All
Nonwhite
White
White Working
N.W.
Working
47.3%
45.5%
49.5%
59.7%
38.2%
N
3772
805
1840
466
222
Want to
Move?: 98
% White Area (Quintile 1)
All
Nonwhite
White
White Working
N.W.
Working
32.4%
46.4%32.4%37.7%50%N671514914967013458144Slide13
White Movers
Wards
% White
Quintile 1
7554
98
Quintile 2
726
87
Quintile 3
288
73
Quintile 4
180
57
Quintile 5
102
34
Total
8850
91
Diversity Seekers
24% Tory
18% Working Class
27% Degrees
57% English Identity
46% Tabloid
44% 17-25s
50% renters
49% single
10% anti-homosexual
9% gender traditionalists
White Flight/Avoiders
24% Tory
18% Working Class
30% Degrees
57% English Identity
56% Tabloid
32% 17-25s
26% renters
35% single
12% anti-homosexual
12% gender traditionalistsSlide14
Networks rather than Nationalism?
“If the church bulletin board is where people advertise rooms for rent, blacks will rent rooms from blacks and whites from whites because of a communication system…correlated with color” – Thomas Schelling 1978Maybe white family/friend/association networks and minority networks differ in England, affecting where people relocate once they decide to moveOR could be subliminal ethnic avoidance distinct from conscious ideologyEnd result is the same, however: white British withdrawal from growing urban zonesSlide15
Moved to less diverse
Moved to more diverseStayer
Mover
working class
17.5
17.8
29.4
26.2
Con
24.2
24.2
28.8
25.2
Labour
41
38
40
38
Liberal
16.2
17.6
13.9
14.4
degree & above
30
26.7
10.9
18
English identifier
57.256.555.756.7redtop55.8466763.4broadsheet39.446.826.931.917-2532.444.28.429.3rented26.349.85.329.5total children25.616.928.731.6Homosexuality Wrong11.810.421.513.8Husband Should Earn11.98.652.864.7British Citizenship Best74.865.4Religious3631.24733.4Slide16
Whites in Diverse Wards are Less Opposed to ImmigrationSlide17
Whites
Favouring Reduced Immigration, by social class By Share of Ethnic Minorities in Ward
By Share of Recent Immigrants (less than 10 years in UK) in WardSlide18
Two Aspects of Whites Who Live in
Diverse AreasNon-British Whites
Transient PopulationSlide19
Mobility?: Stayers
Differ From MoversSwedish research shows that whites leaving diverse areas (Hedman et. al 2012) are somewhat less likely to be hostile to immigrants than whites who remainOur work with BHPS corroborates this: movers are more tolerant on family values and morality whilst stayers tend to be more nationalistic and defensive of Britain’s standing in the world. Slide20
% Minorities Softens Views on Immigration
Source: Home Office Citizenship Surveys 2006-11Slide21
…Adding Mobility &
ContextualsSlide22
Focusing on Working ClassSlide23
Counterargument to Contact Theory?
May be that those who are mobile (i.e. leaving or entering a diverse area) are more individualisticTransience=diversity; transience=tolerant whites ergo diversity=tolerant whites? (ie contact with minorities not the reason for tolerance)We await release of 2011 mobility dataSlide24
Conclusion
Local matters for the nationalLittle white flight but more white ‘avoidance’Anti-immigration opinion not linked to white avoidanceBut white working class are more likely than white upper/middle to avoid diversity, oppose immigration & remain unaffected by contactSome support for benefits of contact with minorities but much of the positive effect of diversity is due to other aspects of diverse areas (transient, urban, white other). Also no effect on white working classWhite attitudes to immigration may be softened by contact; or may be hardened as whites consolidate, or if there is new immigration in lily-white areasSlide25
Future Research
Focus Group Work required to tease out meanings that white working class people hold4 focus groups 2 in white minority areas 2 in adjacent mainly white areas. 2 in London 2 in North or Midlands2011 data updates (ONS LS Census)