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White Flight and White Nationalism in the UK White Flight and White Nationalism in the UK

White Flight and White Nationalism in the UK - PowerPoint Presentation

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White Flight and White Nationalism in the UK - PPT Presentation

Is there a Connection Eric Kaufmann Birkbeck College ekaufmannbbkacuk httpwwwsnepsnetresearchinterestswhiteworkingclass Community and Closure The distinctiveness of cultures and groups depends upon closure ID: 616735

whites white immigration closure white whites closure immigration diversity areas class diverse working amp contact minorities source longitudinal study

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Slide1

White Flight and White Nationalism in the UK

Is there a Connection?Eric KaufmannBirkbeck Collegee.kaufmann@bbk.ac.ukhttp://www.sneps.net/research-interests/whiteworkingclassSlide2

Community and Closure

'The distinctiveness of cultures and groups depends upon closure and without it cannot be conceived as a stable feature of human life. If this distinctiveness is a value as most people…seem to believe then closure must be permitted somewhere.' – Michael Walzer Spheres of Justice (1983)Slide3

Closure

‘White Flight’ or Avoidance (Closure 1) White opposition to immigration and/or Far Right voting (Closure 2)How are closure 1 and closure 2 related?Slide4

ONS Longitudinal Study

The permission of the Office for National Statistics to use the Longitudinal Study is gratefully acknowledged as is the help provided by staff of the Centre for Longitudinal Study Information & User Support (CeLSIUS). CeLSIUS is supported by the ESRC Census of Population Programme (Award Ref: RES-348-25-0004). The authors alone are responsible for the interpretation of the data.Census output is Crown copyright and is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.Slide5

White Flight? Slide6
Slide7

USA 1970-2000

Source: data from Card Mas & Rothstein 2008Source: Andersson Hammarstedt Neuman 2012Slide8

‘White Flight’ in England?

A number of leading geographers (Catney and Simpson 2010; Finney and Simpson 2007; Simon 2009) suggest that both whites and minorities leave dense poor areas for leafier more attractive placesBut even they do not deny that ethnic preference plays some roleFlight v AvoidanceSlide9

Simpson (2007) Method

Wards

% White

Quintile 1

7554

98

Quintile 2

726

87

Quintile 3

288

73

Quintile 4

180

57

Quintile 5

102

34

Total

8850

91

Toward diversity

Away from diversitySlide10

Predictors of Quintile Shift 1991-2001 (excluding area controls for ethnicity density poverty)

Source:

Office for National Statistics. 2001. ONS Longitudinal Study. Slide11

Moved

Out of Ward in 2000-2001:

Wards

Wh

British

Minorities

WH Other

White Irish

98% White

7554

1.1%

4.7%

3.2%

1.5%

87% White

726

5.4%

6.4%

7.7%

4.1%

73% White

288

6.8%

6.0%

8.1%

5.6%

57% White

180

7.0%

4.6%7.8%3.8%33% White1026.1%2.9%13.1%3.2%Total8850Source: Office for National Statistics. 2001. ONS Longitudinal Study. Slide12

Want to

Move?: White Minority Area (Quintiles 4 & 5)

All

Nonwhite

White

White Working

N.W.

Working

47.3%

45.5%

49.5%

59.7%

38.2%

N

3772

805

1840

466

222

Want to

Move?: 98

% White Area (Quintile 1)

All

Nonwhite

White

White Working

N.W.

Working

32.4%

46.4%32.4%37.7%50%N671514914967013458144Slide13

White Movers

Wards

% White

Quintile 1

7554

98

Quintile 2

726

87

Quintile 3

288

73

Quintile 4

180

57

Quintile 5

102

34

Total

8850

91

Diversity Seekers

24% Tory

18% Working Class

27% Degrees

57% English Identity

46% Tabloid

44% 17-25s

50% renters

49% single

10% anti-homosexual

9% gender traditionalists

White Flight/Avoiders

24% Tory

18% Working Class

30% Degrees

57% English Identity

56% Tabloid

32% 17-25s

26% renters

35% single

12% anti-homosexual

12% gender traditionalistsSlide14

Networks rather than Nationalism?

“If the church bulletin board is where people advertise rooms for rent, blacks will rent rooms from blacks and whites from whites because of a communication system…correlated with color” – Thomas Schelling 1978Maybe white family/friend/association networks and minority networks differ in England, affecting where people relocate once they decide to moveOR could be subliminal ethnic avoidance distinct from conscious ideologyEnd result is the same, however: white British withdrawal from growing urban zonesSlide15

Moved to less diverse

Moved to more diverseStayer

Mover

working class

17.5

17.8

29.4

26.2

Con

24.2

24.2

28.8

25.2

Labour

41

38

40

38

Liberal

16.2

17.6

13.9

14.4

degree & above

30

26.7

10.9

18

English identifier

57.256.555.756.7redtop55.8466763.4broadsheet39.446.826.931.917-2532.444.28.429.3rented26.349.85.329.5total children25.616.928.731.6Homosexuality Wrong11.810.421.513.8Husband Should Earn11.98.652.864.7British Citizenship Best74.865.4Religious3631.24733.4Slide16

Whites in Diverse Wards are Less Opposed to ImmigrationSlide17

Whites

Favouring Reduced Immigration, by social class By Share of Ethnic Minorities in Ward

By Share of Recent Immigrants (less than 10 years in UK) in WardSlide18

Two Aspects of Whites Who Live in

Diverse AreasNon-British Whites

Transient PopulationSlide19

Mobility?: Stayers

Differ From MoversSwedish research shows that whites leaving diverse areas (Hedman et. al 2012) are somewhat less likely to be hostile to immigrants than whites who remainOur work with BHPS corroborates this: movers are more tolerant on family values and morality whilst stayers tend to be more nationalistic and defensive of Britain’s standing in the world. Slide20

% Minorities Softens Views on Immigration

Source: Home Office Citizenship Surveys 2006-11Slide21

…Adding Mobility &

ContextualsSlide22

Focusing on Working ClassSlide23

Counterargument to Contact Theory?

May be that those who are mobile (i.e. leaving or entering a diverse area) are more individualisticTransience=diversity; transience=tolerant whites ergo diversity=tolerant whites? (ie contact with minorities not the reason for tolerance)We await release of 2011 mobility dataSlide24

Conclusion

Local matters for the nationalLittle white flight but more white ‘avoidance’Anti-immigration opinion not linked to white avoidanceBut white working class are more likely than white upper/middle to avoid diversity, oppose immigration & remain unaffected by contactSome support for benefits of contact with minorities but much of the positive effect of diversity is due to other aspects of diverse areas (transient, urban, white other). Also no effect on white working classWhite attitudes to immigration may be softened by contact; or may be hardened as whites consolidate, or if there is new immigration in lily-white areasSlide25

Future Research

Focus Group Work required to tease out meanings that white working class people hold4 focus groups 2 in white minority areas 2 in adjacent mainly white areas. 2 in London 2 in North or Midlands2011 data updates (ONS LS Census)